Characterization of coronary plaque regions in intravascular ultrasound images using a hybrid ensemble classifier

Hwang, Yoo Na,Lee, Ju Hwan,Kim, Ga Young,Shin, Eun Seok,Kim, Sung Min Elsevier 2018 Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Vol.153 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background and objectives</B></P> <P>The purpose of this study was to propose a hybrid ensemble classifier to characterize coronary plaque regions in intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>Pixels were allocated to one of four tissues (fibrous tissue (FT), fibro-fatty tissue (FFT), necrotic core (NC), and dense calcium (DC)) through processes of border segmentation, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. Grayscale IVUS images and their corresponding virtual histology images were acquired from 11 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease using 20 MHz catheter. A total of 102 hybrid textural features including first order statistics (FOS), gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), extended gray level run-length matrix (GLRLM), Laws, local binary pattern (LBP), intensity, and discrete wavelet features (DWF) were extracted from IVUS images. To select optimal feature sets, genetic algorithm was implemented. A hybrid ensemble classifier based on histogram and texture information was then used for plaque characterization in this study. The optimal feature set was used as input of this ensemble classifier. After tissue characterization, parameters including sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated to validate the proposed approach. A ten-fold cross validation approach was used to determine the statistical significance of the proposed method.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Our experimental results showed that the proposed method had reliable performance for tissue characterization in IVUS images. The hybrid ensemble classification method outperformed other existing methods by achieving characterization accuracy of 81% for FFT and 75% for NC. In addition, this study showed that Laws features (SSV and SAV) were key indicators for coronary tissue characterization.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>The proposed method had high clinical applicability for image-based tissue characterization.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> This study characterized coronary plaque regions in sequential IVUS image frames. </LI> <LI> A hybrid ensemble classifier was employed for plaque characterization. </LI> <LI> This method outperformed other existing methods by achieving high accuracy especially in NC and FFT. </LI> <LI> Laws features (SSV and SAV) were key indicators for coronary tissue characterization. </LI> <LI> The proposed method had great performance for tissue characterization in IVUS images. </LI> </UL> </P>

애니메이션에서 등장하는 비인간형 캐릭터의 성격화 분석 픽사 애니메이션 <니모를 찾아서>, <카>, <월-E>를 중심으로

백승균 한국애니메이션학회 2023 애니메이션연구 Vol.19 No.3

비인간형 캐릭터는 현실에 제한되지 않는 상상력을 발휘하여 만들 수 있기 때문에 인간형 캐릭터보다 창의성과 다양성이 높은 캐릭터로서 애니메이션의 활용도가 크다. 또한 비인간형 캐릭터는 인간과 다른 형태와 특성 때문에 인간형 캐릭터에 비해 신선하고 독특한 인상을 줄 수 있어 흥미와 몰입도를 높일 수 있다. 그러나감정과 사고의 전달에 어려움이 있을 수 있는데 이는 인간형 캐릭터에 비해 세밀하고 복잡한 성격 표현에 여러 제약으로 작용할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 애니메이션에 등장하는 비인간형 캐릭터의 성격화(characterization)를분석하여, 인간형 캐릭터와 다른 성격화의 특징과 효과를 찾아내고자 한다. 이에 기발하고 독창적인 캐릭터로 인지도가 높은 픽사 애니메이션에 등장하는 비인간형 캐릭터 중에서 다양한 형태의 캐릭터를 선정하였다. <니모를찾아서(Finding Nemo)>의 ‘니모’, <카(Cars)>의 ‘라이트닝 맥퀸’, <월-E(Wall-E)>의 ‘월-E’를 대상으로 하여성격화를 분석하였다. 그 결과 비인간형 캐릭터 역시 의인화된 캐릭터로서 인간형 캐릭터의 성격화와 유사성이높았지만, 인간형 캐릭터에 비해 성격 표현에 여러 제약이 존재했다. 특히 손과 팔, 다리가 없기 때문에 인간형 캐릭터에서 볼 수 없었던 낯선 표현 방법으로 전달하였고, 반복을 통해 친숙해지도록 유도하였다. 반면, 이러한 낯선 표현 방식은 오히려 관객들에게 흥미를 자극하고 몰입도를 상승시켜 결과적으로 캐릭터의 성격화에 장점으로작용하고 있었다. 본 연구는 애니메이션에 등장하는 비인간형 캐릭터의 성격화에 관한 부족한 연구를 보완하고비인간형 캐릭터의 성격 표현에 있어 효과적인 성격화 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 또한 애니메이션 제작 현장에 유익한 정보를 제공하고, 애니메이션 연구의 다양성을 높이는 데 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다. This study aims to analyze the characterization of non-human characters in animation and find out the characteristics of characterization that are different from human characters. First, we selected various types of characters from non-human characters that appeared in animations with high recognition in terms of artistic and commercial aspects and analyzed their characterization types. The results of the characterization analysis of ‘Nemo’ from <Finding Nemo>, ‘Lighting McQueen’ from <Cars>, and ‘Wall-E’ from <Wall-E> showed that non-human characters were also anthropomorphic characters with high similarity to human character characterization, but they had several limitations in expressing their personality compared to human characters. In particular, because they lacked hands, arms, and legs, they induced characterization with unfamiliar expressions that could not be seen in human characters. However, these unfamiliar expressions stimulated the interest of the audience and increased the immersion, which ultimately worked as an advantage for characterization. It was difficult to find studies on the characterization of non-human characters in animation, so this study aims to propose effective characterization methods for non-human characters in terms of personality expression through this study.

