환경요인이 범죄두려움에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

이혜원 ( Lee Hyewon ),정진우 ( Jung Jinwoo ) 한국공간디자인학회 2021 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.16 No.1

(Background and Purpose) Fear of crime is the dread of finding oneself in a dangerous situation and it can linger at the back of the mind, in daily life, even in persons who have never been personally victimized by a crime. Such worry not only causes psychological damage such as stress to individuals, but can also pervade the entire society, so a method is needed to reduce the fear of crime. In particular, since residential areas are the places where security is most sought and needed, this study attempts to find out what kind of environmental factors affect the fear of crime felt by residents in streets, alleys, and other such areas around their homes. (Method) In this study, fear of crime was set as a dependent variable and environmental factors were set as independent variables to explore the impact of environmental factors on fear of crime. The fear of crime was investigated by marking the feared areas directly on the map with the help of participants who are residents and members of the autonomous crime prevention team in the target site, Ga-dong. Environmental factors were collected based on prior research and measured directly at the site. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to find out statistical impact relationships, and the regression model was evaluated the accuracy of model in a chaotic matrix. (Results) The results showed that the section designated as a quasi-residential area at the significance level of 0.05 had a higher probability of fear of crime than the non-quasi-residential area. The more ground parking lots there were, the lower the probability of fear of crime. At the significance level of 0.1, the more blocked the alleys were, the higher the probability of fear was, specifically when a crime had occurred at a point within the section. Further, the section with a convenience store had a lower probability of causing fear than the section without a convenience store. In summary, the factors that reduce the probability of crime were mainly environmental factors related to natural surveillance or openness. On the contrary, there was a high probability of fear of crime in places where surveillance was poor or where a crime had actually occurred. (Conclusions) These results suggest that when improving the street environment in the future, elements such as blocked alleys that hinder natural surveillance or where past crimes have occurred and places known to residents should be improved first. This study faced difficulty in generalizing the findings because only one administrative building was taken as a sample. Nonetheless, the study is significant as it analyzed various environmental factors in the physical, social, and human environment around residents to check their influence on the fear of crime.

도시 환경이 대학생의 야간 귀갓길 범죄 불안감에 미치는 영향 : 충북대학교 인근 지역을 중심으로

장세린(Jang, Se-Rin),홍성조(Hong, SungJo) 한국주거환경학회 2021 주거환경(한국주거환경학회논문집) Vol.19 No.1

Fear of crime in the city is very important because it has a great influence on the quality of life, and it has a great influence on the improvement and vitalization of the region. In particular, college students are likely to have a high degree of fear of crime because they have low intimacy with the region. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the impact of urban environment on fear of crime of college students and to derive the direction of urban environment planning to reduce fear of crime. To this end, this study conducted a survey on fear of crime and perceived environmental quality. And this study used a multiple regression analysis that used fear of crime as a dependent variable and environmental characteristics as an independent variables. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the fear of crime in college towns was higher in women than in men, and the fear about sexual crime was the largest. Second, the brighter the lighting, the higher the visibility of the road, the more police activities, and the more narrow alleys, the lower the fear of crime. Third, the volume of pedestrian lowered fear of crime, and the volume of vehicle traffic increased fear of crime. Fourth, pubs, convenience stores, and karaoke raised fear of crime, while PC rooms lowered fear of crime. Fifth, gender, time to go home, and experience of crime damage had a significant impact on fear of crime. 도시에서 범죄에 대한 두려움은 삶의 질에 큰 영향을 미치며, 지역의 발전과 활성화에도 큰 영향을 미친다. 특히 타지역 출신 대학생들은 지역과의 친밀도가 낮기 때문에 범죄에 대한 두려움이 높을 가능성이 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 대학 주변에 거주하는 타지역 출신 대학생의 범죄 불안감에 도시 환경이 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 범죄 불안감을 줄이기 위한 시사점을 도출하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 범죄두려움과 인지된 환경의 질에 대한 조사를 실시하여 자료를 구축하였다. 그리고 범죄 두려움을 종속 변수로, 도시 환경적 특성을 독립 변수로 사용한 회귀분석을 연구방법으로 이용하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 범죄 두려움은 남성보다 여성이 더 높았고, 특히 성범죄에 대한 두려움이 가장 컸다. 둘째, 조명이 밝을수록, 도로의 가시성이 높을수록, 경찰 활동이 많을수록, 골목이 좁을수록 범죄에 대한 두려움이 낮아졌다. 셋째, 보행량은 범죄 두려움을 낮추었으나, 차량 통행량은 범죄 두려움을 증가시켰다. 넷째, 술집, 편의점, 노래방은 범죄 두려움을 증가시키고 PC방은 범죄 두려움을 감소시켰다. 다섯째, 성별, 귀가시간, 범죄 피해 경험은 범죄 두려움에 영향을 미쳤다.

