Extracting Clone Genealogies for Tracking Code Clone Changes

Chun-Hui Wang,Ying Tu,,Li-Ping Zhang,Dong-Sheng Liu 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.10 No.3

Software system’s clones are usually two aspects influence on software maintenance and management. One is some clones are effective and can reuse. The other is some clones are unsafe and need revise or reconfiguration. The reason is that the changes of code clones are different. How to determine the clones' attribute of effective or unsafe, it need to track clone changes in the evolution versions of a software system. We firstly find the clones and clone groups in multiple versions of a software system using a clone detector FCD, and construct the mapping of every adjacent version basing on the similarity of code clones, then extract clone genealogies in the software system. The clone genealogies’ results are efficient and can help us analysis the code clone changes and get the attribute about effective and unsafe.

Evaluation of Growth and Wood Traits in E. camaldulensis and Interspecific Eucalypt Hybrid Clones Raised at Three Diverse Sites in Southern India

Rathinam Kamalakannan,Suraj Poreyana Ganapathy,Shri Ram Shukla,Mohan Varghese,Chandramana Easwaran Namboothiri Jayasree 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2023 Journal of Forest Science Vol.39 No.1

Twenty-five Eucalyptus clones (14 E. camaldulensis - EC and 11 interspecific eucalypt hybrid clones - EH) grown in three contrasting sites were evaluated for the growth and few wood traits at 4 years of age. The stability, genotype-site interaction and suitability of these clones for pulp and solid wood industry sectors were studied. Growth of eucalypt clones was significantly higher at site 1 with higher rainfall, but wood density did not differ significantly from lower rainfall sites. Kraft pulp yield (KPY) decreased from sites 1 to 3 based on moisture availability, but not between two groups of clones. Volumetric shrinkage (VS) was significantly higher in EC clones at site 3 with lowest rainfall, but there was no specific trend at other two sites with maximum (site 1) and intermediate (site 2) rainfall. The mechanical traits modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were at par in sites 1 and 2, but significantly lower at the driest site 3. The growth rate had a significant positive correlation with KPY, MOR and MOE and a negative correlation with VS, but no significant impact on wood density in both groups of clones. Genotype×environment interaction (G×E) was evident in most traits due to the difference in response of clones to moisture availability. Since wood density was negatively correlated to KPY, it has to be kept at an optimum level for the profitability of pulp industry. There was no significant difference between EC and EH clones for most traits except VS at site 3. Stability of clones varied across sites in different traits, and hence clones may be selected for deployment at each site by screening for growth, followed by wood density, considering the relationship of growth and density with other traits required by pulp and solid wood industry sectors.

An analysis of the British and American policies on human cloning

John Michael McGuire 한국생명윤리학회 2002 생명윤리 Vol.3 No.1

Human cloning raises exciting medical possibilities as well as serious ethical questions. All countries with scientists or research centers involved in cloning research must sooner or later make decisions about how much, or which parts, of this research to allow and how much, or which parts, to prohibit. Korea is one such country, a country in which a significant level of cloning research is being carried out but in the absence of clear laws or regulations. It is expected that the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology will introduce legislation concerning human cloning to the National Assembly in 2002. However, before it does so, it is crucial that the Ministry and other concerned parties consider carefully the policies on human cloning that have been embraced by the British and American governments. Britain and the U.S. are widely recognized as the current leaders in cloning research. They are also among the first nations to host serious and sustained public policy debates on human cloning. The policies that have emerged from these debates in Britain and the U.S. are strikingly different. This paper provides and examination of the background and content of the British and American policies in an attempt to contribute to the debate that has yet to take place in Korea. The conclusion of this examination is that while the proposed American policy is seriously flawed from an ethical point of view, the British government has framed an exemplary policy on human cloning, one that other countries, including Korea, would be well advised to follow.

