파리협정상 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범의 국내적 이행에 관한 연구

강병준,김태윤,강문정 한국환경법학회 2023 환경법연구 Vol.45 No.3

파리협정상 기후기술 개발 및 이전에 관한 규범이 국내 법・정책적으로 체계화되어 가는 과정에 있다. 「기후위기 대응을 위한 탄소중립・녹색성장 기본법」과 「기후변화대응 기술개발 촉진법」이 제정되었고, 각 법률에 따라 기본계획이 수립되어 향후 10년간의 기후기술 연구개발(R&D) 정책의 체계화 방안 및 국제협력의 추진 방향성이 정립되었다. 이러한 배경 하에 본 연구는 파리협정을 통해 발전된 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범의 국내적 이행 현황을 검토하고, 국제법과 국내법 간 비교분석을 토대로 국내 법・정책적 개선방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 먼저 본 연구는 유엔기후변화협약에서부터 파리협정까지 규범이 구체화되어 가는 과정에서의 핵심 쟁점을 살펴본다. ’10년 당사국총회를 통해 설립된 ‘기술 메커니즘(Technology Mechanism)’ 및 그 방향성을 제시하는 ‘기술 프레임워크(Technology Framework)’와 관련하여 발전적인 논의가 이루어지고 있는바, 이와 관련하여 협상에 임하는 선진국과 개발도상국 간의 상반된 입장을 확인하고, 합의를 통해 도출되는 주요 당사국총회의 결정사항을 분석한다. 다음으로, 파리협정상 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범의 국내적 이행 현황을 분석하기 위해 「기후위기 대응을 위한 탄소중립・녹색성장 기본법」과 「기후변화대응 기술개발 촉진법」 및 각 법률에 따라 수립된 기본계획 내에서 ‘기후기술’과 ‘개발 및 이전’ 두 요소를 어떻게 규율하는지를 검토한다. 그 과정에서 기후기술법상 기후기술 분류체계의 구성을 살피고, ‘국제협력’으로 표현되는 개발 및 이전의 국내 이행현황을 진단한다. 마지막으로, 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범의 국제법적 발전과정에 대한 분석 및 국내 이행 현황에 대한 평가를 바탕으로 국제법과 국내법을 비교분석하고, 이를 토대로 국내 법・정책적 과제를 제언한다. 첫째, 기술 메커니즘과의 협력 강화 및 활동 지원 시책을 마련함에 있어 파리협정상 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범에 대한 올바른 이해를 바탕으로 기술 프레임워크의 핵심 요소가 고려될 필요가 있다. 둘째, 기후기술기본계획은 탄소중립기본법에서 제시한 국가전략을 구체화 및 실증할 수 있도록 연계성을 가지고 계속적으로 수정・보완되어야 하며, 그 과정에서 다양한 이해관계자의 의견을 종합적으로 수렴할 수 있는 방안이 고민될 필요가 있다. 셋째, 국내에서 ‘기후기술 국제협력’으로 이해되는 파리협정상 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범이 국내 기후기술의 해외 수출을 위한 수단이라는 소극적인 관점에서 탈피하고, 대한민국이 기후변화대응 선도국으로 도약할 수 있도록 하는 핵심 요소임을 인식하는 차원에서 규범의 정밀한 국내적 이행이 필요하다. The climate technology development and transfer under the Paris Agreement are in the process of being systematized in domestic law and policy. This process includes the ‘1st National Carbon Neutral and Green Growth Master Plan(’23-’42)’ based on the ‘Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality’ and the establishment of the ‘1st Climate Change Response Technology Development Master Plan(’23-’32)’ based on the ‘Climate Technology Act’ which is instrumental in systematizing the Republic of Korea’s climate technology R&D policies and projects for the next 10 years. The objective of this study is to review the domestic implementation status of climate technology development and transfer under the Paris Agreement and to suggest domestic legal and policy implications based on comparative analysis between International and domestic laws. First, this study examines key issues in the process of developing International norms from the UNFCCC to the Paris Agreement. Progressive discussions are taking place regarding the ‘Technology Mechanism’ established by COP16 and the ‘Technology Framework’ that presents its direction. In this context, the conflicts between developed and developing countries in negotiations are identified, and the meaningful decisions of the COP are analyzed. Next, in order to analyze the domestic implementation of climate technology development and transfer under the Paris Agreement, the study examines how the two elements of ‘climate technology’ and ‘development and transfer’ are regulated within the ‘Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality’ and the ‘Climate Technology Act.’ In this process, the study analyze the detail of the Korean climate technology taxonomy and the current status of implementation of climate technology development and transfer, expressed as ‘International cooperation on climate technology.’ Finally, based on the comparative analysis of the International and domestic laws on climate technology development and transfer, the study presents domestic legal and policy implications as a conclusion. The policy adjustments are needed to ensure that the core elements of the ‘Technology Framework’ under the Paris Agreement are consistently integrated into domestic laws and policies. Also, it is important to establish strong linkages and complementarity among the various master plans and policies related to climate change and climate technology. Lastly, it is necessary to move away from the previous view that climate technology development and transfer is just understood as a means of exporting domestic climate technology overseas, and to recognize that the ‘International cooperation on climate technology’ could be a key factor for Korea to become a leading country in global Carbon Neutrality society.

