QR-Cord을 이용한 언어학습방법의 연구 -일본어「Hiragana의 어원」을 중심으로-

설근수 ( Geun Soo Seol ) 한국일어일문학회 2015 日語日文學硏究 Vol.95 No.1

본 연구는 일본어 기초문자의 하나인 [Hiragana]가, 어떤 문자에서 유래되었는지, 즉[Hiragana]와 한자와 관계(어원)를 동영상으로 구축하였다. 또 이 언어학습(Hiragana와 한자) 자료를 언제 어디서나 접근할 수 있도록,「QR-Cord의 기능」를 접목(융합)하여,그 학습 방법을 보다 쉽게 학습할 수 있는 방법론을 연구하는 것이 목적이다. 구체적인 연구방법으로는[Hiragana의 어원]을「동영상」으로 구현하고, 이동영상을 「QR-Cord」와 융합하여 입력된 「QR-Cord」를 「QR-Cord Scaner」로 스켄함으로서, 스마트폰 화면상에 [Hiragana의 어원]의 모습이 동영상으로 재생(Play)되도록 설계하는 것이다. 언어학습 방법의 일환으로서 「QR-Cord을 이용한 기능」과 「동영상을 이용한 기능」을 융합할 경우, 그 몇가지 특징을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 「동영상의 기능」의 경우는, 과학 기술에 의해 음성언어(청각)·문자언어(시각)쌍방의 언어 각각의 특색을 표현 할 수 있는 것과, 언제든지 수정이 가능하다는 것이다. 이와 같은 연구는, 오늘날 IT분야의 발달과 함께, 종래의 학습 방법과 비교할경우, 새로운 페러다임(paradigm)으로서, <언제나><어디에서나>라는 의미에서,<時間>과 <場所>에 구애받지 않고, 학습자의 희망에 의해, 주도적인 학습장을 만들 수 있다는 점이 가장 큰 특징이라고 할 수 있다. This research was also chosen as "study of the language learning way for which QR - Cord was used" targeted for the way of learning of "the etymology of Hiragana" above all at the inside of Japanese-language education. When "Hiragana" was embodied in "Moving Picture" first through this research process, and inputting this Movint to "QR - Cord", it was input, "QR - Cord" was read by "QR-Cord Scaner", and designed so that the state changing from "kanji (the etymology)" and "kanji (the etymology)" into the one of "hiragana" gradually from "Hiragana" might be shown clearly by an Moving Picture on the screen of smart phone (Smart Phone). As a part of a language learning way, "the function for which QR - Cord was used" and "the function for which an Moving Picture was used", it``s when it was fused, but I``d like to mention its feature several. First the case that the case that spoken language (hearing) and written language (sight) can express the respective characteristics of both languages and correction are possible by science and technology in case of "the function of the Moving Picture". Print can have a design of QR - Cord on the seat like paper (seat) in case of "the function of QR - Cord". Therefore it``s very convenient on the carrying and the preservation. It``s possible to produce in quantities. That, when wall; sticks textbook; on a pillar, and a seat is scanned when being necessary, the, every time, it``ll be possible to take the contents I wish out. It depends on learner``s request because of the feature to which easiness as< everywhere> can be offered< anytime> more specifically, and even how much is the thing which can produce a place by the learning in independent way made its big feature?

Tethered cord 증후군에서 비뇨기계 증상 및 검사 소견

정태성,김은정,이은실,신손문,문한구,박용훈,Jung Tae-Sung,Kim Eun-Jung,Lee Eun-Sil,Shin Son-Moon,Moon Han-Ku,Park Yong-Hoon 대한소아신장학회 1997 Childhood kidney diseases Vol.1 No.2