인간복제를 규제하는 국제규범 -「생명윤리 및 안전에 관한 법률」의 문제점과 개정방향 모색-

류병운 ( Byung Woon Lyou ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2014 홍익법학 Vol.15 No.1

Human cloning is a very difficult problem staying on a coordinate which includes human lives and the need for regulation against cloning activity to avoid any disaster caused by the birth of cloned offspring. The human fetus is originated from the early stage of a life, a human embryo. Thus the national obligation to protect lives should be logically expanded to the protection of human embryos as well as the effort to eliminate any risk intimidating sound existence of them. The possible methods to regulate cloning activities divide by ① the total ban on any kind of embryo production or cloning ② the partial permission of embryo production or closing for the purpose of biomedical technology research which still prohibits implanting a cloned embryo into a woman`s uterus or other cultivation environment like pregnancy. As a result the method of ② means the utilization of cloned embryo for the purse of treatment, which accompanies the controversies against balance and conflict for interests between a life and a life. 「United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning」demands UN member countries to adopt all necessary methods for proper protection of human lives, to prohibit human cloning (including embryo cloning) which is not matched with the dignity of man as well as life protection, to ban genetic engineering against human dignity, and to adopt any method protecting the utilization of women as domestic law. Under Article 1 of the 「Additional Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine, on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings」, “Any intervention seeking to create a human being genetically identical to another human being, whether living or dead, is prohibited.” Most of countries currently prohibit human cloning including treatment purpose as a domestic law. Jumping on the vague hope of general public which was created by the fabrication of experimental results done by Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk and the exaggeration of treatment effects using by somatic cell cloning embryo, it is a big problem to legislate 「the Life Ethics and Safety Act」which restrictively allows embryo cloning. Especially the embryo exchange done by a researcher in Hwang Woo-Suk case practically shows the possibility that embryo cloning for treatment purchase could be abused as reproductive human cloning. According to the international rule or the legislative examples of other countries, 「the Life Ethics and Safety Act」should be reformed as strictly banning human cloning. To prohibit reproductive human cloning, all kinds of human embryo cloning would be completely banned. It would not be late to review the amendment of this law later when the need of embryo cloning for treatment purpose is clearly proved. As another alternative, embryo cloning for treatment research purpose would be limitedly allowed however the enforcement of the legislation would be deferred until it is proved that ① embryonic stem cells are overwhelmingly superior to non-embryonic stem cells for the treatment of intractable disease ② embryonic stem cells have more outstanding biomedical value than the embryonic stem cells formed from IVF.

Serial cloning of pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer: Restoration of phenotypic normality during serial cloning

Cho, Seong-Keun,Kim, Jae-Hwan,Park, Jong-Yi,Choi, Yun-Jung,Bang, Jae-Il,Hwang, Kyu-Chan,Cho, Eun-Jeong,Sohn, Sea-Hwan,Uhm, Sang Jun,Koo, Deog-Bon,Lee, Kyung-Kwang,Kim, Teoan,Kim, Jin-Hoi Wiley-Liss,Inc 2007 Developmental dynamics Vol.236 No.12

<P>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (scNT) is a useful way to create cloned animals. However, scNT clones exhibit high levels of phenotypic instability. This instability may be due to epigenetic reprogramming and/or genomic damage in the donor cells. To test this, we produced transgenic pig fibroblasts harboring the truncated human thrombopoietin (hTPO) gene and used them as donor cells in scNT to produce first-generation (G1) cloned piglets. In this study, 2,818 scNT embryos were transferred to 11 recipients and five G1 piglets were obtained. Among them, a clone had a dimorphic facial appearance with severe hypertelorism and a broad prominent nasal bridge. The other clones looked normal. Second-generation (G2) scNT piglets were then produced using ear cells from a G1 piglet that had an abnormal nose phenotype. We reasoned that, if the phenotypic abnormality of the G1 clone was not present in the G2 and third-generation (G3) clones, or was absent in the G2 clones but reappeared in the G3 clones, the phenotypic instability of the G1 clone could be attributed to faulty epigenetic reprogramming rather than to inherent/accidental genomic damage to the donor cells. Blastocyst rates, cell numbers in blastocyst, pregnancy rates, term placenta weight and ponderal index, and birth weight between G1 and G2 clones did not differ, but were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than control age- and sex-matched piglets. Next, we analyzed global methylation changes during development of the preimplantation embryos reconstructed by donor cells used for the production of G1 and G2 clones and could not find any significant differences in the methylation patterns between G1 and G2 clones. Indeed, we failed to detect the phenotypic abnormality in the G2 and G3 clones. Thus, the phenotypic abnormality of the G1 clone is likely to be due to epigenetic dysregulation. Additional observations then suggested that expression of the hTPO gene in the transgenic clones did not appear to be the cause of the phenotypic abnormality in the G1 clones and that the abnormality was acquired by only a few of the G1 clone's cells during its gestational development. Developmental Dynamics 236:3369–3382, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>

