Information Privacy Concern in Context-Aware Personalized Services: Results of a Delphi Study

Lee, Yon-Nim,Kwon, Oh-Byung The Korea Society of Management Information System 2010 Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems Vol.20 No.2

Personalized services directly and indirectly acquire personal data, in part, to provide customers with higher-value services that are specifically context-relevant (such as place and time). Information technologies continue to mature and develop, providing greatly improved performance. Sensory networks and intelligent software can now obtain context data, and that is the cornerstone for providing personalized, context-specific services. Yet, the danger of overflowing personal information is increasing because the data retrieved by the sensors usually contains privacy information. Various technical characteristics of context-aware applications have more troubling implications for information privacy. In parallel with increasing use of context for service personalization, information privacy concerns have also increased such as an unrestricted availability of context information. Those privacy concerns are consistently regarded as a critical issue facing context-aware personalized service success. The entire field of information privacy is growing as an important area of research, with many new definitions and terminologies, because of a need for a better understanding of information privacy concepts. Especially, it requires that the factors of information privacy should be revised according to the characteristics of new technologies. However, previous information privacy factors of context-aware applications have at least two shortcomings. First, there has been little overview of the technology characteristics of context-aware computing. Existing studies have only focused on a small subset of the technical characteristics of context-aware computing. Therefore, there has not been a mutually exclusive set of factors that uniquely and completely describe information privacy on context-aware applications. Second, user survey has been widely used to identify factors of information privacy in most studies despite the limitation of users' knowledge and experiences about context-aware computing technology. To date, since context-aware services have not been widely deployed on a commercial scale yet, only very few people have prior experiences with context-aware personalized services. It is difficult to build users' knowledge about context-aware technology even by increasing their understanding in various ways: scenarios, pictures, flash animation, etc. Nevertheless, conducting a survey, assuming that the participants have sufficient experience or understanding about the technologies shown in the survey, may not be absolutely valid. Moreover, some surveys are based solely on simplifying and hence unrealistic assumptions (e.g., they only consider location information as a context data). A better understanding of information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services is highly needed. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to identify a generic set of factors for elemental information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services and to develop a rank-order list of information privacy concern factors. We consider overall technology characteristics to establish a mutually exclusive set of factors. A Delphi survey, a rigorous data collection method, was deployed to obtain a reliable opinion from the experts and to produce a rank-order list. It, therefore, lends itself well to obtaining a set of universal factors of information privacy concern and its priority. An international panel of researchers and practitioners who have the expertise in privacy and context-aware system fields were involved in our research. Delphi rounds formatting will faithfully follow the procedure for the Delphi study proposed by Okoli and Pawlowski. This will involve three general rounds: (1) brainstorming for important factors; (2) narrowing down the original list to the most important ones; and (3) ranking the list of important factors. For this round only, experts were treated as individuals, not panels. Adapted from Okoli and Pawlowski, we out

Information Privacy Concern in Context-Aware Personalized Services: Results of a Delphi Study

이연님,권오병 한국경영정보학회 2010 Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems Vol.20 No.2

Personalized services directly and indirectly acquire personal data, in part, to provide customers with higher-value services that are specifically context-relevant (such as place and time). Information technologies continue to mature and develop, providing greatly improved performance. Sensory networks and intelligent software can now obtain context data, and that is the cornerstone for providing personalized, context-specific services. Yet, the danger of overflowing personal information is increasing because the data retrieved by the sensors usually contains privacy information. Various technical characteristics of context-aware applications have more troubling implications for information privacy. In parallel with increasing use of context for service personalization, information privacy concerns have also increased such as an unrestricted availability of context information. Those privacy concerns are consistently regarded as a critical issue facing context-aware personalized service success. The entire field of information privacy is growing as an important area of research, with many new definitions and terminologies, because of a need for a better understanding of information privacy concepts. Especially, it requires that the factors of information privacy should be revised according to the characteristics of new technologies. However, previous information privacy factors of context-aware applications have at least two shortcomings. First, there has been little overview of the technology characteristics of context-aware computing. Existing studies have only focused on a small subset of the technical characteristics of context-aware computing. Therefore, there has not been a mutually exclusive set of factors that uniquely and completely describe information privacy on context-aware applications. Second, user survey has been widely used to identify factors of information privacy in most studies despite the limitation of users’ knowledge and experiences about context-aware computing technology. To date, since context-aware services have not been widely deployed on a commercial scale yet, only very few people have prior experiences with context-aware person alized services. It is difficult to build users’ knowledge about context-aware technology even by increasing their understanding in various ways: scenarios, pictures, flash animation, etc. Nevertheless, conducting a survey, assuming that the participants have sufficient experience or understanding about the technologies shown in the survey, may not be absolutely valid. Moreover, some surveys are based solely on simplifying and hence unrealistic assumptions (e.g., they only consider location information as a context data). A better understanding of information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services is highly needed. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to identify a generic set of factors for elemental information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services and to develop a rank-order list of information privacy concern factors. We consider overall technology characteristics to establish a mutually exclusive set of factors. A Delphi survey, a rigorous data collection method, was deployed to obtain a reliable opinion from the experts and to produce a rank-order list. It, therefore, lends itself well to obtaining a set of universal factors of information privacy concern and its priority. An international panel of researchers and practitioners who have the expertise in privacy and context-aware system fields were involved in our research. Delphi rounds formatting will faithfully follow the procedure for the Delphi study proposed by Okoli and Pawlowski. This will involve three general rounds: (1) brainstorming for important factors; (2) narrowing down the original list to the most important ones; and (3) ranking the list of important factors. For this round only, experts were treated as individuals, not panels. Adapted from Okoli and Pawlowsk...