기후기술 수요-공급 기반 기후 ODA 전략 수립 연구: 실증적 접근을 적용한 한국 기후 ODA 사례를 중심으로

정혜령,김지원,이천환 국제개발협력학회 2022 국제개발협력연구 Vol.14 No.2

Purpose: This article has two aims: 1) to develop a quantitative methodology to select prominent climate ODA sectors and 2) to purpose climate-technology based ODA strategies for the selected sectors. Originality: Although climate ODA is the only area that international regimes require technology transfer to the developing world, a methodology for planning climate technology based ODA strategies has not been fully formalized. Considering the fact that the technology cooperation may include diverse types of aid projects such as capacity building, strengthening regulatory environment and the diffusion of technologies, the methodological approach to plan the climate technology-based ODA strategies may contribute to promoting effectiveness of the ODA sectoral programs. Methodology: To select prominent sectors of climate ODA, three evaluation criteria are used. First, the relevance criteria are measured whether the donor country has ever implemented climate-financed projects since 2015 or the recipient country has stated their climate-technology demand to the technology need assessment reports. The efficiency criteria are estimated by the degree of financial resource concentration and by the inclusion to the 2020-2024 national plan. Lastly, using SDGs panel data that covers 190 countries from 1990-2020, the vulnerability is measured by comparing the country’s GDP predicted values of SDGs, which are estimated by the fixed-effect coefficient, to its actual values of SDGs. Result: The results show that the most prominent sectors of climate ODA are water management and rural development. However, for the middle income countries in South Asia and Eurasia region, urban development is gradually emerged as a new prominent sector. Focused on these selected sectors of climate ODA, this study also suggests specific ODA strategies by matching Korea’s promising climate technologies in terms of technology maturity and commercialization with the technologies that recipient countries need. Conclusions and Implication: This article’s approach of climate ODA strategies may lead recipient countries to foster the enabling environment to develop, adopt and commercialize the climate technologies, which effectively contribute to promoting sustainable and climate-resilient development.