Human Cloning에 관한 미국헌법학계의 논의

정연철(Chung Yeon-Chul) 한국비교공법학회 2006 公法學硏究 Vol.7 No.1

It is patent that human cloning ought not to proceed to the clinical research stage. A short teem moratorium on clinical trials of human cloning is clearly warranted on safety grounds alone, because as noted elsewhere there is no obvious pathway from animal to human research that does not involve significant risks to human subjects. As we have noted elsewhere, it is doubtful even in the long term that any individual or couple will present a rationale for the use of such technologies that is compelling enough to warrant the incumbent risks. It is also quite clear that any restrictions on research involving human cloning should be crafted carefully so as to ensure that scientific research in infertility medicine, including research on embryos, not be stifled by doctrinaire attacks on scientific freedom. In addition to technological distinctions between clones and babies of more ordinary, there would obviously be important distinctions between the social and parental roles of those who 'make' clones, and those who parent other babies. 'Strictly' speaking, it was argued early in the debate, the female donor of DNA to a clone(who gives that clone her chromosomes) is not the mother but a twin, and the father but brother-in-law. this has bearing not only on the social but also legal meanings of parenthood. e.g. would the clone inherit from the father or the grandfather? The worldwide legislative hyperventilation and U.S. Presidential declarations on human cloning followed in the weeks after Dolly's birth. The President funded a national bioethics commission to discuss cloning, which issued a fairly predictable call for a temporary ban on human cloning. Legislation to ban cloning was tabled in the House after some discussion. It began to seem that cloning was an issue that could wait, since human cloning was so much more complex than sheep cloning. This paper has a aim of introduction of American Constitutional pro-con debate on human cloning in review of related articles on them.

Characterization of Clones of Human Cell Line Infected With Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) from Pocine Cell Line, PK-15

Kim, Jung Heon,Choi, Eun young,Jung, Eun-Suk,Kwon, Yejin,Lee, Dong Suk,Hwang, Do Yeong,Hwang, Eung Soo 대한감염학회 2009 감염과 화학요법 Vol.41 No.1

Background : Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) form part of the chromosomes of all pigs. Since they can be produced as infectious virion and infect human cells, safety issues on PERVs infection to human are still controversial and is one of main hurdles of xenotransplantation using pig cells or organs, It has been reported that the established porcine cell line, PK-15, produces PERVs and can infect the human cell lines. Therefore, clonal analysis on human cell line infected with PERV is a prerequisite to characterize the infectivity to human cells and to investigate the harmfulness of PERVs to human. Materials and Methods : For the characterization of PERV that originates from porcine cell line, PK-15, full length PERV cloning from genomic DNA of PK-15 was performed and partial sequences of both ends were achieved. Cell clones from human cell line, 293, persistently infected with PERVs from PK-15 were established by the method of limiting dilution. Nested PCR and direct sequencing of PCR products in each clone were carried out so as to confirm the PERV genomes in each clone. The growth rate of each clone was checked using cell counting and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the infectivity by reverse transcriptase (RT) assay, and genetic analysis by karyotyping. Results : A total of 12 genomic PERV clones could be retrieved; 1 with full length, 4 with defective forms, and others with irrelevant sequences, Intact PERV was thought to be able to infect 293 and the PERV-infected cell clones were selected by limiting dilution. PCR results confirmed that nine cell clones were infected with PERV, and sequence alignment data on PCR products of pol region from PK-15 and human cell clones with PERV showed very similar results. Cell counting and MTT assay for growth kinetics of each clone indicated that two clones showed reduced growth rate. However, it was difficult to verify the effect of PERV infection on the cell growth because of the presence of many genetic alterations in 293 parental cells. No RT activities were detected in the culture supernatant from PERV-infected 293 cell clones. Conclusion : The sequences of PERVs were detected in human cell clones after PERV infection, but PERV virions could not be detected from the culture supernatant by RT assay.