계층적 상황 온톨로지 관리를 이용한 상황 인식 서비스 미들웨어 설계

이승근(Seung-Keun Lee),김영민(Young-Min Kim) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2006 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.11 No.1

유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경에서는 기존 컴퓨팅 환경에서의 사용자와 컴퓨터간의 대화형 상호작용이 아니라 물리적인 환경, 상황 등을 시스템이 인식하고 이에 따라서 사용자와의 상호 작용을 지원하는 상황 인식서비스가 중요한 요소로 자리잡고 있다. 상황 인식 서비스는 상황 인식 미들웨어로부터 전달된 상황 정보를 해석할 수 있어야 한다. 기존 연구에서 상황 인식 서비스는 상황 인식 미들웨어에서 사용하는 상황 온톨로지를 이용해서 설계되기 때문에 서비스의 실행도중 상황 온톨로지를 동적으로 변경하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 계층적 상황 온톨로지 관리 모델을 제안하고 이를 이용한 상황 인식 서비스 미들웨어를 설계한다. 제안한 모델은 상황 인식 서비스가 실행 중에 필요로 하는 상황 정보를 동적으로 추가할 수 있도록 함으로써 보다 유연하게 상황 인식 서비스를 운용할 수 있도록 지원한다. 또한 상황 온톨로지의 동적인 변화로 인해서 센서로부터 얻은 데이터를 상황 정보로 추론하는 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 상황 모호성(Context Uncertainty)을 해결하기 위해서 상황 충돌 해결 모델을 정의한다. 설계하는 미들웨어는 OSGi 프레임워크 위에서 구현함으로써 다양한 유비쿼터스 환경에 필요한 상황 인식 서비스의 개발 및 운용을 효과적으로 지원을 할 수 있다. The ubiquitous computing environment focuses on recognizing the context and physical entities, whereas, previous computing environments mainly focused on the conversational interactions between the computer and the user. For this reason, there has been an increase in the research of context aware computing environments. In previous researches, context services are designed using context ontology used in context aware middleware. So, context service cannot change the context ontology in execution time. We propose a hierarchical context ontology management for context aware service to change their ontology in execution time. And we also a resolution model for context conflict which is occurred in inference of context. We have designed a middleware based on this model and implemented the middleware. As the middleware is implemented on the OSGi framework, it can cause interoperability among devices such as computers, PDAs, home appliances and sensors. It can also support the development and operation of context aware services, which are required in the ubiquitous computing environment.

스마트 홈의 상황 인식 기술 적용에 대한 연구

오현인(Oh Hyun-In),윤혜경(Yoon Hea-Kyung),김용성(Kim Yong-Seong) 대한건축학회 2008 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.24 No.12

The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of context aware computing applied to a smart home. To do that, it is necessary to know what is context, how to use the computing technologies at homes, and what to use among the technologies. Context aware computing is different from ubiquitous computing in terms that context aware computing starts at information technology, which expresses characteristics of the real world. Smart space, applied with context aware technologies, connects objects with users linking network systems with architectural space components that concern the activity patterns of the users. The space also provides appropriate service according to the movements of the users, as well as exchanges information with each space at home. Firstly, the study reassesses case studies and related literature reviews that are based on the context aware computing. Secondly, a scenario, which extracts to concrete factors implementing at home and unites the factors to the context aware information needed to the users, is suggested to visualize the detailed technologies. Lastly, the conceivable applications of the computing technologies at the smart homes are mentioned.