목적 : Tethered cord 증후군은 척수내 지방종이나 종사의 섬유대 등에 의해 척수 원추가 천골에 부착, 견인됨으로 하지의 신경 결함이나 족부의 변형을 일으키는 질환군으로 척추 유합부전증의 경우에서 흔히 나타난다. 신경학적 소견 외에 빈뇨, 요실금, 유뇨증, 급뇨, 배뇨 감각 장애 등의 비뇨기계 증상도 높은 빈도로 나타난다고 하며 수술적 치료의 예후는 조기에 진단될수록 양호하다고 알려져 있다. 그러나 tethered cord 증후군에서 나타나는 비뇨기계 증상 및 소견에 관하여 체계적으로 보고된 것이 많지 않다. 저자들은 tethered cord 증후군에서의 비뇨기계 증상을 여러 특징을 파악하여 tethered cord 증후군 환자에서의 조기 진단 및 치료 방침 설정에 도움을 얻고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1991년 11월부터 1997년 7월까지 5년 9개월간 영남 대학 병원에서 tethered cord 증후군으로 진단받은 소아 환자 9례를 대상으로 연령 및 성별분포, 비뇨기계 이상에 관한 증상 및 비정상 검사소견의 여부와 수술 후 경과에 대하여 의무 기록을 조사하는 후향적 연구로 조사하였다. 결 과: 1) 대상 환아 9례의 연령 분포로는 0-2세가 5례, 2-6세가 1례. 6-10세가 3례였으며 남아가 2례, 여아는 1례였다. 2) 요실금, 빈뇨, 유뇨증, 급뇨, 배뇨 감각 장애 등의 비뇨기계 증상을 가진 경우가 6례였으며, 비뇨기계의 방사선학적 검사에서 신경성 방광을 보인 경우가 5례, 수신증과 수뇨관증이 동반된 경우가 3례, 방광-요관 역류를 보인 경우가 3례였다. 3) 요동력학적 검사는 3례에서 시행되었으며 3례 모두에서 이상 소견이 발견되었다. 4) 진단시 비뇨기계 증상 및 이상 검사 소견을 가진 7례 중 5례에서 detethering이 행해졌으나 증상의 호전은 1례에서만 관찰되었다. 결론 : Tethered cord 증후군에서 비뇨기계의 증상 및 비정상 검사 소견이 동반되는 경우가 흔하며 비뇨기계의 이상을 시사하는 증상이 없는 경우에도 검사상 이상이 발견되는 경우가 적지 않다. Tethered cord 증후군 환아의 평가는 신경학적 이상 유무는 물론이고 비뇨기계의 이상 여부에 대한 평가도 필히 포함되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. Purpose : Tethered cord syndrome is characterized by progressive motor and sensory disturbances in lower extremities, foot deformities caused by a pathologic fixation of spinal cord resulting in excessive stretching of the spinal cord. It is also frequently associated with urological symptoms include urinary frequency, incontinence, enuresis, urgency and recurrent urinary tract infection. Because there is few report in the literature about urological manifestations of theterd cord syndrome, we conducted a retrospective study on the patients diagnosed as tethered cord syndrome to delineate the characteristics of urologic manifestations in tethered cord syndrome and to establish the policy to evaluate patients who is suspected of tethered cord syndrome. Method : A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of nine patients who was diagnosed as tethered cord syndrome from November 1991 to July 1996 in Yeungnam University Hospital. Result : 1) The age distribution of nine patients was as follows; 5 patients were under 2 years, 1 case from 2 to 6 years and 3 cases from 6 to 10 years. 2) Of 9 patients 6 had voiding frequency, urinary incontinence, enuresis, urgency and loss of micturation sense. Radiologic urodynamic studies revealed neurogenic bladder in 5 patients, hydronephrosis and hydroureter in 3, vesicoureteral reflux in 3. 3) Of 6 patients with urological abnormal manifestations 4 underwent spinal cord surgery (detethering). In spite of surgical intervention, the urological manifestations improved in only one patient. Conclusion : Urological abnormalities were common in tethered cord syndrome. Abnormal laboratory findings including urodynamic study were found even before the onset of urological symptoms. We have to concern tethered cord syndrome as one of common causes of voiding frequency and enuresis and to evaluate urological abnormalities as thetered cord syndrome is diagnosed.

