발기부전 환자에서 심혈관계 위험인자와 음경 혈역동학적 지표와의 연관성

배웅진,손동완,김성대,김수진,홍성후,이지열,조용현,김세웅 대한비뇨의학회 2009 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.50 No.7

Purpose: The cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) is mostly organic in nature and is associated with cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the presence of ED has been shown to be related to cardiovascular risk factors such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hyperlipidemia. This study evaluated the correlation between cardiovascular risk factors and penile hemodynamic parameters in men with ED. Materials and Methods: The relationship between vascular risk factors and penile hemodynamic parameters were evaluated in a total of 149 men with ED. The patients were stratified according to the type and number of risk factors present. Each patient underwent a penile duplex Doppler ultrasound study after injections of intracavernous prostaglandin E1 to evaluate penile blood flow parameters. The rates of arterial insufficiency, venoocclusive dysfunction, and nonvascular etiologies were also evaluated. These results were statistically compared with those from patients with ED without vascular risk factors. Results: The poorest blood flow was found in patients with ED with DM. Arterial insufficiency was most prevalent in patients with coronary artery disease and DM (p<0.05). Venoocclusive dysfunction was observed most often in hypertensive patients with ED. Abnormal penile blood flow parameters correlated with the number of vascular risk factors present. Conclusions: This study shows that cardiovascular risk factors are associated with abnormal penile blood flow. In addition, the number of risk factors is correlated with an increased probability of having abnormal blood flow parameters. Purpose: The cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) is mostly organic in nature and is associated with cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the presence of ED has been shown to be related to cardiovascular risk factors such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hyperlipidemia. This study evaluated the correlation between cardiovascular risk factors and penile hemodynamic parameters in men with ED. Materials and Methods: The relationship between vascular risk factors and penile hemodynamic parameters were evaluated in a total of 149 men with ED. The patients were stratified according to the type and number of risk factors present. Each patient underwent a penile duplex Doppler ultrasound study after injections of intracavernous prostaglandin E1 to evaluate penile blood flow parameters. The rates of arterial insufficiency, venoocclusive dysfunction, and nonvascular etiologies were also evaluated. These results were statistically compared with those from patients with ED without vascular risk factors. Results: The poorest blood flow was found in patients with ED with DM. Arterial insufficiency was most prevalent in patients with coronary artery disease and DM (p<0.05). Venoocclusive dysfunction was observed most often in hypertensive patients with ED. Abnormal penile blood flow parameters correlated with the number of vascular risk factors present. Conclusions: This study shows that cardiovascular risk factors are associated with abnormal penile blood flow. In addition, the number of risk factors is correlated with an increased probability of having abnormal blood flow parameters.

Impact of Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors on the Carotid Intima-media Thickness in Young Adults: The Kangwha Study

Chang, Hoo-Sun,Kim, Hyeon-Chang,Ahn, Song-Vogue,Hur, Nam-Wook,Suh, Il The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2007 예방의학회지 Vol.40 No.5

Objectives: Although risk factors for coronary artery disease are also associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), there is little information available on the asymptomatic, young adult population. We examined the association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and the common carotid IMT in 280 young Korean adults. Methods: The data used for this study was obtained from 280 subjects (130 men and 150 women) aged 25 years who participated in the Kangwha Study follow-up examination in 2005. We measured cardiovascular risk factors, including anthropometries, blood pressure, blood chemistry, carotid ultrasonography, and reviewed questionnaires on health behaviors. Risk factors were defined as values above the sex-specific 75th percentile of systolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol/ high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, fasting blood glucose and smoking status. Results: The mean carotid IMT${\pm}$standard deviation observed was $0.683{\pm}0.079mm$ in men and $0.678{\pm}0.067mm$ in women (p=0.567) and the evidence of plaque was not observed in any individuals. Mean carotid IMT increased with an increasing number of risk factors(p for trend <0.001) and carotid IMT values were 0.665 mm, 0.674 mm, 0.686 mm, 0.702 mm, and 0.748 mm for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 to 5 risk factors, respectively. The odds ratio for having the top quartile carotid IMT in men with 3 or more risk factors versus 0-2 risk factors was 5.09 (95% CI, 2.05-12.64). Conclusions: Current findings indicate the need for prevention and control of cardiovascular risk factors in young adults and more focus on those with multiple cardiovascular risk factors.

