중국학자들의 근대중국어 어휘 풀이 방법 연구와 전망

강용중 한국중문학회 2019 中國文學硏究 Vol.0 No.74

The purpose of this study is to introduce and induce the achievement of explanation for modern Chinese lexicon which have not received attention in domestic Chinese, and to discuss it’s direction of progress. Modern Chinese refers to the period since Tang and Five Dynasties before the generation of contemporary Chinese in history of Chinese language development. In lexicology, explanation of lexicon is the most basic and independent study division. In this paper, I will introduce the research achievements of Chinese scholars, and further promote the research related to this field in Korea. Through this, I would like to emphasize two points. First, the modern Chinese lexicon method, which has been deepened in China, is not their own exclusive branch of study, and that our torture constitution also deals with modern Chinese literature in this period. Second, we must learn and enhance our own method of explanation in order to achieve complete understanding of the meaning of text or lexicon. 이 연구에서는 국내의 근대중국어 어휘연구에서 큰 관심을 보이지 않았던 어휘풀이 방법에 대해 그간의 중국학자들의 성과를 소개, 귀납하고 이후의 진전 방향에 대해 토론하고자 한다. 근대중국어는 중국어의 발전사에서 당오대 이후부터 현대중국어가 생성되기까지의 시기이다. 어휘학에서 어휘풀이는 가장 기본적이고 독립적인 연구 분과이다. 이 논문에서는 중국학자들의 연구 성과를 소개하고, 나아가 우리나라에서의 이 분야와 관련된 연구를 진작하고자 한다. 이를 통해 중국에서 심화된 근대중국어 어휘 풀이 방법은 그들만의 학문분과가 아니고, 우리의 고문헌에도 근대중국어와 밀접하게 관련된 것이 많고 우리의 사상사나 문학사에서도 이 시기의 중국문헌을 다루므로 반드시 우리 스스로 풀이 방법을 익히고 고도화하여 정확한 텍스트의 이해나 어휘 의미의 파악을 이루어내어야 한다는 것을 강조하고자 한다.

漢語學習者心理詞庫中詞語的聯結與提取

??民 한국중어중문학회 2013 中語中文學 Vol.56 No.-

Vocabulary acquisition is the most important factor of second language acquisition and it is the core of the whole process of language learning. There is a close relationship between Chinese language learners" vocabulary ability and the dimensions and compactness of word association in the learners" mental lexicon. So, the study of dimensions, range and compactness of word association in the learners" mental lexicon can reveal the depth of learners" vocabulary acquisition and the ability of leaners" vocabulary output. The study observed the differences between the Chinese language learners of Korean and native speakers of Chinese in the dimensions, range and compactness of word connection in their mental lexicon by an association experiment. It also studied the influence of word association dimensions and compactness on the accessibility of words in the mental lexicon. Experimental statistics shows that those subjects who are native speakers of Chinese have stronger accessibility of target words than the Korean subjects for more than two times. From the perspective of pattern and range of word association, the symptomatic association and paradigmatic association in the mental lexicon of the native speakers is obviously stronger than that of the Korean subjects but the native speakers’ encyclopedia knowledge association is weaker. Meanwhile in the paradigmatic association, the synonym association and antonym association of the native speakers’mental lexicon is much stronger than that of the Korean subjects. What’s more, Korean subjects failed to build any association with 17.5% of the total tested words while for Chinese subjects the number is zero. Among the strongest association, the encyclopedia association of Korean subjects is stronger than Chinese subjects but their symptomatic association and paradigmatic association are weaker than Chinese subjects. Based on the above analysis of the experimental statistics, we can conclude that the reason why the word extraction ability(accessibility) of Korean Chinese learner is not as strong as the native speaker is that the symptomatic association and paradigmatic association of the Korean subjects’ mental lexicon are not well-developed. On this basis, the revelation of word association research to vocabulary teaching is discussed.