Characterization of Clones of Human Cell Line Infected with Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) from Porcine Cell Line, PK-15

황응수,김정헌,최은영,권예진,이동숙,황도영,정은숙 대한감염학회 2009 Infection and Chemotherapy Vol.41 No.1

Background : Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) form part of the chromosomes of all pigs. Since they can be produced as infectious virion and infect human cells, safety issues on PERVs infection to human are still controversial and is one of main hurdles of xenotransplantation using pig cells or organs. It has been reported that the established porcine cell line, PK-15, produces PERVs and can infect the human cell lines. Therefore, clonal analysis on human cell line infected with PERV is a prerequisite to characterize the infectivity to human cells and to investigate the harmfulness of PERVs to human. Materials and Methods : For the characterization of PERV that originates from porcine cell line, PK-15, full length PERV cloning from genomic DNA of PK-15 was performed and partial sequences of both ends were achieved. Cell clones from human cell line, 293, persistently infected with PERVs from PK-15 were established by the method of limiting dilution. Nested PCR and direct sequencing of PCR products in each clone were carried out so as to confirm the PERV genomes in each clone. The growth rate of each clone was checked using cell counting and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the infectivity by reverse transcriptase (RT) assay, and genetic analysis by karyotyping. Results : A total of 12 genomic PERV clones could be retrieved; 1 with full length, 4 with defective forms, and others with irrelevant sequences. Intact PERV was thought to be able to infect 293 and the PERV-infected cell clones were selected by limiting dilution. PCR results confirmed that nine cell clones were infected with PERV, and sequence alignment data on PCR products of pol region from PK-15 and human cell clones with PERV showed very similar results. Cell counting and MTT assay for growth kinetics of each clone indicated that two clones showed reduced growth rate. However, it was difficult to verify the effect of PERV infection on the cell growth because of the presence of many genetic alterations in 293 parental cells. No RT activities were detected in the culture supernatant from PERV-infected 293 cell clones. Conclusion : The sequences of PERVs were detected in human cell clones after PERV infection, but PERV virions could not be detected from the culture supernatant by RT assay. Background : Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) form part of the chromosomes of all pigs. Since they can be produced as infectious virion and infect human cells, safety issues on PERVs infection to human are still controversial and is one of main hurdles of xenotransplantation using pig cells or organs. It has been reported that the established porcine cell line, PK-15, produces PERVs and can infect the human cell lines. Therefore, clonal analysis on human cell line infected with PERV is a prerequisite to characterize the infectivity to human cells and to investigate the harmfulness of PERVs to human. Materials and Methods : For the characterization of PERV that originates from porcine cell line, PK-15, full length PERV cloning from genomic DNA of PK-15 was performed and partial sequences of both ends were achieved. Cell clones from human cell line, 293, persistently infected with PERVs from PK-15 were established by the method of limiting dilution. Nested PCR and direct sequencing of PCR products in each clone were carried out so as to confirm the PERV genomes in each clone. The growth rate of each clone was checked using cell counting and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the infectivity by reverse transcriptase (RT) assay, and genetic analysis by karyotyping. Results : A total of 12 genomic PERV clones could be retrieved; 1 with full length, 4 with defective forms, and others with irrelevant sequences. Intact PERV was thought to be able to infect 293 and the PERV-infected cell clones were selected by limiting dilution. PCR results confirmed that nine cell clones were infected with PERV, and sequence alignment data on PCR products of pol region from PK-15 and human cell clones with PERV showed very similar results. Cell counting and MTT assay for growth kinetics of each clone indicated that two clones showed reduced growth rate. However, it was difficult to verify the effect of PERV infection on the cell growth because of the presence of many genetic alterations in 293 parental cells. No RT activities were detected in the culture supernatant from PERV-infected 293 cell clones. Conclusion : The sequences of PERVs were detected in human cell clones after PERV infection, but PERV virions could not be detected from the culture supernatant by RT assay.