척수 국소 저온에 대한 실험적 연구

최용일,주정화,조순구,이기찬,정용구 대한신경외과학회 1983 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.12 No.2

A study of effect of local hypothermia upon the spinal cord was performed in cats. With a cuff, a cooler, to which was attached connecting tubes to a refrigerator, the experimental technique was deviced to cool the spinal cord locally at midthoracic level. Cold liquid, saline at a temperature of ±1.1℃, was circulated in closed system through the tubing into the cuff which was snugly rested on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord as a heat exchanger. The temperatures were measured with thermocouples at various sites in the spinal cord before, during, and after the cooling every two minutes upto twenty minutes. In the cord underneath he cuff, the mean precooling temperature of 35.4℃ in normal control group was lowered to 11.0℃ during the first two minutes of cooling. After this in initial rapid drop in temperature, there was a further gradual reduction of 4.5℃ upto 20 minutes cooling to be 6.5℃. The lowest mean temperatures recorded throughout cooling were 4.3℃ at dorsal surface and 6.9℃ at center of the cord. And the temperature lowering was nearly not noted beyond the cord 1㎝ apart from an edge of cuff in rostral and caudal directions. For comparison, the temperature in the cord that had not been unjured was also measured. The rate of cooling in the cord underneath the cuff seemed to be faster than that in the control group of animal in which the cord was not injured. Another design of this experiment was an evaluation of the protective effect of local hypothermia with respect to cord edema and injury associated cord hemorrhage. Immediately after intravenous administrations of fluorescin the spinal cords were contused with impaction injury. These injured cords were removed at different time interval after trauma, and spread or distribution of fluorescin in frozen sectioned specimens was observed under ultraviolet illumination with fluorescence microscope. In all cooling groups, pathological pictures were reduced in its degree and extent more than those in the control group, and that, earlier the colling after the injury to the cord, better the result was outcome. It would be well to say that local hypothermia might be within the margin of safety and beneficial in the management of spinal cord injury in this experiment.

Sonographic Imaging of a Hydrocele of the Spermatic Cord

전혜정,황진호,김영준,정성일,박희선,박상우,고성민,신현준,최영칠 대한초음파의학회 2009 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.28 No.3

Purpose: The US examination has been used to evaluate the infant and child having an inguino-scrotal bulge or mass for the non-invasive diagnostic work up to exclude neoplasm, cryptorchidism, lymphadenopathy, hydrocele of spermatic cord, etc. We performed this study to determine the characteristic ultrasound features of hydrocele of spermatic cord in children. Materials and Methods: From February 2002 to March 2007, 213 pediatric patients with swelling or palpable mass of the inguino-scrotal area, or suspected cryptorchidism underwent ultrasonography for evaluation of accurate diagnosis. Ninetythree of 213 patients had a cystic lesion of the inguino-scrotal area. Among 93 patients, the sonographic images of 28 patients, who were confirmed as having hydrocele of the spermatic cord, were collected on a retrospective basis. The age of the patients ranged from 15 days to 11 years. The ultrasound images of the patients were subsequently reviewed to analyze the typical features in the diagnostic workup of hydrocele of spermatic cord. Eight patients were confirmed by surgery. Twenty patients who were less than one year old were clinically followed up. Results: The most common finding was testicular hydrocele, which was found in 44 patients of the 93 patients that had a cystic lesion of the inguino-scrotal area. Of the 28 patients who had a hydrocele of spermatic cord, 10 patients had the lesions on the left side and 17 patients on the right side. One patient has bilateral hydrocele of spermatic cord. Well-defined elongated or elliptical-shaped cystic lesions were noted in the 24 of 29 cases (one patient had bilateral hydrocele of the spermatic cord). One patient had septations within elongated cystic lesion was seen and round shape in one case; tear drop shape was found in three cases. Conclusions: The most common ultrasound imaging of spermatic cord hydrocele is well-defined, elongated cystic mass separating the testes. Purpose: The US examination has been used to evaluate the infant and child having an inguino-scrotal bulge or mass for the non-invasive diagnostic work up to exclude neoplasm, cryptorchidism, lymphadenopathy, hydrocele of spermatic cord, etc. We performed this study to determine the characteristic ultrasound features of hydrocele of spermatic cord in children. Materials and Methods: From February 2002 to March 2007, 213 pediatric patients with swelling or palpable mass of the inguino-scrotal area, or suspected cryptorchidism underwent ultrasonography for evaluation of accurate diagnosis. Ninetythree of 213 patients had a cystic lesion of the inguino-scrotal area. Among 93 patients, the sonographic images of 28 patients, who were confirmed as having hydrocele of the spermatic cord, were collected on a retrospective basis. The age of the patients ranged from 15 days to 11 years. The ultrasound images of the patients were subsequently reviewed to analyze the typical features in the diagnostic workup of hydrocele of spermatic cord. Eight patients were confirmed by surgery. Twenty patients who were less than one year old were clinically followed up. Results: The most common finding was testicular hydrocele, which was found in 44 patients of the 93 patients that had a cystic lesion of the inguino-scrotal area. Of the 28 patients who had a hydrocele of spermatic cord, 10 patients had the lesions on the left side and 17 patients on the right side. One patient has bilateral hydrocele of spermatic cord. Well-defined elongated or elliptical-shaped cystic lesions were noted in the 24 of 29 cases (one patient had bilateral hydrocele of the spermatic cord). One patient had septations within elongated cystic lesion was seen and round shape in one case; tear drop shape was found in three cases. Conclusions: The most common ultrasound imaging of spermatic cord hydrocele is well-defined, elongated cystic mass separating the testes.