효율적인 漢字語 敎育을 위한 등급별 漢字語 목록의 漢字 頻度 硏究

이영희 한국어문교육연구회 2010 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.38 No.2

This study aims to determine the frequency of Chinese characters in the seven graded lexicon and to provide an efficient methodology for Sino- Korean vocabulary learning. This research looks at the frequency of 5,249 Chinese characters taken from the 186,982 Sino-Korean words listed in the lexicon. The following Chinese characters are the most common (in descending order): 學> 人> 不> 生> 法> 大> 化> 地> 性> 物. Given the cumulative frequency and cumulate rate at which certain Chinese characters occur, this study shows that to learn 50% of the Sino-Korean words in the lexicon, you need to know only 337 Chinese characters. The characters 人, 生, 大, 學 were found to be common in four other studies, so we can conclude that these characters are particularly useful for Sino- Korean vocabulary education based on word formation ability. This study also finds that the low- and high-frequency characters are different depending on the grade of the lexicon. Therefore, this paper shows that the number of characters needed for the graded expansion of Sino-Korean vocabulary does not place too much of a burden on learners. In addition, the positional frequency of the 50 highest-frequency Chinese characters is 39.39% in the first position; 57.5% in the final position; and 2.68% in the middle. So the highest frequency Chinese characters are most commonly found at the end of the word. These positional frequency research findings can help us to develop more efficient Sino-Korean vocabulary education. This paper shows how we can apply the frequency of Chinese characters in teaching Sino-Korean vocabulary and the concrete teaching-learning method with ‘人, 生’. 본 硏究는 等級別 漢字語 目錄에서 한자의 單純 頻度와 位置別 頻度를 산출하여, 效率的인 漢字語 교육에 이용하는 方案을 논하였다. 漢字語 186,982개에서 추출한 漢字 5,249개의 頻度를 조사한 결과, 累積 比率 50%의 漢字語를 이해하려면 337字가, 90%를 理解하려면 1,713字가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 高頻度 10位 한자는 ‘學> 人> 不> 生> 法> 大> 化> 地> 性> 物’ 順이었으며, 이를 4개 어휘 목록의 高頻度 10위 한자와 비교하면 ‘人, 生, 大, 學’이 공통 출현하여, 이들이 한자어 교육에 有用한 한자임을 밝혔다. 等級이 낮을수록 저빈도 한자가 대부분이므로, 段階的인 한자어 교육에 필요한 한자 數는 학습에 큰 負擔이 되지 않음을 主張하였다. 高頻度 50字의 위치별 頻度는 語頭 39.39%, 語末 57.5%, 語中 2.68%로 語末이 가장 높았다. 頻度 결과는 한자어 교육 時 明示的으로 提示되어야 함을 주장하였다.

綜合高效識字法︰建立字詞網絡

謝錫金,李黛娜,羅傑瑩,陳聲珮 한국한자한문교육학회 2013 漢字 漢文敎育 Vol.30 No.-

Chinese educators have for centuries believed that having children repeatedly and meticulously copy Chinese characters and memorize the shape and strokes of each character is the most effective way of learning how to write Chinese. If the characters are presented in isolation or outside a meaningful context, there is a danger that the children will disregard the meanings of the characters, lose interest and become bored.This study looked at the learning of Chinese characters by 78 students, aged 4-6 years in Kindergarten 2 and 3, presented with Chinese characters within semantic networks emphasizing the meaning of the words. Learning clusters of words would hopefully help the children acquire mental lexicons of related words. Evidence about the impact of this approach and the lesson activities on learning was gathered using quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative analysis involved comparing pre-and post-test scores to examine the children’s knowledge and skills before and after learning. The qualitative evidence was assembled from interviews with teachers and through observing lessons. The students’ breadth of written and spoken vocabulary was examined to see how well the semantic networking had increased their lexicons of associated words. The qualitative analyses indicated that all of the students had improved their interest in learning Chinese characters and had become more active learners. They were more efficient language learners and knew much more about the semantics, phonology and graphics of Chinese characters than did peers taught in neighboring classes by conventional methods. 傳統幼兒識字教學, 主要以大量抄寫的方式, 把漢字個別地學習。但在這教學方式下, 幼兒較難記憶字詞, 容易對學習感到困難, 繼而失去學習興趣。本研究利用綜合高效識字法進行漢字學習, 當中使用字詞網絡的教學法, 讓幼兒有系統地記憶一組字詞, 在腦中建立字詞網絡, 建立豐富的心理詞彙庫。研究對象是4-6歲香港學前幼兒 (78人), 分兩個年齡組別, 實驗新的教學法。利用前測和後測的成績, 評估新教學法的效果。測試結果顯示兩組年齡的幼兒識字能力及聯想字能力均有顯著的增長。本研究同時利用課堂觀察和教師訪問, 研究幼兒的學習成果, 亦分析幼兒的字詞網絡作品, 了解兩組年齡的幼兒建立字詞網絡的能力。結果顯示兩組幼兒對漢字學習有濃厚的興趣, 在課堂上能主動及專注地學習, 他們亦能快速地掌握漢字的形、音、義, 有效地大量識字。研究亦發現幼兒隨著年齡的增長, 組織字詞網絡能力會愈高。