한국의 생명복제 논쟁

박희주(PARK Hee-Joo) 한국생명윤리학회 2002 생명윤리 Vol.3 No.1

This study documents cloning controversies in S. Korea. The development of Korean episodes divide into three periods. First, the news from Scotland in the early 1997 ignited the cloning controversy in Korea. The technology that gave birth to Dolly could be used for human cloning. This possibility touched the ethical nerve cord of the many religionists and philosophers in Korea. This was, however, a mere reaction of Korean society to a scientific breakthrough made in a foreign country. In the second period, cloning became a national issue of her own when some Korean scientists successfully developed their own cloning technology. For instance, Hwang Woo Suk, professor of veterinary science at Seoul National University, cloned a cow in 12 February 1999, that was the world's fifth success in animal cloning. This produced mixed responses of national pride and horror. In the third period, the focus of cloning controversy shifted to the therapeutic cloning. If the ethical concern on human cloning dominated the first and second period, medical and economical concerns were strongly expressed by the supporters of this new technology. Therapeutic cloning used cloned human embryo from which stem cells were extracted. This process inevitably involves destruction of the human embryo, that raised serious ethical concern. Therefore, an alternative method was developed to avoid such an ethical hurdle, that used adult somatic cells as a source for stem cells. Now the relative merits of these methods in terms of medical, economical and ethical concerns are weighed and this consists of the core of the present disputes over therapeutic cloning.