범죄두려움 측정 개선방안에 대한 연구: 정서와 인지적 평가로서의 범죄두려움

안재경,최이문 한국형사법무정책연구원 2023 형사정책연구 Vol.133 No.-

The fear of crime, which is defined as the psychological state of being afraid and worried about becoming a victim of crime, is distinct from the actual crime rate. This difference may be attributed to the fact that fear of crime is often high in reality, but also due to incomplete measurement of fear of crime that fails to reflect the actual circumstances. In light of this, the present study defined fear of crime as both an emotional aspect (general fear: “Have you ever been worried about becoming a victim of crime in the past year?”) and a cognitive evaluation (specific fear: modified to ‘risk perception’ questions regarding the likelihood and severity of the occurrence). A survey of 221 general population was conducted using both the original and modified fear of crime questions to compare the two types and determine if there was a difference in the measurement value. The study found that the level of fear of crime was significantly lower in both types of modified questions. The author then investigated the impact of gender, a key factor affecting fear of crime, on both general and specific fear of crime and found that gender had no significant effect on fear of crime in the modified questions. This indirectly suggests that fear of crime is formed through subjective risk assessment of the crime risk associated with gender, rather than gender itself. Based on the findings of this empirical study, the author argues for the need to supplement the relevant questions of the “National Survey on Public Safety,” one of the few studies that examines fear of crime on a nationwide scale.

범죄피해에 대한 대중의 두려움

장안식(Chang, An-Sik) 한국피해자학회 2012 被害者學硏究 Vol.20 No.2

This paper tries to distinguish between personal fear of crime and fear for others which has received little attention in the field of fear of crime research. In a way to treat fear for others as distinct from personal fear, this paper tries to conceptualize fear for others as a kinship-based vicarious fear and a general vicarious fear. Based on the KCVS(2009) data, this paper reveals both similarities and differences on the levels of personal and vicarious fear of crime. This paper also investigates how personal fear of crime and vicarious fear of crime are patterned by the individual and community factors. In addition, this paper shows the social distributions of personal and vicarious fear whether they are similar or mutually exclusive or independent. Based on the Multinomial Logit Model, this paper tries to find out whether the determinants of personal fear and vicarious fear of crime are similar or different. This paper argues that vicarious fear(kinship-based) is more common and intense than personal fear or (general) vicarious fear. And, it also reveals that the level of (general) vicarious fear corresponds to the level of personal fear of crime. Based on the results, this paper argues that the intensity of public fear can be explained by the existence of (kinship-based) vicarious fear of crime. Finally, this paper discusses the mechanisms of each fear of crime and talks about some implications of this study.