Types of Word Association in L2 Mental Lexicon of Chinese EFL Learners

( Lu Xinnian ),( Lim Jayeon ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2021 현대영어영문학 Vol.65 No.1

This study examined Chinese EFL learners’ word association types in their formation of English mental lexicon. Building on Lu and Lim (2019), where it was found that Korean EFL learners' vocabulary size had a significant correlation with their accuracy in identifying syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations, but not in phonological association, this study investigates Chinese EFL learners’ development of L2 mental lexicon. To this end, the Chinese EFL learners' vocabulary size was tested to see if it had any significant relationship with word association types produced in the tasks of lexical decision task and word association task. The results indicated that Chinese EFL learners' vocabulary size significantly correlated with their response time in identifying paradigmatic, syntagmatic and phonological associations. Overall, their accuracy revealed that paradigmatic association was most frequently activated in their L2 mental lexicon, followed by both syntagmatic and phonological associations. The results showed that L2 learners' mental lexicon was dependent on their vocabulary size of the target language, with variability on word association types. Finally, the study also suggests L1 playing at least some role in developing the L2 mental lexicon. (University of Seoul)

기획주제(企劃主題) : 동아시아 한자(漢字),한자교육(漢字敎育)의 현황(現況)과 과제(課題); 綜合高效識字法: 建立字詞網絡

사석김 ( Tse Shek Kam ),리대나 ( Toi Na Lee ),라걸형 ( Kit Ying Law ),진성패 ( Sing Pui Chan ) 한국한자한문교육학회 2013 漢字 漢文敎育 Vol.30 No.-

전통적인 유아 한자교육은 많이 베껴 쓰는 방식, 곧 한자를 개별적으로 학습하는 방법이 주류를 이루었다. 그러나 이러한 학습방법 아래서 유아들은 한자와 단어를 기억하기 매우 어려워 매우 쉽게 학습의 곤란함을 느낌으로써 계속하여 학습에 대한 흥미를 잃어왔다. 본 연구는 종합 고효율 한자교육방법을 이용하여 한자를 학습하게 하였는데, 그 중에서도 한자와 단어를 네트워크로 연결하여 학습하게 하는 방법은 유아들에게 한 조로 묶여진 한자와 단어를 계통적으로 기억하게 함으로써, 뇌 속에서 한자와 단어를 네트워크로 구성함으로써 유아들의 머리 속에풍부한 어휘저장고를 형성하게 하였다. 연구대상은 4-6세의 홍콩의 취학전 유아(78인)로, 두 개의 연령별로 조를 나누고, 새로운 교육방법을 실험하였다. 실험 전과 실험 후로 나누어 각기 성적을 측정하여 새로운 교육법의 효과를 평가하였다. 평가 결과는 두 개 연령으로 이루어진각 조들의 유아 한자학습능력과 연상자 능력이 모두 현저한 증가세를 보였다. 본연구는 동시에 수업 현장 분석과 교사들을 대상으로 한 심층 면접을 실시하여, 유아들의 학습 성과에 대해 연구하고, 유아들의 한자와 단어를 네트워크화 시키는 작품을 분석하여 두 조의 유아들이 한자와 단어를 연결하는 능력을 이해해 보려하였다. 실험 결과 두 조의 유아들 모두 한자 학습에 매우 깊은 흥미를 보였으며, 수업 중에 주동적이고 적극적으로 학습에 임할 뿐 아니라, 그들 모두 매우 빠른시간 안에 한자의 형음의를 익혀, 효과적으로 많은 수의 한자를 학습하는 것을 알수 있었다. 연구를 통해 또한 유아들은 연령에 따라 한자와 단어를 결합하는 능력이 더욱 증가됨을 확인할 수 있었다. Chinese educators have for centuries believed that having children repeatedly and meticulously copy Chinese characters and memorize the shape and strokes of each character is the most effective way of learning how to write Chinese. If the characters are presented in isolation or outside a meaningful context, there is a danger that the children will disregard the meanings of the characters, lose interest and become bored.This study looked at the learning of Chinese characters by 78 students, aged 4-6 years in Kindergarten 2 and 3, presented with Chinese characters within semantic networks emphasizing the meaning of the words. Learning clusters of words would hopefully help the children acquire mental lexicons of related words. Evidence about the impact of this approach and the lesson activities on learning was gathered using quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative analysis involved comparing pre-and post-test scores to examine the children`s knowledge and skills before and after learning. The qualitative evidence was assembled from interviews with teachers and through observing lessons. The students` breadth of written and spoken vocabulary was examined to see how well the semantic networking had increased their lexicons of associated words. The qualitative analyses indicated that all of the students had improved their interest in learning Chinese characters and had become more active learners. They were more efficient language learners and knew much more about the semantics, phonology and graphics of Chinese characters than did peers taught in neighboring classes by conventional methods.