정상성대의 초음파소견:역동적 검사

이성문,우성구,김정식 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1993 계명의대학술지 Vol.12 No.2

임상적으로 후두부에 병변이 없는 지원자 27명을 대상으로 성대의 초음파소견을 분석해본 결과 진성대는 저에코로, 가성대는 고에코로, 성인대는 진성대의 자유연에서 고에코의 선으로 보였으며 갑상연골, 피열연골등은 고에코의 구조물로 나타나 초음파영상에서 정상 해부학적 구조를 잘 볼 수 있었다. 뿐만아니라 역동적 검사를 통해 진성대 및 가성대의 움직임을 실시간영상으로 확인할 수 있었는데 진성대는 평상호흡상태에서 흡기시와 호흡중지상태의 중간정도에 위치하였으며 흡기시에는 외전, 호흡중지상태에서는 내전운동을 보였고 그 움직임은 항상 대칭적이었다. 가성대는 진성대와는 달리 호흡중지상태에서도 기도를 완전히 폐쇄시키지 못함을 알 수 있었으며 가성대의 움직임은 항상 진성대의 움직임과 일치하였다. 현재로서는 후두병변의 진단에 있어 초음파의 역할이 확립된 것은 아니지만, 앞으로 CT나 MR과의 비교연구가 계속되어진다면 후두병변의 진단 및 병기결정에 있어 중요한 역할을 하게될 것이라 기대된다. In diagnosis and staging of laryngeal pathology, CT has been used as a method of choice, and a recent study showed that MR is more sensitive and specific than CT. High-resolution ultrasound is not a routine examination in laryngeal disese, however, several studies using ultrasound insisted the usefulness of the ultrasound in evaluation of laryngeal disease. We analized dynamic sonographic findings of the vocal cords in 27 healthy volunteers. Length of the true vocal cords, distance of rima glottids, distance between two false cords were measured in quiet breathing, deep inspiration, breath holding, and Valsalva manuever state. We also evaluated change of the vocal cord shape during phonation True vocal cords are hypoechoic, false vocal cords are hyperechoic, and vocal ligaments are hyperechoic in free margin of the true cords. The thyroid cartilage shows hyperechoic cortical margin with variable inner echogenicity. The arytenoid cartilages are indentified as echogenic dots. During quiet breathing, postion of the true cords is intermediate between deep inspiration as echogenic dots. During quiet breathing, position of the true cords is intermediate between deep inspiration and breath holding. Vocal cords are adducted during breath holing, and abducted in deep inspiration state. Movement of the vocal is always symmetrical. We concluded that ultrasound is a potentially useful technique for examination of the vocal cords. Comparative studies between sonography and CT and MR is necessary to determine the role of sonography.