범죄피해에 대한 이타적 두려움: 배우자피해 두려움과 자녀피해 두려움의 비교

양승돈,오봉욱 한국테러학회 2016 한국테러학회보 Vol.9 No.3

The purposes of this study were to compare influential factors of altruistic fear of crime and fear of crime for spouse and child victimization and search for social welfare intervention plans. For those purposes, the study used the raw data of Korean Crime Victim Survey(Kim Eun-gyeong et al., 2014) conducted as part of National Survey on the Safety of People's Lives and included the data of 7,877 in analysis after excluding the ones containing missing values about the variables employed in the study from those of total 13,317. Collected data were analysis with SAS 9.4 and HLM 6.0 for multilevel model analysis to meet the research objectives. The main findings were as follows: first, the fear of crime level was the highest in fear of crime for child victimization(3.58 points), which was followed by altruistic fear of crime(3.25) and fear of crime for spouse victimization(2.92) in the order. Second, common significant influential factors of fear of crime for acquaintance, spouse and child victimization were age, disabilities, educational background, recognition of vulnerability, satisfaction with daily life and indirect experiences with crime victimization at the individual level and social disorder at the community level. That is, fear of crime was higher among the non-elderly(under 65) than the elderly(over 65) and among people with no disabilities than people with disabilities. Fear of crime tended to rise according to the higher degree of educational backgrounds, recognition of vulnerability, and social disorder, the lower level of satisfaction with daily life, and the more indirect experiences with crime victimization. Third, there was a significant level of fear of crime for acquaintance victimization according to gender, duration of stay, and community ties. That is, it was higher among men than women and according to the lower community ties and shorter duration of stay. Fear of crime for spouse victimization was significant according to gender and community ties, and that for child victimization was significant according to experiences of moving and duration of stay. Fourth, the study examined indirectly the altruistic fear of crime of the socially underprivileged including women(gender), the elderly(age), and the disabled(disabilities) from a social welfare perspective of "man in the environment" according to the individual and community variables based on multilevel model analysis. Based on the results, the study proposed intervention plans to reduce altruistic(acquaintance victimization) fear of crime including reinforcing the capabilities to increase the recognition of vulnerability, providing information and education on crime prevention activities, offering social welfare service to increase the satisfaction with daily life, providing counseling and treatment service to people with indirect crime victim experiences, and running mobile counseling and shelter service for adolescents that were wandering around, ran away from home, or were delinquent and homeless people on the street to reduce social disorder. There is also a need to make social welfare interventions for social integration including a movement of community and village building to provide social welfare service and increase the community ties. Based on those findings and implications, the study proposed social welfare intervention plans to reduce altruistic fear of crime and increase the quality of life of community members. 본 연구는 이타적 범죄두려움과 배우자 및 자녀피해 범죄두려움의 영향 요인을 비교하여 살펴보고, 사회복지적 개입 방안을 모색하는데 연구목적이 있다. 본 연구를 위해〔국민생활안전실태조사〕로 조사된『전국범죄피해조사』의 원자료(raw data)를 활용하였으며, 연구자가 사용하는 변수에 대한 결측값이 있는 응답자는 제외되어 총 13,317명 중 7,877명의 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 그리고 연구목적에 필요한 자료분석에 SAS 9.4와 다층모형 분석을 위한 HLM 6.0을 사용하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 범죄두려움의 수준은 자녀피해 범죄두려움(3.58점)이 가장 높게 나타냈고, 이타적 범죄두려움(3.25점), 배우자피해 범죄두려움(2.92점) 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 이타적, 배우자피해, 자녀피해 범죄두려움에 공통적으로 유의미한 영향요인은 개인수준변인 중 연령, 장애유무, 학력, 취약성인식, 일상생활만족, 간접범죄피해경험여부, 지역수준변인 중 사회적 무질서로 나타났다. 즉, 노인(65세 이상)보다 비노인이(65세 미만), 장애인보다 비장애인, 학력과 취약성인식 그리고 사회적 무질서가 높을수록, 일상생활만족이 낮을수록, 간접범죄피해경험이 있으면 범죄두려움이 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 그 외에도 이타적 범죄두려움은 성별, 거주기간, 지역유대가 유의미하였다. 즉, 여성보다 남성, 지역유대가 낮을수록 거주기간이 짧을수록 이타적 범죄두려움이 높게 나타났고 배우자피해 범죄두려움은 성별, 지역유대, 자녀피해 범죄두려움은 이사경험유무와 거주기간이 유의미하게 나타났다. 넷째, 조사대상자 중 사회적 약자인 여성(성별), 노인(연령), 장애인(장애유무)의 이타적 범죄두려움을 간접적으로 살펴보았고 다층모형분석에 의해 개인수준과 지역수준변인으로 구분하여 사회복지적 관점인 ‘환경 속의 인간’에서 살펴보았고, 그에 따라 이타적 범죄두려움을 감소시키기 위한 개입방안으로 취약성인식을 높이기 위한 역량강화와 범죄예방활동에 대한 정보제공 및 교육, 일상생활만족도를 높이기 위한 사회복지서비스 제공, 간접범죄피해경험이 있는 사람에 대해서는 상담 및 치료서비스 제공, 사회적 무질서를 감소시키기 위한 배회 및 가출, 비행 청소년과 거리 노숙인에 대한 이동 상담 및 쉼터운영 등 사회복지서비스 제공과 지역유대를 높이기 위한 지역공동체와 마을만들기 운동 등 사회통합을 위한 사회복지적 개입이 요구된다. 이러한 연구결과 및 함의를 근거로 이타적 범죄두려움을 감소시켜 지역사회 주민의 삶의 질을 높일 수 있는 사회복지적 측면의 개입방안을 제언하였다.