선교의 언어, 언어의 선교

변지원(BYUN Jiwon) 가천대학교 아시아문화연구소 2008 아시아문화연구 Vol.14 No.-

This article focuses on the role of European missionaries in the formation of modern Chinese lexicon from the viewpoint of the diachronic evolution of the Chinese language. From the beginning of the 19th century, European missionaries contributed to the unification of modern written Chinese by devoting themselves to translation and invention of new lexicon, especially in the area of mathematics, sciences and politics. At the beginning stage of their activities, the missionaries transcribed spoken Chinese including several dialects. This transcription made the spoken Chinese more prominent and it in turn gave rise to new written form of Chinese called “modern Chinese.”

论汉语词汇与构式的综合教学 ― 作为二语的汉语词汇教学的新思路

陶家骏,陆庆和 중국어문연구회 2013 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.60

The thesis fully investigates the errors made by foreign students who study Chinese from the view point of Construction Grammar. It finds out some common errors such as “same words with different construction”, “different words with same construction”, “different words with similar construction” and “different words with same meaning but different construction”. These errors are thought to be the result of inter language and the authors proposed a new synthetical language teaching method that is to combine lexicon and construction grammar. The thesis analyzes the differences between this new teaching method and the traditional method centering on sentence structure. It discusses the principles of this synthetical teaching method based on lexicon and Construction Grammar and the role and position of this new teaching method in the systematic teaching of Chinese lexicon.

논문(論文) : 論漢語詞彙與構式的綜合敎學 -作爲二語的漢語詞彙敎學的新思路

( Jia Jun Tao ),( Qing He Lu ) 중국어문연구회 2013 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.60

The thesis fully investigates the errors made by foreign students who study Chinese from the view point of Construction Grammar. It finds out some common errors such as “same words with different construction”, “different words with same construction”, “different words with similar construction” and “different words with same meaning but different construction”. These errors are thought to be the result of inter language and the authors proposed a new synthetical language teaching method that is to combine lexicon and construction grammar. The thesis analyzes the differences between this new teaching method and the traditional method centering on sentence structure. It discusses the principles of this synthetical teaching method based on lexicon and Construction Grammar and the role and position of this new teaching method in the systematic teaching of Chinese lexicon.

실독증 환자들의 한자어와 고유어 소리내어 읽기 비교

백여정(Yeo Jung Baik),박은숙(Eun Sook Park),신지철(Ji Cheol Shin),김향희(HyangHee Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2007 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.12 No.1

한자어는 음절별로 의미가 있어 분절화가 쉽기 때문에 음절별로 저장되어 있고, 고유어는 반대로 분절화가 쉽지 않아 단어별로 심성어휘집에 저장되어 있을 것이라는 가설이 있다. 이를 검증하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 실어증을 동반한 실독증환자 11명을 대상으로 소리내어 읽기 과제를 실시하여 한자어와 고유어 간의 읽기 정반응 수와 오류양상의 차이를 살펴보았다. 연구결과, 한자어의 정반응 수가 고유어의 정반응 수보다 더 많았으며, 고유어에서는 음소단계의 오류가 많았고, 한자어에서는 음절단계의 오류가 많았다. 이는 한자어의 저장 및 인출은 음절단위로 이루어지고, 고유어의 경우는 단어 전체로 이루어지기 때문이라고 말할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 우리말을 구성하는 중요한 어휘유형인 한자어와 고유어가 심성어휘집에 서로 다른 방식으로 저장되어 있을 가능성을 지지하는 결과를 보여 주었다는 데 의의가 있다. Korean vocabulary approximately consists of 24.5 % of Chinese-derivative words and 69.32 % of pure Korean words. Previous studies suggested that the mental lexicon of Chinese-derivative words is segregated from that of pure Korean words. In this study, when aphasics with dyslexia read aloud, their ability was better in Chinese-derivative words than in pure Korean words. Further, whereas there were more errors at the syllabic level in Chinese-derivative words, we observed more errors at the phonemic level in pure Korean words. The most common errors were nonword errors by replacing a syllable in the former and nonword errors by substituting a phoneme in the latter. These results suggest that the storage and retrieval of Chinese-derivative words are processed in syllable units while those of pure Korean words are processed as whole words. Thus, this study supports the hypothesis for the segregation of these two kinds of Korean vocabulary in the mental lexicon.