Review of Site Characterization Methodology for Deep Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste

Kyung-Woo Park,Kyung-Su Kim,Yong-Kwon Koh,Yeonguk Jo,Sung-Hoon Ji 한국방사성폐기물학회 2017 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.15 No.3

방사성폐기물 지층 처분을 위한 부지 선정 과정에서 심층 처분장의 안전성을 평가하는데 필요한 입력 자료를 제공하기 위해 부지특성조사를 수행한다. 본 논문에서는 부지특성조사를 선도하여 수행하였던 해외 사례를 분석하고, 국내에서 방사성폐 기물 처분을 위해 수행해야 할 부지특성조사 방법을 제안하고자 하였다. IAEA가 고려하는 부지특성조사 방법은 단계별 부 지특성조사로 본 논문에서 소개된 해외의 경우도 이 방법을 따르고 있는데, 부지특성조사는 시기별, 조사 항목별로 다수의 지역에서 개략적인 부지의 정보를 도출하는 예비 부지특성조사와 조사 결과 선정된 지역에서 보다 자세한 부지특성자료를 생산하기 위한 상세 부지특성조사로 구분할 수 있다. 특히, 상세 부지특성조사 단계에서는 조사지역에 장심도 시추공을 굴 착하여 심부 영역에 대한 지질 특성을 바탕으로, 수리지질, 수리-지화학, 암석역학, 열, 용질이동에 대한 특성을 도출해야 한 다. 단계별 부지특성조사를 통해 도출된 부지 고유의 지질환경 특성은 부지특성모델로 구축되어야 하는데, 이를 종합하여 해석해야 비로소 조사지역의 부지특성을 이해하고, 지층 처분에 보다 유리한 부지를 최종 후보지역으로 선정할 수 있는 것 이다. 해외 사례를 살펴본 결과, 부지특성조사 단계에 소요되는 시간은 대략 7~8년이 소요될 것으로 예상되나, 이를 계획하 고 수행하는 시스템이 뒷받침 되지 않을 경우 보다 지연될 수 있을 것이다. In the process of site selection for a radioactive waste disposal, site characterization must be carried out to obtain input parameters to assess the safety and feasibility of deep geological repository. In this paper, methodologies of site characterization for radioactive waste disposal in Korea were suggested based on foreign cases of site characterization. The IAEA recommends that site characterization for radioactive waste disposal should be performed through stepwise processes, in which the site characterization period is divided into preliminary and detailed stages, in sequence. This methodology was followed by several foreign countries for their geological disposal programs. General properties related to geological environments were obtained at the preliminary site characterization stage; more detailed site characteristics were investigated during the detailed site characterization stage. The results of investigation of geology, hydro-geology, geochemistry, rock mechanics, solute transport and thermal properties at a site have to be combined and constructed in the form of a site descriptive model. Based on this site descriptive model, the site characteristics can be evaluated to assess suitability of site for radioactive waste disposal. According to foreign site characterization cases, 7 or 8 years are expected to be needed for site characterization; however, the time required may increase if the no proper national strategy is provided.