성별에 따른 범죄두려움에 미치는 영향 요인 분석

정의롬 한국치안행정학회 2024 한국치안행정논집 Vol.21 No.1

최근 10년 동안 범죄발생 건수는 감소하였음에도 불구하고 국민들은 범죄피해를 당할 수 있다는범죄두려움이 높은 것으로 조사되고 있다. 범죄두려움에 관한 연구는 국내뿐 아니라 국외에서도 꾸준히 연구가 되고 있다. 범죄두려움에 관한 연구가 지속적으로 수행되고 있는 것은 수많은 연구결과가 상이하기 때문이다. 특히 남성이 여성보다 더 많은 범죄피해를 경험함에도 불구하고 여성이 더욱 높은 범죄두려움을 가지는 것으로 조사되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 남성과 여성이 가지는 범죄두려움에 미치는 영향요인을 개인적 요인과 환경적 요인으로 구분하여 실증적으로 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 목적에 따라 한국형사·법무정책연구원의 전국범죄피해조사 2차 데이터를 활용하였다. 연구결과, 남성은 일반적인 상황에서 느끼는 범죄두려움의 요인은 개인적 요인인 직접적인 범죄피해를 제외하고 모두 통계적으로 유의미하게 조사되었으며, 여성은 일반적인 상황에서 느끼는 범죄두려움의 요인은 환경적 요인의 지역유대와 비공식통제를 제외하고 통계적으로 유의미한 것으로 조사되었다. 그리고 범죄유형에 따른 구체적 범죄두려움의 결과, 남성은 일반적 범죄두려움과 같은 결과로 조사되었으며, 여성은 개인적 요인과 환경적 요인의 모든 요인이 통계적으로 유의미하게 조사 되었다. 마지막으로 일반적 범죄두려움과 구체적 범죄두려움을 통합한 전체 범죄두려움의 결과에서는 남성은 개인적 요인인 직접적인 범죄피해가 제외되었으며, 여성은 개인적 요인과 환경적 요인의 모든 요인이 통계적으로 유의미하게 조사되었다. 즉, 남성과 여성의 범죄두려움에 미치는 영향 요인을 차이가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 남성과 여성의 범죄두려움을 감소시킬 수 있는 치안정책의 자료를 제공하고자 한다. Even though crime has decreased over the past 10 years, it has been found that people have a high fear of crime and that they may become victims of crime. Research on fear of crime is being conducted consistently not only domestically but also abroad. The reason that research on fear of crime is continuously conducted is because the results of numerous studies are different. In particular, although men experience more crime damage than women, women are found to have a higher fear of crime. Accordingly, this study sought to empirically verify the factors influencing men's and women's fear of crime by dividing them into personal factors and environmental factors. To achieve the purpose of this study, secondary data from the National Crime Victimization Survey of the Korea Institute of Criminology and Justice were utilized. As a result of the study, all factors related to the fear of crime felt by men in general situations were found to be statistically significant except for direct crime damage, which is a personal factor, while the factors contributing to fear of crime felt by women in general situations were environmental factors, local ties and informality. It was found to be statistically significant except for the control. And as a result of the specific fear of crime according to crime type, men's results were the same as the general fear of crime, and women's factors, both personal and environmental, were found to be statistically significant. Finally, in the results of overall fear of crime, which combines general and specific fear of crime, direct crime damage, which is a personal factor, was excluded for men, and all personal and environmental factors were found to be statistically significant for women. In other words, it was found that there were differences in factors affecting the fear of crime between men and women. Based on these research results, we would like to make policy recommendations that can reduce men and women's fear of crime.