비만 지표와 심혈관계질환 위험인자간의 상관성 및 복부비만지표의 유용성

하헌영,최보율,박항배,Ha, Hun-Young,Choi, Bo-Youl,Park, Hung-Bae 대한예방의학회 1997 예방의학회지 Vol.30 No.2

It is a well known fact that obesity is an important cause of cardiovascular disease, emphasized by many studies. Recently, cardiovascular diseaase has been found to correlate not only to the extent of obesity, but also the fat distribution of the individual; especially, focusing on obesity of the abdomen. Unfortunately, the proposed indices for abdominal obesity are numerous, and the results vary according to the index chosen. Three-hundred and twelve bus drivers in November, 1995, were chosen as subjects of this study. The author chose to measure serum lipid levels, fasting blood sugar levels and blood pressure, that are thought to be important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Obesity indices were calculated using anthropometric measurements. We were able to evaluate the significance of obesity indices by examining correlations between these indices and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The abdominal obesity indices and risk factors of cardiovascular disease, the levels of total cholesterol in the serum, fasting blood sugar levels, and diastolic blood pressure, increased significantly according to age. 2. There was a significant difference in the abdominal obesity indices according to drinking and smoking habits controlled for age. Among the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, triglyceride and diastolic pressures had significant differences according to the presence or absence of a drinking history controlled for age. 3. Although all obesity indices showed significant correlations, the weakest correlation was between BMI and abdominal diameter index and the strongest correlation was between sagittal diameter and sagittal diameter matched for height. 4. There was a negative correlation between HDL-cholesterol and obesity indices. The weakest correlation was between fasting blood sugar levels and both SD and SDH showed correlations with the risk factors. 5. There was a significant correlation between SD and total cholesterol in the serum and fasting blood sugars controlled for age, drinking, and BMI. 6. After categorizing the subjects into 2 separate age groups at the 40 year mark, in the less than 40 you old age group, controlled for drinking and BMI, the results of comparitive studies have shown correlations between total cholesterol serum levels and waist-hip ratio, conicity-index, and SD. There were correlations between fasting blood sugar levels and SD, ADI, and SDH. There were no correlations between obesity indices and both total cholesterol serum levels and fasting blood sugar levels in the greater than 40 year old age group. There were significant correlations between abdominal obesity indices and total serum cholesterol or fasting blood sugar levels in the less than 40 year old age group, but no correlations in the age group over 40. These correlated factors between abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease are assumed to exist in Korea as well. Furthermore, in this study a high correlation was found between SD, SDH and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Even when controlled for age, drinking, smoking, and BMI, the correlations between risk factors of cardiovascular disease and these indices exist. Therefore, the obesity indices, SD and SDH may prove to be important prognostic indicators or risk factors of cardiovascular disease.

성인지적장애인과 일반인의 신체활동량, 건강체력 및 심혈관질환 위험요인 비교

양덕일 ( Deok Il Yang ),석민화 ( Min Hwa Suk ),임강일 ( Kang Il Lim ),신윤아 ( Yun A Shin ) 한국특수체육학회 2014 한국특수체육학회지 Vol.22 No.2