Character & Characterization in Korean folktales based on Propp`s Pattern

( Ahmad Rezaei ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2010 중동연구 Vol.29 No.1

character is the representation of a person in a narrative or dramatic work of art (such as a novel, play, or film) and characterization is the method used by a writer to develop a character. The method includes showing the character`s appearance, displaying the character`s actions, revealing the character`s thoughts, letting the character speak, and getting the reactions of others. a storyteller introduce characters in a way that allows an audience the time to take in who the characters are and what issues they have to resolve, in other hand, characterization shows storyteller or author`s ability. One of the most populare literary genres that haven`t been paid attention, before 19 century, is folktales. A folktale is a type of traditional story that tries to explain or understand the world. Such stories were orally passed down through the generations and feature morals or lessons. The stories usually take place long ago in a faraway place and are woven around talking animals, royalty, peasants, or mythical creatures. Formalists studied literature, speciale oral, in a new method. One of the most famous formalists was Vladimir Propp His Morphology of the Folk Tale was published in Russian in 1928. Although it represented a breakthrough in both folkloristic and morphology and influenced Claude Levi-Strauss and Roland Barthes, it was generally unnoticed in the West until it was translated in the 1950s. His character types are used in media education and can be applied to almost any story be it in literature, theatre, film, television series and games. Vladimir Propp extended the Russian Formalist approach to the study of narrative structure. In the Formalist approach, sentence structures were broken down into analyzable elements, or morphemes, and Propp used this method by analogy to analyze Russian fairy tales. By breaking down a large number of Russian folk tales into their smallest narrative units, Propp was able to arrive at a typology of narrative structures. He defined 31 functions analyzing 100 Russian tales. He also concluded that all the characters could be resolved into 8 broad characters in the 100 tales he analyzed: The villain The donor The (magical) helper The princess and her father The dispatcher The hero or victim/seeker hero False hero In this article, I am going to analyze the characters of 8 Korean folktales in every kind of animals, humans and magical elements those are based on Prop`s method. First I will discuss about character, characterization, types of character, ways of character can be relieved as the Propp`s method. Second I will submit the summary of each story. And finally I will analyze, compare and conclusion.

Parallel Workload Characterizations : Comparisons and Mappings

Park,Kee-Hyun,Dowdy,Lawrence W. 啓明大學校 産業技術硏究所 1992 産業技術硏究所 論文報告集 Vol.15 No.1

Multiprocessor systems are now the primary system in many computationally intensive environments. To obtain maximum performance from these systems it is important ot schedule processors and tasks efficiently. However, in order to obtain efficient schedules, it is necessary to characterize the parallelism of parallel programs and parallel architectures. Various parallel workload characterizations are possible. In this paper, several characterizations of parallelism are examined and compared. These include: Amdahl's characterization, task precedence graphs, average parallelism, parallelism profiles, execution signatures, and processor working sets. Relationships and mappings between these characterizations are obtained. By finding the relationships, any application(e.g., a scheduling algorithm) which is designed using one parallelism characterization can be modified easily to use other parallelism characterizations. Specifically, it is shown that Amdahl's characterization, average parallelism, and processor working sets can be obtained from either execution signatures or parallelism profiles. This indicates that the execution signature characterization and the parallelism profile characterization have more expressive power than Amdahl's characterization, average parallelism characterization or processor working sets. However, these latter three are simpler characterizations. It is shown that no direct mapping exists between parallelism profiles and execution signatures. However, mappings between the two characterizations are possible in two bounding cases-an optimistic case and a pessimistic case.

방사성폐기물의 심층 처분을 위한 부지특성조사 방법론 해외 사례 연구

박경우,김경수,고용권,조영욱,지성훈 한국방사성폐기물학회 2017 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.15 No.3

방사성폐기물 지층 처분을 위한 부지 선정 과정에서 심층 처분장의 안전성을 평가하는데 필요한 입력 자료를 제공하기 위해 부지특성조사를 수행한다. 본 논문에서는 부지특성조사를 선도하여 수행하였던 해외 사례를 분석하고, 국내에서 방사성폐 기물 처분을 위해 수행해야 할 부지특성조사 방법을 제안하고자 하였다. IAEA가 고려하는 부지특성조사 방법은 단계별 부 지특성조사로 본 논문에서 소개된 해외의 경우도 이 방법을 따르고 있는데, 부지특성조사는 시기별, 조사 항목별로 다수의 지역에서 개략적인 부지의 정보를 도출하는 예비 부지특성조사와 조사 결과 선정된 지역에서 보다 자세한 부지특성자료를 생산하기 위한 상세 부지특성조사로 구분할 수 있다. 특히, 상세 부지특성조사 단계에서는 조사지역에 장심도 시추공을 굴 착하여 심부 영역에 대한 지질 특성을 바탕으로, 수리지질, 수리-지화학, 암석역학, 열, 용질이동에 대한 특성을 도출해야 한 다. 단계별 부지특성조사를 통해 도출된 부지 고유의 지질환경 특성은 부지특성모델로 구축되어야 하는데, 이를 종합하여 해석해야 비로소 조사지역의 부지특성을 이해하고, 지층 처분에 보다 유리한 부지를 최종 후보지역으로 선정할 수 있는 것 이다. 해외 사례를 살펴본 결과, 부지특성조사 단계에 소요되는 시간은 대략 7~8년이 소요될 것으로 예상되나, 이를 계획하 고 수행하는 시스템이 뒷받침 되지 않을 경우 보다 지연될 수 있을 것이다. In the process of site selection for a radioactive waste disposal, site characterization must be carried out to obtain input parameters to assess the safety and feasibility of deep geological repository. In this paper, methodologies of site characterization for radioactive waste disposal in Korea were suggested based on foreign cases of site characterization. The IAEA recommends that site characterization for radioactive waste disposal should be performed through stepwise processes, in which the site characterization period is divided into preliminary and detailed stages, in sequence. This methodology was followed by several foreign countries for their geological disposal programs. General properties related to geological environments were obtained at the preliminary site characterization stage; more detailed site characteristics were investigated during the detailed site characterization stage. The results of investigation of geology, hydro-geology, geochemistry, rock mechanics, solute transport and thermal properties at a site have to be combined and constructed in the form of a site descriptive model. Based on this site descriptive model, the site characteristics can be evaluated to assess suitability of site for radioactive waste disposal. According to foreign site characterization cases, 7 or 8 years are expected to be needed for site characterization; however, the time required may increase if the no proper national strategy is provided.