경찰활동과 범죄에 대한 두려움

송봉규(Song, Bong Gyu),김재운(Kim, Jae-Woon) 한국범죄심리학회 2012 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.8 No.3

이 연구는 경찰이 범죄에 대한 두려움을 감소시켜야 하는 이유, 경찰활동에서 범죄에 대한 두려움 감소가 중요한 이유, 경찰활동과 범죄에 대한 두려움과 관련된 쟁점 등을 검토하였다. 또한 전통적 경찰활동, 전문적 경찰활동, 지역사회 경찰활동, 깨어진 창이론, 문제지향적 경찰활동 등 경찰활동에서 범죄에 대한 두려움 감소 효과를 분석하였다. 분석한 결과에 의하면, 우선 범죄에 대한 두려움 감소는 경찰의 중요한 임무이며 목표이다. 지난 30~40년 동안 경찰활동에서 ① 목적이 불분명한 정선 차량순찰이 범죄예방이나 범죄에 대한 두려움에 효과가 없으며, ② 신속대응은 범죄해결률과 주민만족도에 영향을 미치지 못했으며, ③ 범죄수사는 성공적이지 못하며, ④ 범죄예방에 관한 전통적 교육은 주민들의 범죄에 대한 두려움 감소에 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 대조적으로 지역사회 경찰활동, 깨어진 창이론, 문제지향적 경찰활동 방법은 범죄에 대한 두려움 감소에 효과적으로 나타났다. 범죄에 대한 두려움 감소를 위해서는 첫째, 범죄에 대한 두려움 감소를 위해 목표화된 접근을 실행해야 한다. 둘째, 효과적인 범죄에 대한 두려움 감소를 위해 맞춤형 경찰활동을 확대해야 한다. 셋째, 범죄에 대한 두려움 감소를 경찰 임무와 목표에 포함시켜야 한다. 넷째, 주민들의 범죄에 대한 두려움 조사를 정기적으로 실시해야 한다. 마지막으로 주민들의 범죄에 대한 두려움을 측정하기 위해서 주민의 목소리에 경청하는 경찰의 자세가 필요하다. This study reviews the reason why police should spend efforts to decrease fear of crime, and the importance of decrease in fear of crime in police activity, and reviews controversies related to police activity and fear of crime. Also, this study analyzes the effect of traditional policing, professional policing, community policing, broken windows theory, problem-oriented policing on fear of crime. According to analysis, decreasing fear of crime is an important mission and goal of the police. In the last 30~40 years of policing, ① police patrol without a specific objective has no significant effect on fear of crime, ② quick response and crime conviction rates have no significant effect on citizen satisfaction, ③ criminal investigation is not successful, ④ traditional education on crime prevention has no significant effect on fear of crime. In comparison, significant effect on fear of crime were found on community policing, broken windows theory and problem-oriented policing. For the purpose of decreasing fear of crime, first, goal-specific approach should be taken. Second, implementation of customized policing for effectively decreasing fear of crime should be expanded. Third, decreasing fear of crime should be included in police mission and goals. Fourth, citizens should be regularly surveyed on their fear of crime levels. Last, in order to measure fear of crime of citizens, the police need to respectfully listen to what they have to say.