탯줄과 숫자 3 연구

김영균(Kim Young-Kyoon) 비교민속학회 2011 비교민속학 Vol.0 No.44

엘리아데(Mircea Eliade)는 신성한 시작의 이야기가 신화라고 했는데, 대우주의 창조 이야기에 대하여 소우주인 인간 생명이 태어나는 이야기도 바로 신성한 시작의 신화이다. 고대인들이 인체의 생리와 해부학에 깊은 관찰과 사유를 누적시켰고, 그 과정에서 인체의 신비는 신화의 세계와 민속제의에 투영되었다. 고대인들은 변화하는 달의 모습과 임산부의 복부 변화를 동일시하여 어머니를 달의 여신으로 만들었으며, 태아는 영웅이 되었다. 태아가 산도를 통과하면서 겪는 양수의 파열은 홍수신화가 되고, 산도를 통과하는 과정은 영웅의 역정이 되었다. 탄생은 어두운 자궁 속 지하세계에서 빛나는 지상세계로 재생하는 통과의례로, 그 상징과 이미지는 세계의 설화와, 전설과, 신화와에 투영되고 종교적 제의나 민속의례를 통해 반복 재생되었다. 그렇다면 인간 탄생의 극적인 순간이라 할 탯줄의 절단을 통해 탯줄과 탯줄의 해부학적 구조 역시 고대인의 사유를 일으킨 동기가 되었을 개연성이 있다. 본고는 이를 바탕으로 신화, 민속, 고고유물 등의 문화형태에 나타난 ‘줄’과 ‘뱀’의 조형과 묘사, 상징과 이미지를 통해 탯줄의 ‘숫자 3’이 어떻게 투영되었는지 그 메커니즘을 탐색해보고, ‘탯줄코드’로 대변되는 ‘줄-뱀-탯줄’의 코드가 ‘탯줄-생명’을 읽는 해석도구가 될 수 있다는 가설을 제시하였으며, 이를 몇가지 예에 적용하여 논리적 타당성을 엿보았다. 탯줄은 고대로부터 인종이나 역사적 환경, 문화적 지역주의와 무관하게 동서양의 모든 인류에게 자연 발생한 ‘생명’의 이미지와 상징의 원형이었으므로, 동서양을 불문하고 고대문화를 일관되게 읽어내는 하나의 코드가 될 수 있을 것이다. Ancient Greek philosophy and Tantra Buddhism think that humans are micro-cosmos, a miniature of infinite macro-cosmos and that the two may have a connection and something in common. Ancient people regarded the mother as Goddess of Moon, equating the changing shapes of the moon with the swelling abdomen of a pregnant woman. Therefore, it is probable that the human umbilical cord and its anatomical structure as seen on the cutting plane of the cord with awareness of the dramatic moment during birth, might act as a motive for the ancient’s thinking system. The appearance of the umbilical cord resembles a rope or a serpent, having the shape of an entwined rope or mating snakes. From a cross-section, the cord consists of three blood vessels. General human blood vessels consist of an artery and a vein, but interestingly, the umbilical cord during the fetal life shows a set of three blood vessels. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism that such anatomical characteristics were projected onto several forms of culture and to present a hypothesis that the code of “rope-snake-umbilical cord” represented by the Umbilical Cord Code (nominated and established by the author) can be a tool to interpret diverse symbols of “umbilical cord - life,” and to review its logical validity by applying it to three specific cultural examples. The author in this paper explained inductively the process by which the motif of “umbilical cord ? life” was symbolized and the symbols were differentiated by expansion of thoughts in cultures around the world, and provided a symbolic system within which rope and snake would be one ultimately even when they are described to be an entwined pair or one strand, apart from the real structure of the umbilical vessels. A diagram presenting organic mechanism of this process is suggested in this paper for understanding. Conclusively, this paper argues that the umbilical cord had been the archetype of images and symbols of “life” for all human beings since the ancient times, a universality that may make the umbilical cord a code for consistent readings of ancient cultures regardless of races, historical backgrounds, and cultural regionalism.