新기후체제 기반의 한국형 기술협력 모델

손승우 한국지식재산학회 2017 産業財産權 Vol.- No.54

기후변화의 문제는 지구상 모든 국가들이 공동으로 노력해야할 과제이다. 2015년 말 파리협정 체결로 신기후 체제가 시작되면서 우리나라를 비롯한 197개 모든 당사국은 자발적 감축의무를 가지게 되었다. 우리나라는 2030년까지 BAU 대비 37% 온실가스 감축 목표를 설정하였다. 국제사회는 신기후 체제에 대한 최고의 해법으로 ‘기후변화대응기술(기후기술)’을 지목하였다. 이에 정부는 기후기술 R&D 계획을 수립하였지만, 감축목표 중 해외감축 목표(37% 중 11.3%)를 달성하기 위한 기술이전, 교육훈련 등 대개도국 기후기술협력에 관한 종합대책을 수립해야 할 상황이다. 이 글은 기존의 개도국 지원 사업인 KSP, ODA 등 원조적 성격에 치중된 사업의 한계를 분석하고, 이를 극복한 공동 R&D, 교육훈련, 기술사업화 활동 등을 종합적으로 연계하는 ‘CTSP(Climate Technology Sharing Program) 협력모델’을 새롭게 제시하고 있다. CTSP는 개도국에 대한 단순한 기술이전을 넘어 수요기반의 공동 R&D, 인력양성, 지속가능한 사업화를 위한 재정 지원 등 기후기술협력의 전주기적 협력 모델이며, 기후기술 관련 국제협력사업을 국제기후재정기관(GCF, MDB 등)과 연계함으로써 우리 기업의 글로벌 협력사업 수주 역량 강화와 기후기술 시장을 개척하는 동시에 이를 통해 온실가스 감축의무를 이행하는 것을 특징으로 한다. 또한 이 글은 글로벌 기후기술협력의 실효성을 높이기 위하여 국내 CTCN 기관 플랫폼을 보다 강화하고 기술이전의 핵심 성공 요인인 개도국 수요 발굴을 위하여 개도국 현지 거점을 설치할 것을 주장한다. 현지 거점은 기후기술협력의 전초기지이자 CTSP 모델 하에서 국내 기후기술 플랫폼과 연계하여 기술 수요-공급의 매칭, 기술-재원 연계, 지속가능한 사업화를 위한 Hub로서 역할을 수행한다. 한편, 우수한 기후기술은 공공연구소 외에도 민간에 의해 보유되고 있고, 또한 지식재산권으로 보호 받고 있는 점을 감안할 때 기술협력에 있어서 기술의 가치를 인정하는 방식의 접근이 바람직할 것으로 본다. 이 점에서 이 글은 기후기술이 갖는 공공성과 산업성 측면이 균형적으로 반영될 수 있는 방안으로서 기후기술 특허풀의 형성과 이를 가능하게 하는 공공펀드의 조성을 통하여 지식재산 활용과 재정메커니즘을 결합한 형태를 제시하였다. 이와 함께 「국가연구개발사업의 관리 등에 관한 규정」에서 국가 연구개발 성과물을 국내 실시와 중소기업이 우선 실시하도록 규정한 것 기후기술의 국제협력 추진과 충돌의 여지가 있으므로 동 규정 또는 관련 법률의 정비가 요구된다. The problem of climate change that we face is a challenge that all nations in the world must work together on. With the signing of the Paris Agreement at the end of 2015, the new system has begun, and all 197 Parties, including Korea, have a voluntary reduction obligation. Korea has set a 37% greenhouse gas reduction target by 2030 compared to BAU. The international community has pointed out "Climate Technology" as the effective solution to the new era system. The Korea government has established a climate technology R&D plan, but it is necessary to establish comprehensive measures for cooperation with developing countries on climate technology such as technology transfer and education/training to achieve the reduction target (11.3% of 37%). This paper analyzes the limitations of the current projects such as KSP and ODA that are focused on the aid characteristics for the developing countries. It newly proposes a cooperation model so-called ‘Climate Technology Sharing Program(CTSP)’ which includes joint R&D, education/training, and technology commercialization activities. CTSP is an all-round cooperation model of climate technology cooperation such as demand-based joint R&D, human resource development, financial support for sustainable commercialization beyond simple technology transfer to developing countries. In addition, by linking international cooperation projects in the field of climate technology with the projects of international climate finance organizations (GCF, MDB, etc.), we are expanding our capacity for global cooperation projects and expanding our business scale and fulfilling our obligation to reduce greenhouse gases. This paper aims to strengthen the domestic CTCN institutional platform to reinforce the competitiveness of overseas climate projects, and to establish the local base station center of developing countries to play a role as the outpost of demand transfer and climate technology cooperation, The local base plays a role as a hub for technology demand-supply matching, technology-finance linkage and sustainable commercialization in cooperation with the domestic climate technology platform under the CTSP model. Considering that excellent climate technology is owned by private sector as well as public research institutes and is also protected by intellectual property rights, it is desirable to approve the approach of recognizing the value of technology in technical cooperation. In this regard, this paper provides a model in which the publicness and industrial aspects of climate technology can be balancedly reflected. It is a combination of the utilization of IP and financial mechanisms through the formation of climate technology patent pool and the creation of public funds that make it possible. In addition, the regulation on national R&D stipulated the principles that the R&D achievements should be carried out domestically and SMEs should take priority. This may conflict with the promotion of international cooperation on climate technology, so that the rule or relevant law should be revised to solve this matter.