TV 드라마 <듀얼>에 나타난 복제 인간 연구

강성애 한국문예창작학회 2022 한국문예창작 Vol.21 No.3

This thesis aims to examine the aspects of human clones in the TV drama <Duel> through the narrative structure of how Korean science fiction digests human clones. To this end, the conflict between good and evil between cloned humans in <Duel> and the hierarchical conflict structure between the rich and the poor over the universal cure will be dealt with in a complex way. This is to approach the ethical issues of the future society in terms of the power imbalance of people surrounding cloned humans and the otherness of posthumans. As we enter the beginning of the 4th industrial revolution, discussions about posthumans are getting hotter. Posthuman is a new type of human that appears due to the development of various technologies, and representative examples include artificial intelligence robots and human clones. Cloned humans bring a serious ethical problem in that living organisms are used as technological objects. However, it is still difficult to find a humanistic study on cloned humans. Humans have already succeeded in cloning animals such as frogs, mice, sheep, and dogs, which raises controversy about the realization of human cloning. The technology that can manipulate life has already reached the stage of completion, but there is not much interest in it. From this point of view, this article will pay attention to <Duel>, an early work that dealt with the material of human clones in earnest. <Duel> If human clones exist, we have approached very realistically how they will be positioned in our society. In particular, the temporal background was set to 2017, not the future, to enhance reality. Although <Duel> was a drama with low quality and very low viewership ratings, it is meaningful in that it shows how the Korean SF genre is getting the first button to deal with human clones. <Duel> depicts a confrontation between cloned humans divided into good and evil on the outside, but on the inside, it shows the conflict between the rich and the poor over the universal cure. It seems to draw a happy ending in which a universal cure is used for a young and poor girl, but in the process, most of the poor protagonists are injured or die, raising serious questions about medical welfare in the future society. It also depicts the socially underprivileged, who have been reduced to beings like animals in a laboratory, while depicting the suffering of prisoners and cloned humans who were test subjects for treatments. In particular, it makes us think about the ethics of cloned human beings who can suffer as human beings through the situation in which human clones are regarded as test subjects or substitutes for human suffering. Most of the important characters in <Duel> find themselves in conflict situations where they have to harm others for their own survival. This makes me think about bioethics. In addition, it induces consideration of scientific ethics through scientists who conducted illegal experiments under capital. As such, the TV drama <Duel> embodied the depiction of the power imbalance of people surrounding cloned humans and the otherness of posthumans. 이 논문은 TV 드라마 <듀얼>에 나타난 복제 인간의 양상을 연구하면서 한국 SF가 어떤 방식으로 복제인간을 소화해 내고 있는지 서사 구조를 통해 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 <듀얼>에 나타난 복제 인간들의 선악 대결 구도와 만능 치료제를 둘러싼 부자와 빈자의 계층 갈등 구조를 복합적으로 다룬다. 이는 복제 인간을 둘러싼 사람들의 힘의 불균형과 포스트휴먼의 타자성이라는 측면에서 미래사회 윤리 문제에 접근하려는 것이다. 4차 산업혁명의 초입에 들어서면서 포스트휴먼에 대한 논의가 점점 뜨거워지고 있다. 포스트휴먼이란 다양한 기술의 발전으로 인해 나타나는 새로운 인간형으로 대표적으로 인공지능 로봇이나 복제인간이 있다. 복제 인간은 살아있는 생명체를 기술적 대상으로 한다는 점에서 심각한 윤리적인 문제를 가지고 온다. 그러나 아직 복제인간에 대한 인문학적 고찰은 찾아보기 힘들다. 인류는 이미 개구리, 쥐, 양, 개 등의 동물들을 복제하는 데 성공했으며 이는 인간 복제 현실화에 대한 논란을 일으킨다. 생명을 조작할 수 있는 기술은 이미 완성 단계에 왔지만 이에 대한 관심은 많지 않다. 이러한 시점에서 이 글은 복제인간 소재를 본격적으로 다룬 초기 작품인 <듀얼>에 주목하고자 한다. <듀얼> 만약 복제인간이 존재한다면 어떤 양상으로 우리 사회에 자리하게 될지 매우 현실적으로 접근하였다. 특히 시간적 배경을 미래가 아닌 2017년으로 설정하여 현실성을 높였다. 비록 <듀얼>은 드라마로서 작품성도 낮고 시청률도 매우 저조했지만 한국 SF 장르가 복제인간을 다루는 첫 단추를 어떤 방식으로 꿰고 있는지 살펴볼 수 있다는 데 의의가 있다. <듀얼>은 겉으로는 선악으로 나뉜 복제인간들의 대결을 그리고 있지만, 그 내면을 면면히 살펴보면 만능 치료제를 둘러싼 부유한 자와 가난한 자의 갈등을 나타내고 있다. 어리고 가난한 여자아이에게 만능 치료제가 사용되는 해피엔딩을 그리는 듯 보이지만 그 과정에서 가난한 주인공 대부분이 다치거나 죽는 장면을 통해 미래 사회에 의료 복지에 대해 묵직한 질문을 던진다. 치료제의 실험 대상이었던 죄수들과 복제 인간의 고통을 그리면서 실험실의 동물과 같은 존재로 전락해 버린 사회적 약자들에 대한 묘사도 나타냈다. 특히 복제 인간이 인간의 고통을 대신하는 실험 대상이나 대용품으로 여겨지는 상황을 통해 인간의 타자로서 고통받을 수 있는 복제 인간에 대한 윤리를 생각하게 한다. <듀얼>의 중요한 인물 대부분은 본인의 생존을 위해 다른 사람을 해쳐야 하는 갈등 상황에 놓이게 된다. 이는 생명 윤리에 대해 고민하게 한다. 또한 자본에 종속되어 불법 실험을 진행한 과학자들을 통해 과학 윤리에 대한 고찰도 유도한다. 이처럼 TV 드라마 <듀얼>은 복제인간을 둘러싼 사람들의 힘의 불균형과 포스트휴먼의 타자성에 대한 묘사를 구현해냈다.