단태임신에서 융합된 단일 탯줄을 가진 두 개의 태반 1예

박나윤 ( Na Yoon Park ),류민지 ( Min Ji Ryu ),조금준 ( Geum Joon Cho ),오민정 ( Min Jeong Oh ),김해중 ( Hai Joong Kim ),김탁 ( Tak Kim ),김선행 ( Sun Haeng Kim ),홍순철 ( Soon Cheol Hong ) 대한산부인과학회 2012 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.55 No.9

Two placentas in singleton pregnancy with fused umbilical cord which has its own placental insertion site forming 3-vessel cord at fetal end is an extremely rare case. This present case describes two placentas with fused umbilical cord with an episode of vanishing twin syndrome and there seems to be a strong relationship between these two events. A 37-year-old woman, gravid 0, para 0, visited emergency room with an episode of vaginal bleeding without pelvic cramps at 8 weeks and 5 days of gestation and repeated ultrasonic exams revealed reabsorption of vanishing twin and two separate placentas on anterior and posterior body of uterus. At 40 weeks and 4 days, the patient delivered a viable female infant weighing 3,900 g via Cesarean section and postpartum examination of the placentas and membranes confirmed two placentas with fused umbilical cord. Two placentas were almost equal in size and there were 2 cord insertions, 1 into each placenta. The cord at each of the placental disc had marginal insertion site and main placental disc cord had 2 arteries with one vein (3 vessel-cord) whereas side placental disc cord had one artery with one vein (2 vessel-cord), Several hypothesis for this two placentas with fused umbilical cord in singleton pregnancy, were proposed including placenta abnormalities after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer procedure, succenturiate lobes and fetus in fetus, however, further evaluation is need.

MR-histological Correlations of Wallerian Degeneration in Spinal Cord Injury

Cho, Kyoung-Suok,Bunge, Richard P.,Choi, Chang-Rak 대한신경외과학회 1996 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.25 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 척수 손상 후 위 또는 아래 level에서 wallerian degeneration의 MR 소견을 관찰하고, 척수 손상 후 magnetic resonance(MR)에 이상 소견이 나타나는 time interval 관찰하며 그리고 MR 소견과 post mortem histopathology 비교하는데 있다. 척수손상후 사망까지 생존 기간이 8일부터 22년까지 다양한 23명의 척수손상 환자에서 post mortem에 척수를 채취해서 T1과 T2 weighted MR imaging 얻었고, 조직검사는 MR section과 같은 level에서 axon, myelin, connective tissue stain 실시하여 MR 소견과 비교하였다. 결과는 척수손상 후 7주 이후에 사망한 모든 예에서, 손상된 척수 위 level의 dorsal column과 아래 level의 lat, corticospinal tract에서 MR 소견상 increased signal intensity 나타났다. 그리고 손상 후 8일만에 사망한 예에서는 MR 소견상 변화는 없지만, 조직 검사상 wallerian degeneration이 손상의 위 level dorsal column에서는 나타났지만 아래 level의 lat, corticospinal tract에서는 보이지 않았다. 그러나 12일 후 사망한 예에서는 wallerian degeneration이 척수손상 위 dorsal column과 아래 lat, corticospinal tract에서 MR의 이상 소견이 보였다. 결론적으로 척수손상 후 Wallerian degeneration이 나타나지만, 손상 level 위의 dorsal column과 아래의 lat, corticospinal tract의 wallerian degeneration은 최소한 7주 이상이 지나야 MR에서 변화가 보인다. MR로서 wallerian degeneration 관찰함으로 척수손상의 정확한 분석과, epicenter로부터 멀리 떨어진 부위의 MR signal 변화의 설명, 그리고 나아가서는 치료의 평가에도 유용하게 이용될 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study were to describe the magnetic resonance(MR) manifestations of wallerian degeneration occurring above and below a spinal cord injury site, to determine the post-injury time interval when the wallerian degeneration becomes evident in MR images, and to correlate the MR findings with post mortem histopathology. Twenty-three postmortem spinal cords, all from patients with cervical (14), thoracic (5), and lumbar (4) cord, injuries, were studied with axial T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo MR imaging. Injury to death intervals varied from 8 days to 22 years. We examined these specimen for abnormal cord contour and alteration of signal above and below the injury site. Histological studies of these cords with axon, myelin, and connective tissue stains were performed at levels equivalent to the MR sections. Studies using plastic embedded sections and antibodies to Glial Fibrillarg Acetic Protein(GF AP) were also performed on some of the above cords. Pathological-imaging correlations were made. MR images of the cord specimen showed increased signal intensity in the dorsal columns above the injury level as well as in the lateral corticospinal tracts below the injury level in all cases in which cord injury had occurred seven or more weeks premortem. In one case where cord injury had occurred eight days prior to death the MR showed no signal abnormalites : histological analysis showed evidence of early wallerian degeneration in the dorsal columns above the lesion but no change was detected in the lateral columns below the lesion. After 12 days, early stage wallerian degeneration was detected by histological examination in both the lateral columns below the lesion and in the dorsal columns above the lesion. Wallerian degeneration in spinal cords, as demonstrated by histological examination, was identified on MR as areas of increased T2 weighted signal intensity site in the dorsal column above the injury site and in the corticospinal tracts below the injury site in all specimen in which the injury-to-death interval was greater than 7 weeks. The ability to recognize wallerian degeneration on MR allows a more comprehensive analysis of the injury, explains abnormal MR signals at sites that are remote from the epicenter of injury, and may be helpful in the assessing of results of therapeutic interventions.