녹색기후기금의 개도국 기후기술 인큐베이터 및 액셀러레이터 프로그램 설계 요소 도출을 위한 사례 분석 연구

윤순욱(Yoon, Soonuk),오채운(Oh, Chaewoon) 한국기후변화학회 2021 한국기후변화학회지 Vol.12 No.2

Under a new climate regime ushered in by adoption of the Paris Agreement, the importance of technological innovation efforts has been highlighted. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), methods to support developing countries in terms of innovation, particularly, research, development, and demonstration (RD&D), have been explored by the Technology Mechanism and the Financial Mechanism. One such method is an incubator & accelerator program. This program is intended to help (technology) entrepreneurs or start-up companies in the process of leading novel technology commercialization. The Technology Mechanism has focused on the possible roles of this program, and the Green Climate Fund (GCF) of the Financial Mechanism under the UNFCCC has been preparing for the set-up of an incubator and accelerator program, called the Climate Innovation Facility (CIF), as a separate financial track to support developing countries’ climate technology start-ups and to trigger climate technology innovation. In this context, the design factors considered in the formation of a ‘climate technology’-targeted incubator & accelerator program of the GCF must be identified. This paper proposed an analytical framework with five key factors for design of successful incubator/accelerator programs on the basis of literature review. Three cases of successful ‘climate technology’ incubator & accelerator programs are selected for study: i) Climate-KIC, ii) Climate Knowledge and Innovation Community, and iii) Global Cleantech Innovation Programme. The afore-mentioned analytical framework is applied to all three cases. The analytical results indicated essential points to be considered in the design of a ‘climate technology’ incubator & accelerator program of the GCF. This paper concludes with policy and scholarly implications, weak points, and future research.

A Study on the Direction of Legal Support for Climate Technology in Developing Countries

Kim, Min Chul 동덕여자대학교 한중미래연구소 2020 한중미래연구 Vol.13 No.-

This study is aimed at exploring the direction of legislative support in developing countries in the field of climate technology. The direction of related legislative support can be specified when international trends on technology transfer and technical cooperation in developing countries are identified. Thus, the climate technology trends and the mechanism of supporting developing countries of UNFCCCC were analyzed. By this way, a system for identifying legislative needs in developing countries could be established. The most effective method is to conduct a demand survey of developing countries' governments and climate technology experts. However, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Technical Needs Assessment for Climate Change at the UNDP, and the analysis of the results of the Climate Needs Assessment were also valid. It can be considered that developing countries identify national priorities for mitigation and adaptation technologies. It will be important to check the technical areas of major partner countries and to see if there are related laws through analysis of climate technology cooperation projects promoted by developing countries and Korea. In addition, if domestic companies participating in overseas climate change projects had difficulties in their projects to developing countries due to insufficient legislation, the insufficient scope of such legislation would be an area of legal support for developing countries. A consultative body will be formed with experts from the countries to be dispatched and experts who participated in the project to discuss the priority of the country, but the system can be oriented to maintain a steady understanding of the legal needs of officials and project managers in developing countries through the network. When providing legislative support, it is desirable to present promotion laws and regulatory laws related to detailed technologies by comprehensively considering the basic environmental laws, environmental policies, and political systems of developing countries. In particular, laws and systems have been developing for decades, so the approach to passing on best-fit, not best practices, will be valid. At this point, it would be most realistic to analyze legislation suitable for the technology of the country and accumulate such data in connection with the Korea Climate Technology Cooperation Project. And the process of getting developing countries to ask for demand on the legal system should also be made in the mid- to long-term. International organizations and state-run research institutes are also working on master plans related to climate change policies. However, simple national reports often apply only to introductions of legislation or ideal improvements. Efforts should be made to provide legal support for the central government's enactment of the law and the revision of local government's ordinances in which the project is underway.