GLP 시험에서의 시험물질 특성파악

이은정,송경석,유일재 한국독성학회 2007 Toxicological Research Vol.23 No.2

The GLP contains specific language concerning characterization of the test, control and reference substances used in toxicity studies. This paper will describe and discuss what types of documents are required to support test/reference substance characterization under GLP system. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of data needed in the characterization package that will adequately define the substance. Most sponsors use a certificate of analysis (COA) to communicate the test substance characterization status information to the contracting research organizations. The COA should provide the test material°Øs characterization results, substance storage requirements, expiration dates, verification of the collection of the retention sample, archival location of the data to support the characterization and GLP compliance status of the characterization.

갭요소를 사용한 최적 H형 지지격자 스프링의 유한요소해석

김강수(Kang Soo Kim),윤경호(Kyung Ho Yoon),송기남(Kee Nam Song) 대한기계학회 2006 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2006 No.11

The spring characterization test of 16 by 16 spacer grid assembly were conducted by using Universal Tensile Testing Machine and the displacement-load curve of the spring was obtained. 4 FEM models were made by IDEAS code for simulating the spring characterization test. The results of the characterization test were compared with those of FEM analysis by ABAQUS code. 8 by 9 cell model included many more cells for the height direction showed more flexible characterization. The result of 5 by 5 cell model, which the load was applied at the top plate of the assembly, showed a good agreement in comparing with the result of the spring characterization test. Therefore, when the new spring is designed, the result of the appropriate FEM model is to be used as the spring characterization data without the spring characterization test.

Aquifer characterization of gas reservoirs using Ensemble Kalman filter and covariance localization

Kim, Sungil,Lee, Choongho,Lee, Kyungbook,Choe, Jonggeun Elsevier 2016 Journal of petroleum science & engineering Vol.146 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>For decision making, it is necessary to predict reservoir behaviors using reliable models. We can forecast future performances with less uncertainty after reservoir characterization, which is an essential step for integrating available static and dynamic data in history matching. Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is one of the powerful methods for reservoir characterization. It uses recursive updates and provides uncertainty assessment.</P> <P>EnKF has been rarely applied to characterization of gas reservoirs in spite of its active research for oil reservoirs. Gas reservoirs show typically high recovery and are less sensitive to permeability uncertainty. However, the recovery of gas reservoirs is severely affected by an aquifer, which has considerable uncertainty. Therefore, aquifer characterization is crucial for production management and uncertainty assessment of gas reservoirs.</P> <P>This paper presents a method to characterize permeability distribution and aquifer sizes of gas reservoirs using static data and production data available. Covariance localization is applied for taking account of proper relationship between well production data and the properties of grid cells. The proposed method manages not only permeability overshooting but also successful assimilation of permeability distribution. Besides, the aquifer factors come closer to the reference values as compared with a standard EnKF. Therefore, it obviously improves future predictions of gas and water productions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We characterize permeability distribution and aquifer sizes of gas reservoirs using only production data. </LI> <LI> We propose EnKF with covariance localization to characterize aquifer factors. </LI> <LI> The proposed method improves assimilation of permeability and predictions of gas and water rates. </LI> <LI> The proposed method characterizes performances of aquifer factors. </LI> </UL> </P>