유비쿼터스 환경에서의 컨텍스트-인식을 위한 자생적 컨텍스트 모델과 서비스의 설계

오동열,오해석,Oh Dong yeol,Oh Hae seok 한국통신학회 2005 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.30 No.4B

유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅에서 컨텍스트-인식은 사용자에게 개인화된 최적의 서비스를 제공하기 위하여 서비스 추론을 위한 입력 데이터를 획득하는 중요한 과정이다. 기존 연구는 사용자와 주변 환경 정보를 컨텍스트 인식의 주요대상으로 간주하고, 이를 위한 센싱 기반의 미들웨어나 공간 내의 대상에 식별자를 부여하여 이를 관리하는 서버를 제시하고 있다. 가정이나 사무실, 혹은 자동차와 같이 사용자가 많은 시간을 보내는 동일한 공간에서는 사용자에게 제공되었던 서비스의 일련적인 상황 정보가 개인화된 최적의 서비스를 추론하기 위한 중요한 요소가 될 수 있다. 본 논문은 사용자와 사용자에게 제공된 서비스 간에 일련의 상황 정보를 사용자의 휴대용 디바이스에 저장하고, 이를 컨텍스트-인식의 대상으로 확장하는 자생적 컨텍스트 모델을 제안한다. 제안 모델은 컨텍스트-인식 단계에서 발생하는 중복된 센싱과 불필요한 검색을 최소화하고 사용자의 익명성을 최대한 보장하며 미들웨어의 컨텍스트 관리를 비용을 줄인다. Context-Aware is the most important facts to reason a personalized and optimized service and to provide it to user. In the previous researches, user and surrounding environment were main facts of Context-Aware and middleware or center server has been proposed to support Context-Aware. In the daily space(for example, home, office, Car, etc), interactions between user and service can be a important facts of Context-Aware. In this paper, Context Autogenesis service model is introduced, simplified the Context-Aware process and designed the middleware which performs decentralize management for Context-Aware information of user's portable devices, so that problems occurred during the management and operation of existing Context-Aware system can be minimized and supporting user anonymity

유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경에서 상황인식 기반 TV 응용 서버스

문애경,이강우,김형선,김현,이수원,Moon Ae-Kyung,Lee Kang-Woo,Kim Hyoung-Sun,Kim Hyun,Lee Soo-Won 한국통신학회 2006 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.31 No.7B

With the advent of ubiquitous computing environments, it has become increasingly important for applications to take full advantage of context information, such as the user's location, to offer greater services to the user without any explicit request. In this paper, we propose context-aware active services on the basis of CAMUS (Context-Aware Middleware for URC Systems). CAMUS is a middleware for providing context-aware applications with development and execution methodology. Accordingly, the applications developed by CAMUS respond in a timely fashion to contexts. To evaluate, we apply proposed active services to TV application domain. Therefore, we implement and experiment the TV contents recommendation service agent, control service agent and TV task based on CAMUS. The context-aware TV task is to recommend programs and control of TV according to user preference, location and voice commands. 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경이 도래함에 따라 사용자의 명시적 요구에 따라 제공되는 서비스 보다는 상황정보를 활용하여 능동적인 서비스를 지원할 수 있는 기술이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 컨텐츠 추천 서비스 에이전트와 상황인식 기반 태스크를 포함하는 CAMUS(Context-Aware Middleware for URC Systems) 시스템을 이용한 상황인식 기반 능동형 서버스를 제안한다. CAMUS 는 사용자의 요청이 없더라도 로봇 또는 컴퓨터가 현재의 상황을 인식하여 그 상황에 맞는 정보와 서비스를 제공할 수 있도록 지원하는 소프트웨어 프레임워크이다. 제안된 서비스를 평가하기 위하여 TV 응용 도메인에 적용한다. 이를 위해, TV 프로그램 추천 및 TV 제어 서비스 에이전트 그리고 TV 도우미 태스크를 구현한다. TV 도우미 태스크는 사용자 위치, 음성 등의 상황 정보에 따라 TV 프로그램 추천 및 제어 서비스를 실행할 수 있도록 한다.

유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경에서 Event Driven 상황정보 모델링 및 서비스 구현

김형선 ( Hyoungsun Kim ),김현 ( Hyun Kim ),문애경 ( Aekyung Moon ),조준면 ( Junmyun Cho ),홍충성 ( Chungsung Hong ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2006 인터넷정보학회논문지 Vol.7 No.5

최근 상황인식 기술은 유비쿼터스 환경에서 중요한 이슈로 떠 오르고 있으며, 연구자들에 의해 많은 연구가 이루어 지고 있다. 상황인식 기술은 상황정보를 획득/가공하여 사용자에게 필요한 서비스와 정보를 제공하는 컴퓨터 시스템이다. 상황인식 시스템은 각종 센서로부터 발생하는 낮은 수준의 상황정보를 높은 수준의 상황정보로 변환하여 사용자에게 원하는 서비스를 제공하는 환경을 만들어 준다. 본 논문에서는 물리적인 스마트 공간에 존재하는 각종 센서로부터 얻어진 하위단계(Low level)의 Event driven 센서정보를 온톨로지 기반 상황정보로 모델링 하여 상위단계(High level) 상황정보로 변환하는 상황인식 모델링과 시스템을 제안한다. 또한 변환된 High level 상황정보는 가상공간에서 ECA(Event, Condition, Action) 룰에 따라 사용자에게 언제 어디선지 사용자가 필요로 하는 능동적이고 지능적인 서비스를 제공하고, 스마트 오피스 환경에서 발표 도우미 서비스를 구현하였다. Context-aware computing is an emerging paradigm to achieve ubiquitous computing environments by enabling computer systems to understand their situational contexts. A context-aware system uses context to provide relevant information and services to the user depending on the user`s task. In this paper, we propose an ontology based context aware modeling methodology that transmits low level contexts acquired by directly accessing various sensors in the physical environments to high-level contexts. With these high level contexts, context aware application can provides proactive and intelligent services using ECA (Event Condition Action) rules. We implemented a presentation service in smart office environment.