파리협정 이행규칙을 반영한, 한국 글로벌 기후기술 협력 전략 수립 연구: 기술이전사업 생애주기 접근법에 기반하여

오채운(Oh, Chaewoon) 한국기후변화학회 2020 한국기후변화학회지 Vol.11 No.4

The Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea is the National Designated Entity (NDE) of Korea for technology collaboration home and abroad under the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). To facilitate global climate technology cooperation and diffuse Korean climate technologies abroad, the MSIT as an NDE established three strategic plans for global climate technology cooperation in 2015, 2016, and 2018. Currently, ahead of the year 2021 when the Paris Agreement is to be implemented, the MSIT is planning to revise the existent 2018 strategic plan. In the revision process, the most important factor is to reflect the Paris rule book, which was drawn out in December 2018 and will act as guidelines for implementation of the Paris Agreement. For the specific implementation rule on technology development and transfer, this Paris rule book elaborated the technology framework. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore a way to better revise the existing plan by reflecting the essential points of the technology framework in terms of global cooperation on climate technology. For this, a life-cycle approach for technology transfer projects was utilized as an analytical tool to extract essential points from the technology framework in four major stages of i) technology matching, ii) project planning, iii) project implementation, and iv) project evaluation. Another essential element that applies to all four stages is the active role of an intermediary organization. With this stage-based analytical frame, the technology framework is analyzed to extract essential elements for global climate technology cooperation in new climate regime. Second, analysis is undertaken on whether the extracted elements are included in the MSIT’s existing strategic plans and put into practice. Third, policy suggestions are made for Korea’s future national strategy for global climate technology cooperation. This paper concludes with some research limitations and additional research prospects.

유엔기후변화협약 하의 기술-재정 메커니즘 간 기술지원 연계 방안 연구: 정책통합 이론에 기반하여

김태윤(Kim, Taeyoon),오채운(Oh, Chaewoon) 한국기후변화학회 2021 한국기후변화학회지 Vol.12 No.1

Under the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), ‘climate finance’ and ‘climate technology’ are two important issues in terms of the support provided to developing countries. The Financial Mechanism was established in 1992 to provide financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, to developing countries for climate change response, and there are two operating entities, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) from 1992 and the Green Climate Fund (GCF) from 2010. To facilitate technology development and transfer support, the Technology Mechanism was established in 2010, and it consists of the Technology Executive Committee (TEC) as a policy arm and the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) as an implementing arm. Based on these organizational developments, there has been greater recognition of the overlap between the Technology Mechanism and the Financial Mechanism in terms of technology support to developing countries. This has led to agenda-setting on the ‘linkage’ between the two Mechanisms in 2015. Since then, various cooperative activities have been discussed and undertaken amongst the TEC, the CTCN, GCF, and GEF. Particularly, the CTCN, which provides technical assistance to developing countries, has collaborated with the GCF and the GEF in technology support. However, there has been a considerable contestation between developed and developing countries over the degree of linkage between the CTCN and the GEF and GCF. From this context, this paper attempts to analyze the current status of linkage of the CTCN with the GCF and the GEF on the grounds of policy integration theory. Focusing on substantive and procedural policy instruments that constitute one of the dimensions of the policy integration approach, this paper utilizes the consistency of policy instruments as an indicator of the extent of policy integration. For analytical targets, i) the CTCN’s Technical Assistance program, ii) the GCF’s Readiness and Preparatory Support Program, and iii) the GEF’s Global Project of the Poznan Strategic Program for Technology Transfer are selected. For each program, this paper examines how these programs are procedurally and substantively integrated under the three aspects of i) technology support procedures, ii) project proposal submission requirements, and iii) project selection criteria. The results suggest that a considerable level of procedural integration has been attained. However, from the substantive aspect, there are still inconsistencies among the CTCN and the GEF and GCF due to different approaches to financing. This paper concludes with policy suggestions on substantive adjustments of the CTCN’s technical assistance program to be better harmonized with the programs of the GCF and the GEF.