범죄 두려움에 기반한 범죄예방 환경 디자인 가이드라인 제시 연구 : 제주 A택지개발지구 일대를 중심으로

이용규(Yong-kyu Yi) 한국셉테드학회 2021 한국셉테드학회지 Vol.12 No.2

범죄예방 환경설계(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)는범죄를 예방하고 범죄의 두려움을 저감하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 그러나 범죄예방 환경 조성사업의 대부분이 주로 범죄 발생률, 물리적 환경 등 안전(범죄) 관련 지표가 사업 선정의 주요근거가 되는 경우가 많다는 지적을 받아왔다. 그 결과 범죄율 등 범죄를 예방하는 차원이 우선 강조 되었고 범죄의 두려움이 큰 지역은 소외되기 쉽다는 한계가 있었다. 이에 본 연구에서는‘안전(범죄)’에만 국한하지 않고‘안심(두려움)’이라는 측면에 주목해서 지역 여건에적합한 범죄예방환경디자인 가이드라인을 제시하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 우선 안심(두려움)에 관련된 이론적 고찰을 실시, 관련된 지표를 도출하였으며, 안심(두려움)의 측면에서 개선이 필요한 제주도내 지역을선정해 범죄예방환경디자인 시뮬레이션을 실시하고 이를 바탕으로 안심(두려움)에 기반한 디자인 가이드라인을 제시하고자 하였다. 그 결과‘두려움’에 주목한 실천적 수단으로서 접근 통제, 자연적 감시, 영역성 강화, 활동의 활성화4가지 기본원칙을 바탕으로 구체적 가이드라인을 수립할 수 있었다. This research considered theories of fear of crime to understand the impact of CPTED projects on fear of crime, and identified factors that affect fear of crime through prior research and theoretical consideration. Through this, a survey was conducted before and after the project to build an infrastructure for the safety of single-woman households to identify the changes in the fear of crime and to identify the influences of the factors affecting the fear of crime. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED) aims to prevent crime and reduce crime fears. However, most of the CPTED projects recently are based on crime-related indicators such as crime incidence and physical environment. As a result, regardless of the crime rate, areas with high crime fears are likely to be alienated. Therefore, this study aims to present environmental design guidelines for crime prevention considering fear rather than crime . To this end, we first conducted a review of theories related to the fear And we derive indicators related to fear. Next, in terms of fear, the area of Jeju Island that needs to be improved was selected. And we conducted a crime prevention environmental design simulation. Finally, based on simulation, we were able to present design guidelines that focused on fear. As a result, CPTED guidelines could be established based on four basic principles: access control, natural surveillance, territorial enhancement, and activation of activities that focused on fear.

세대별 여성 1인가구 범죄피해 실태 및 범죄 두려움 영향요인

심혜인(Sim, Hye In) 한국범죄심리학회 2021 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.17 No.3