상황 온톨로지를 활용한 QoS 제공 상황인식 프레임워크

서동우,이재열 대한산업공학회 2008 산업공학 Vol.21 No.1

In the future, the ubiquitous computing environment will provide users with context-aware services, intelligently interacting with omnipresent resources and surrounding environments at any location and time. Therefore, the ubiquitous computing environment requires context-aware applications in order to gather and analyze context information in various situations. However, existing context-aware applications have mainly focused on providing services and adapting themselves to users based on user related contexts. But this environment requires not only user related contexts but also Quality-of-Service (QoS) related contexts. In this paper we propose a framework for supporting user-oriented QoS in ubiquitous environments. The proposed approach adopts a semantic ontology and a neural network algorithm in order to reason about explicit and uncertain contexts. We also show the possibility of applying the framework to real environments such as collaborative engineering service, automobile maintenance service and ubiquitous home service.

상황인지 워크플로우 통합을 위한 모델의 설계

최종선,조용윤 한국경영교육학회 2009 경영교육연구 Vol.58 No.-

최근 서비스 자동화를 위해 워크플로우 기술을 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경에 적용하려는연구들이 시도되고 있다. 그러나 기존의 상황인지 워크플로우 기술은 독립적으로 존재하는 다수의 단일 워크플로우를 조합할 수 있는 모델을 포함하지 않으므로, 좀 더 복잡하고큰 규모의 복합 워크플로우를 위한 모델을 제공하는데 한계가 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 기본 워크플로우 패턴들을 조합하여 복합 워크플로우를 구성하고, 이를 바탕으로 상황인지 워크플로우를 통합할 수 있는 워크플로우 모델을 제안한다. 제안하는 모델은 다수의 상황인지 워크플로우를 통합할 수 있는 복합 워크플로우를 표현할 수 있다. 서비스 개발자는 제안하는 모델을 이용하여 여러 사용자에게 다중 워크플로우를 제공할 수 있다. 또한 새로운 복합 워크플로우를 기술하는 과정에서, 사전에 작성된 워크플로우를 재사용할 수 있어 자동화 응용 서비스의 개발 노력을 줄일 수 있다. 따라서 개발자는 제안하는모델을 통해 상황인지 서비스의 자동화를 위한 응용 개발을 촉진시킬 수 있을 것이다. In recent years, there have been several researches applying workflow technologies for service automation on ubiquitous computing environments. However, most context-aware workflows do not offer a method to compose several single workflows in order to get a more large-scaled or complicated workflow, because those do provide not composite workflow model but single workflow one. In this paper, we propose a model to integrate context-aware workflows by making a composite of them, which are described with the basic workflow patterns. The suggested workflow model is able to express composite workflows to integrate various context-aware workflows, which consist of various flow patterns such as a simple, a split, a parallel, and a sub. With the suggested model, developers can easily reuse some existing workflows to describe a new context-aware workflow. So, they can save the development time and efforts of context-aware workflows and increase the workflow reusability. Therefore, the suggested workflow model is expected to make it easy to develop applications related to context-aware workflow services on ubiquitous computing environments.

Development of CAMUS based Context-Awareness for Pervasive Home Environments

Aekyung Moon,Minyoung Kim,Hyoungsun Kim,Kang-Woo Lee,Hyun Kim 보안공학연구지원센터 2007 International Journal of Smart Home Vol.1 No.1

With the advent of pervasive computing environments, the issue related to context-aware middleware is an emerging area of research. We propose proactive services on the basis of CAMUS (Context-Aware Middleware for URC Systems). First, this paper presents the system architecture of CAMUS. CAMUS is a middleware for providing context-aware applications with development and execution methodology. Accordingly, the applications developed by CAMUS respond in a timely fashion to contexts. Secondly, this paper illustrates the contents recommendation and control service agents with the property, operation, and task for the context-aware active services. Next, proposed active services are applied to the pervasive home environment for evaluation of our system. To do this, we implement the TV contents recommendation service agent, control service agent and context-aware task using CAMUS. And we evaluate the performance of Planet communication model of CAMUS.