SOCIAL MARKETING BEYOND CONSUMERS: GOVERNMENT SUPPORT PROGRAM DESIGN FOR CLIMATE TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS UNDER THE UNFCCC TECHNOLOGY MECHANISM

Jeawon Kim,Ji-Hee Son,Jongseok Shin,Wona Lee 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2023 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2023 No.07

Social marketing is a discipline promoting voluntary behaviour change in target audience to effect societal and individual benefits by applying commercial marketing strategies. Considering the UNFCCC mechanisms are established to foster voluntary cooperation of parties of the Paris Agreement (2015) in achieving their emission reduction targets and adaptation goals, potential for social marketing playing a critical role in contributing to the context seems endless. The Climate Technology Center and Network (CTCN), established in 2013, is an operational arm of the Technology Mechanism (TM) introduced by the Conference of the Parties (COP) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. With the purpose of pursuing impactful mitigation and adaptation technology transfer based on global cooperation ontology, the CTCN supports technical assistance (TA) to developing countries on climate technology issues. Nevertheless, the participation rate of the domestic members in the CTCN TA project is low at 7 per cent. With this regard, little has known about what government support would benefit the Network members most, therefore, contributing to the global climate change issue. This research aims to respond to these calls. Three sequential studies outlining 4P strategy development were conducted. Study 1 conducted an online survey to identify pricing factors influencing participation of climate technology transfer business (RQ1). Study 2 tested four different types of government support program that will is most likely to encourage the Network member’s CTCN TA participation (RQ2). Study 3 pilot tested the most appropriate government support program, including a new communication strategy (RQ3). This research has taken climate technology experts’ perspectives in order to enhance the participation of 81 Korean Network members in climate technology projects. This paper contributes to applying the social marketing approach in expanding climate technology assistants globally, thereby purposefully bringing new theoretical and practical insights affecting the mitigation of carbon emissions and increasing the adaptation to climate-related disasters in developing countries.

Key to Success: Measures to Promote Climate Technology-Finance Linkage between South Korea and MDBs

송재령,백용준 아시아기술혁신학회 2023 Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy Vol.12 No.2

As the climate crisis intensifies, the need to improve the climate resilience of developing countries is ever increasing. Hence, the international community is seeking ways to effectively conduct climate technology transfer by linking the projects with financial mechanisms. However, commercialization of climate technology in developing countries is no easy feat as comprehensive knowledge on the target country is a prerequisite for seeking a suitable technology-financial linkage measure. Hence, in-depth discussions on effective climate technology and financial linkage measures have become an important global agenda, and South Korea, as a country with long experience in climate technology transfer, and a strong ecosystem for public climate technology, should step forward to take up a leading role. Against this backdrop, this paper proposes strategies and implementation measures for linking funds from the Multilateral Development Banks (MDB) with Korea’s Public Climate Technology (PCT) by examining several key areas of R&D, international cooperation, and technology commercialization.

한국의 기후기술산업 인력수요 전망과 정책적 시사점

정용운,이우성,이승철,김다은 한국기후변화학회 2022 한국기후변화학회지 Vol.13 No.6

Amidst the international community's competition for technological supremacy regarding carbon neutrality and the climate crisis, Korea needs to accumulate technological capabilities and gain a competitive advantage by fostering professionals in the field of climate technology. In particular, Korea urgently needs a mid- to long-term labor force development plan and a labor force demand forecast to support it. Therefore, this study conducted a mid- to long-term labor force demand forecast for each climate technology and industrial sector by linking climate technology industrial statistics and standard industrial classification statistics. Forecast results for the industrial sector indicate high demand for labor force in R&D, electrical and electronics, and chemical industries. Forecast results for the climate technology sector suggest that the labor force demand in energy production and efficiency sectors such as energy demand and storage, renewable energy, and power IT is high. Other results indicate that the growth rate for labor force demand in the climate technology adaptation field is relatively high, and that multi-disciplinary sectors have the highest labor force demand. Therefore, it is imperative to design and implement climate technology labor force development policies for climate technology and related industries with high demand for mid- to long-term labor force, and to increase cooperation among Korean ministries to foster interdisciplinary professionals in climate technology fields.