흰쥐 척수 손상후 Parvalbumin과 Calbindin D-28K 함유신경세포에 관한 면역세포화학적 연구

김종중,정윤영,임유택,박상수,박영란,김현곤,문정석 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 2002 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.27 No.2

Background and Objectives: This study was done to compared the distribution of the two calcium-binding proteins immunoreactive neurons, parvalbumin immunoreactiv (PV-IR) and calbindin D-28K immunoreactive (CB-IR) neurons in the spinal cord after transection. Materials and Methods: Twenty rats were divided into 3 groups (control, complete spinal cord injury (SCI), and right and left spinal cord hemisection). SCI was produced by cutting the spinal cord use blades 11 with scalpel handles. Results: In this experiment, CB-IR neurons were mainly found in many pyramidal cells distributed in the brain stem and spinal cord of rats. PV-IR Neurons were demonstrated in all lamina of the gray matter of the spinal cord. These immunoreactive cells had the highest density in the layer I and II of dorsal horn and several nuclei of the ventral horn of the all the segments of the spinal cord. CB-IR neuropil labeling was strongly noted in all the segments of the spinal cord. In contrast PV-IR neurons were different in distribution, size and morphology in the spinal cord. The number of PV-IR neurons were greater than in the spinal cord compared with the CB-IR neurons. CB-IR and PV-IR somata were round, oval, spindle and polygonal in shape, and were unipolar, bipolar, multipolar and horizontal in types. The diameters of the somata of the PV-IR and CB-IR neurons were 40-50 ㎛, respectively. Also dendrites of PV-IR and CB-IR neurons were densely arrayed in network.

Clinical Significance of Incidental Focal 18F-FDG Uptake in the Spinal Cord of Patients with Cancer

임채홍,현승협,문승환,조영석,최연성,이경한,김병태,최준영 대한핵의학회 2017 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.51 No.3

Purpose We investigated the incidence, location, and clinical significance of focal 18F-FDG uptake of the spinal cord in patients with cancer. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 22,937 consecutive adult patients with known or suspicious malignancy who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT. PET/CT scans with incidental focal spinal cord uptake were selected and retrospectively reviewed to determine the presence, location, number, and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of any focal hypermetabolic lesions of the spinal cord. In subjects with focal spinal uptake, clinical characteristics and clinical follow-up results, including follow-up PET/CT, were reviewed. Results Incidental focal spinal cord uptake was observed in 69 of 22,937 adult patients (incidence = 0.3%; M:F = 31:38; age, 55.8 ± 14.7 years). Seventy-eight focal hypermetabolic lesions on spinal cord in the PET/CT scans of the 69 study subjects were analyzed. The most common sites of focal spinal cord uptake were the T12 vertebra (47/78; 60.3%) and L1 vertebra (20/78; 25.6%). Multifocal cord uptake was found in 8 of 69 patients (11.6%). The average SUVmax for cord uptake was 2.5 ± 0.5 (range, 1.4∼3.9). There was no clinical or imaging evidence of abnormalities in the spinal cord, both at the time of PET/CT and during clinical follow-up. Conclusions Although incidental focal 18F-FDG uptake of the spinal cord is rare in patients with cancer, it may be physiological or benign, but it should not be considered as malignant involvement. Common sites for the uptake were in the T12 and L1 spine levels.