영화 캐릭터(Character)의 이해와 분석의 실제

허은희 ( Eun Hee Huh ) 한양대학교 현대영화연구소 2014 현대영화연구 Vol.10 No.3

영화의 캐릭터는 사건을 구성하는 ‘스토리의 최소 단위’이며, 작가의 주제를 직접적으로 전달하는 ‘메신저’이고, 관객의 입장에서 사건을 목격하게 만드는 관객의 ‘눈’과 ‘귀’가 된다. 그러므로 영화의 캐릭터는 내러티브 전개의 주체이자 플로팅 자체라 할 수 있을 만큼 극의 구조와 관객의 반응에 긴밀하게 연결되어 있고, 나아가서 극 전체의 주제 전달과 그것의 표출 방식, 장르를 결정하게 된다. 영화의 캐릭터 창조는 스크린 사이즈, 앵글, 프레임과 구도, 색채와 조명은 물론 편집에 이르기까지 사건을 전달하는 영화 언어의 특별한 속성과 그것을 공유하는 상영 환경의 특수성 때문에 섬세한 감정표현과 개연성 있는 성격의 변화를 드러내는데 주력하는 것이 바람직하다. 본문에 제시된 일련의 기술적 훈련들은 전형적이며 식상한 캐릭터 창조를 피하고 관객들의 ‘눈’과 ‘귀’를 대신해 역동적으로 살아 움직이는 캐릭터를 창조하기 위해 고안된 작업들이다. 그 첫 번째 훈련인 ‘캐릭터인벤토리’는 체계적으로 계획된 ‘행동’에 의해 인물의 감정과 배경을 노출시킬 수 있는 캐릭터를 고안하기 위해서 캐릭터의 물리적, 정신적 환경을 철저하게 분석하는 작업이다. 시나리오를 완성한 후에도 캐릭터 인벤토리를 통한 캐릭터 분석은 불필요하게 첨가된 에피소드들을 적출하거나 극의 흐름에 치명적인 사건들을 첨가하는데 도움을 준다. 또한 캐릭터 인벤토리를 위주로 한 드라마의 ‘장면과 스토리 분석’은 각 장면 별사건 별로 캐릭터의 충분한 동기가 반영된 행동들이 사건을 형성하고 있는지 검토할 수 있게 하고 이러한 행동들을 뒷받침하는 캐릭터의 구체적인 배경을 설정하는데 효과적이다. 이와 더불어, 사건을 구성하는 캐릭터의 행동이 과연 그들의 목적에 부합하고 있는지 지속적으로 검토하기 위해‘인물관계도’를 작성해 보는것이 필요하다. ‘인물관계도’는 각각의 사건 속에서 캐릭터의 욕망과 목적, 그것을 위한 요구 조건들이 집약되어 인물간의 관계를 형성하고 있는지 확인하는데 도움을 준다. 또한 각 캐릭터의 욕망을 바탕으로 한 그(녀)의 행동에 방향성을 제시하고, 그 행동에 영향을 받는 인물들의 관계를 개연성 있게 발전시키는데 중요한 가이드 역할을 한다. Cinematic language and grammar to tell a story requires more specific process of creating character and its performance compared with other medias or artistic formats. Cinematic Character is an initial element to build the narrative, a messenger to deliver an author’s theme to the audience, and eyes and ears to witness the events in place of the audience. As a story-teller in dramatic structure, characters in cinema determine how to expose the story and theme, which mainly affects film genre and tone. Therefore, the characterization is fundamental to construct the story. To make the story dramatic, the character should have the strong desire, and face all kinds of obstacles to obtain it. Each character also represents clear and complex personality to display its own life history. Writers or directors describe characters’ backgrounds in detail even if they are not even shown in actual movies, to create the dynamic characters for movies to draw the audience’s interest through story-telling under sharp observation and deep thoughts toward people around. The illustrated exercises in this text are designed to create vivid characters to be gradually developed through the events, avoiding the stock characters who disturb the audience’s empathy. At first, the ‘character inventory’ is for analyzing a character’s conditions from its internal background to external status, such as secrets, targets, jobs, fear and the like. It helps to devise the purposeful behaviors from characters toward its objectives by applying criterions of its every move. And ‘the analysis of every scene by characterization’ based on this inventory is effective to build the back story for the main events. It can give a throughout check if each episode should begin with the character’s actions with strong motives, and it can eventually be used for adding the critical event or omitting the unnecessary one. Add to these analyzing exercises and to draw the ‘character relationship diagram’ guides the direction for developing the relations between characters, in the process of affecting each other through the story.