1인가구는 1990년 이후로 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며, ‘신림동 강간미수 CCTV 영상’등 1인가구 여성의 범죄와 범죄두려움에 관하여 언론에서 주요하게 다루어졌었다. 기존의 선행연구에서는 1인가구와 다인가구를 중심으로 또는 1인가구의 세대별 분류를 통한 범죄피해와 범죄피해 두려움 영향요인을 주요하게 다루었다. 그러나 이 연구에서는 1인가구 여성의 범죄피해 및 범죄두려움 영향요인을 검토하고자 하였으며, 특히 세대별 차이가 있는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 범죄피해경험과 범죄두려움은 전체범죄와 일반적 범죄두려움, 구체적범죄두려움 뿐만아니라 범죄유형별로 분류하여 폭력범죄, 재산범죄, 주거침입범죄로 추가적인 분류를 하여 검증하였다. 한국형사정책연구원에서 조사한 ‘전국범죄피해조사(2018년 기준)’의 2차 데이터 자료를 분석에 활용하였다. 세대별 분류를 중심으로 다루기 위하여 만18세 이하의 자료를 삭제한 다음 1인가구 여성 856명의 자료를 분석하였다. SPSS 25.0ver 통계프로그램을 활용하여 주요 변수들의 기술통계분석, 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, 교차분석, t-test, ANOVA, 로지스틱 회귀분석, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 이 연구에서는 세대를 연령에 따라 청년, 중년, 장년, 노년으로 분류하여 검증하였을 때, 1인가구 여성의 범죄피해 경험에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타나지 않았다. 반면 1인가구 여성의 범죄피해두려움에서 일반적 범죄두려움에는 영향이 없었으나, 구체적 범죄두려움에는 노년층이 중년층보다 구체적 범죄두려움 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 마찬가치로 폭력범죄와 재산범죄 두려움 수준에서도 노년층이 중년층보다 높을 두려움 수준임을 볼 수 있었다. 또한 경찰신뢰도 수준이 낮을수록 1인가구 여성의 구체적 범죄두려움, 폭력범죄, 재산범죄 두려움 수준에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 물리적 무질서는 일반적 범죄두려움, 구체적 범죄두려움, 재산범죄 두려움, 주거침입범죄 두려움에 사회적 무질서는 구체적 범죄두려움, 폭력범죄 두려움, 재산범죄 두려움, 주거침입범죄 두려움의 영향요인으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 1인가구 여성의 범죄피해 및 범죄두려움의 감소시킬 수 있는 정책적 제언에 있어서 세대별 차이를 고려한 근거자료로 활용되기를 기대한다. Single-person household has been continuously increasing since 1990, and crimes on single-female household such as CCTV footage for attempted rape in Sillimdong and crime factors have been covered seriously in the media. Existing preceding studies covered crime victims and influencing factor of fear on crime victim focusing on single-person or multiple-person household or through classification by single-person generation. However, this study plans to review crime victim and influencing factors of crime fear of single-female household. In particular, this study planned to review if there are any difference between generations. Experience on crime victim and crime fear were classified by not only overall crime, general crime fears and specific crime fears but also crime types, and further classified by violent crimes, property crimes and housebreaking to verify. The second data of Crime victim survey across the country (as of 2018) investigated by Korean Institute of Criminology was used for analysis. The data under the age 18 were deleted to cover the classification by generation and 856 data of single-female household were analyzed. SPSS 25.0ver statistical program was used to conduct descriptive statistical analysis, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, crossover analysis, t-test, ANOVA, logistic-regression analysis and multiple regression analysis. When the generations were classified and verified as youth, middle-aged and elderly according to the age, it didn t appear as a factor affecting the experience on crime victim of single-female household. On the other hand, while there was no effect on general crime fear in the fear of crime victim of single-female household, the elderly showed higher level of fear than middle-aged in terms of specific crime fear. Similarly, level of fear on violent crimes and property crimes was higher in the elderly than middle-aged group. In addition, it was found that the lower level of reliability for the police had a significant effect on specific crime fear and level of fear on violent crimes and property crimes of single-female household. It was also found that physical disorder was a factor influencing general crime fear, specific crime fear, property crime fear and housebreaking fear, and social disorder was a factor influencing specific crime fear, violent crime fear, property crime fear and housebreaking fear. We hope that these results can be used as a basis that considers the difference between generation in suggesting policy that can reduce crime victim and crime fears of single-female crime victim.

범죄두려움의 지역적 차이에 대한 연구 -수준간 상호작용을 중심으로-

박정선 ( Oteong Sun Park ) 한국범죄비행학회 2011 범죄와 비행 Vol.1 No.-

범죄의 원인분석과 마찬가지로 범죄의 두려움 역시 개인의 특성 이외에 지역의 구조적, 문화적 특성이나 환경적 요인 나아가 개인의 생활양식이나 일상활동 유형에 따라 차별화되며 따라서 범죄에 대한 두려움 역시 범죄와 마찬가지로 다양한 수준에서 접근할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 먼저 범죄두려움이 갖는 다양한 양태를 살펴보고, 이러한 두려움이 지역적으로 차별화되는 원인을 분석하였다.범죄에 대한 두려움은 크게 일상적 두려움, 주변인물두려움, 개별범죄피해두려움으로 삼분된다. 범죄 두려움에 영향을 주는 요인들을 보면, 먼저 개인적 수준에서는 여자, 기혼, 높은 교육수준, 높은 가구수입, 중대형아파트거주자, 전세입자 등이 범죄에 대한 두려움을 더 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났고, 지역적 수준에서는 짧은 거주기간, 적은 이사경험, 높은 무질서, 잦은 인사교제 등이 두려움을 높이는 것으로 나타나 일부 이론과는 상반된 결과를 보여주기도 하였다.HLM을 통한 분석결과를 보면, 먼저 ANOVA 모델은 수준별 변량의 정도를 보여주는데, 전국을 425개 읍면동으로 구분하였을 경우엔 지역별 차이가 전체변량의 16-17% 정도를 설명한 반면, 16개 광역시도로 구분하였을 때에는 지역별 차이가 2.24% 정도의 변량을 설명하였다. 먼저 지역수준에서의 영향력을 살펴보면, 거주년도가 짧을수록, 이사경험이 없는 경우, 그리고 사회적 무질서정도가 클수록 범죄에 대한 두려움이 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 개인의 특성과 관련해서는 남자보다는 여자가,나이가 적을수록, 교육정도가 높을수록, 직업위세가 높을수록, 가구수입이 높을수록, 경찰에 대한 신뢰가 낮을수록 범죄에 대한 일반적 두려움을 더 많이 가지는 것으로 나타났다.다음으로 교육수준의 수준간 상호작용효과를 살펴보면, 기본적으로 교육수준이 높을수록 범죄에 대한 두려움을 더 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 거주기간이 긴 지역일수록 거주기간이 한 단계 높아질 때마다 교육이 범죄두려움에 미치는 영향력도 함께 증가하는 것으로 나타나 두려움을 더 느끼는 것으로 나타났다.이와 같이 볼 때 범죄두려움에 영향을 주는 것은 다만 개인적인 수준의 특성에 의해서만 영향을 받는 것이 아니라 지역적 수준의 변수에 의해서도 유의미한 영향을 받고 있음을 알 수 있으며 그 변량의 정도도 일반적인 다수준연구에서의 정도보다 상당히 크게 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 범죄두려움과 관련된 정부정책의 입안시 지역사회의 특성을 고려한 정책이 필요하다고 하겠다. As with the causes of crime, fear of crime also tend to be differentiated not only by individual characteristics such as gender and age, but also by community factors such as social structure, culture, and environmental elements. This study tries to reveal the types and causes fear of crime. The factors that have effects on the fear of crime turned out to be that female, the married, the highly-educated, the highly-incomed, the residents in large apartment, and the renters tend to have high fear of crime at the individual level, while short period of residence, rare experience of moving, high level of disorder, and frequent association among residents tend to increase the fear of crime at the community level. Some of these findings are against the common findings of other research. The results from HLM analysis showed that, according to the basic ANOV A model analysis, the community level variance appeared to be around 16-17% when the number of level-2 cases were 425 small dongs(the smallest administrative unit), while it was only 2.24% when the number of level-2 cases were only 16 cities. Continuously, at the community level, short-periods of residence, rare experience of moving, and high-level of social disorder tend to make the fear of crime high while, at the individual level, the female, the lower-aged, the highly-educated, the high-prestige job holders, the highly-incomed, and the lower-credit on police then to have high level of fear of crime. The cross-level interaction effect was found with the variables of gender and education. In case of gender, male than female basically tends to feel less fear of crime, but in the area of high level of moving, the level of fear for male tends to have a lot less fear of crime than male in the area of low moving level. In case of education, those with high-levels of education tend to have less fear of crime. But, in the area of long residence, the education effect on the fear of crime tends to grow faster with the unit increase of educational level. In conclusion, the fear of crime is influenced not only by individual-level characteristics but also by community-level factors as well. Thus, it is quite necessary to consider the community environment when we make policy-strategies to reduce the fear of crime in the neighborhood.