본 연구는 20~40대의 지적장애인 37명과 동일한 연령의 일반인 32명을 대상으로 신체활동량 수준과 신체조성, 체력수준, 심혈관질환 위험요인에 대하여 비교분석하여 동일연령에서의 차이를 살펴보고, 신체활동량 부족에 따른 심혈관질환 위험요인을 분석하여 지적장애인들의 신체활동에 대한 이해를 높이고 신체활동량 증가를 위한 접근방법 및 필요성을 제기하기 위하여 실시하였다. 신체활동량은 가속도계를 이용하여 측정하였으며, 신체조성 요인은 근육량, 체지방율, BMI, 허리둘레, 허벅지둘레, 종아리둘레를 측정하였다. 체력수준은 근력, 근지구력, 심폐지구력, 민첩성, 유연성을 측정하였고, 심혈관질환 위험요인으로 혈압, 공복혈당, HDL-C, LDL-C, 중성지방을 측정하였다. 첫째, 지적장애인과 동일한 연령의 일반인의 신체활동량, 신체조성, 체력수준, 심혈관질환 위험요인을 비교분석한 결과, 지적장애인이 일반인보다 보수와 고강도 활동량에서 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 신체조성은 지적장애인이 일반인보다 근육량, 허벅지둘레, 종아리둘레에서 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 체력수준은 지적장애인이 일반인보다 근력, 근지구력, 심폐지구력, 유연성, 민첩성이 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 심혈관질환 위험요인은 20대는 지적장애인이 일반인보다 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤, 30대는 수축기혈압, 이완기혈압에서 유의하게 낮게 나타났고, 40대는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 신체활동량과 체력수준, 심혈관질환 위험요인과의 상관관계를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 신체활동량과 체력의 상관관계는 활동 칼로리량, 보수, 고강도 활동량은 각각 근지구력, 근력, 심폐지구력, 유연성, 민첩성과 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 신체활동량과 심혈관질환 위험요인의 상관관계는 보수가 공복혈당, 총 콜레스테롤, 저밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤과 음의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났고, 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤과 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 고강도 활동량은 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤과 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 체력과 심혈관질환 위험요인의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 근지구력은 수축기혈압과 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났고, 공복혈당과 음의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 근력은 수축기혈압, 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤과 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났고, 공복혈당과 음의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 심폐지구력은 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤과 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났고, 공복혈당, 중성지방과 음의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 지적장애인과 일반인은 신체활동량, 신체조성, 체력수준, 심혈관질환 위험요인에서 지적장애인들이 신체활동량과 더불어 체력수준이 저하되어 있으며, 이는 심혈관질환 위험요인에 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 지적장애인은 20대부터 신체활동량과 체력수준이 일반인보다 낮은 것으로 나타났으므로, 지적장애인의 신체활동 증진 프로그램을 위한 다양한 노력이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. This study were comparatively analyzed physical activity level, body composition, physical fitness level, and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Subjects were 37 adults with intellectual disability(ID) in their 20s~40s and 32 adults without intellectual disability of the same age. The analysis was performed in accordance with age between cardiovascular disease risk factors and activity lack. First, as result of comparing physical activity level, adults with ID had significantly lower steps and high intensity activity than adults without ID. As result of comparing body composition, adults with ID had significantly lower muscle mass, thigh circumference, and calf circumference than adults without ID. As result of comparing physical fitness level, adults with ID had significantly lower muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, and agility than adults without ID. As result of comparing cardiovascular disease risk factors, adults with ID had significantly low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the 20s, had significantly low systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the 30s, and were no significant values in the 40s. Second, As result of analyzing the correlation between physical activity and physical fitness level, the activity calories, steps, high intensity activities each had positive correlation with muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, and agility had negative correlation. As result of analyzing the correlation of cardiovascular disease risk factors, steps showed to have negative correlation with fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and had positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. High intensity activity showed to have positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. As results of analyzing the correlation between physical fitness and cardiovascular disease risk factors, muscular endurance showed to have positive correlation with systolic blood pressure and had negative correlation with fasting blood glucose. Cardiovascular endurance showed to have positive correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors and negative correlation with fasting blood glucose and Triglyceride. Therefore, in physical activity, body composition, physical fitness level, and cardiovascular disease risk factors, low physical fitness level and physical activity showed that this gives significant influence to cardiovascular disease risk factors both adults with ID and without ID. It was especially shown that adults with ID starting from their 20s have lower physical activity and physical fitness level than without ID. In this reason, various physical activity enhancement programs are thought to be required in early adults with ID.

Association between Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korean Patients

( Woo Jin Choi ),( Eun Joo Park ),( In Ho Kwon ),( Kwang Ho Kim ),( Kwang Joong Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2010 Annals of Dermatology Vol.22 No.3

Background: Previous studies have shown a possible association between psoriasis and cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: We wanted to study the association between psoriasis and cardiovascular risk factors, including metabolic syndrome. Methods: We determined the relationship of psoriasis with the cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. For the proper level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, we calculated the proportion of psoriasis patients who needed lifestyle changes or drug therapy. Results: This study included 197 patients with psoriasis and 401 controls. We found a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (17.8%, p=0.021), cardiovascular disease (4.6%, p=0.044), hypertension (32.5%, p=0.000) and hyperlipidemia (22.3%, p=0.025) in patients with psoriasis, as compared with that of the controls. To maintain proper LDL levels, 25.3% of the psoriasis patients needed lifestyle changes and 11.7% needed drug therapy. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a possible association between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors (metabolic syndrome, hypertension and hyperlipidemia) in Korean patients. We also demonstrated that a substantial portion of patients with psoriasis need lifestyle changes and drug therapy to prevent cardiovascular events. Further studies will be necessary to establish the association and causality between psoriasis and the cardiovascular risk factors. (Ann Dermatol 22(3) 300∼306, 2010)

R544C Mutation을 가진 CADASIL 환자의 혈관성 위험인자

이정석,최재철,강사윤,나해리,강지훈 대한치매학회 2009 Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders Vol.8 No.2

Background: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited arteriopathy caused by mutation in the notch 3 gene. Characteristic features include recurrent ischemic stroke, migraine, and progressive cognitive decline. Despite the highly stereotyped nature of CADASIL, marked phenotypic variation has been reported, which suggest that other factors may modulate the disease process. Possible factors include both environmental and other genetic factor. In the present study we sought to determine whether conventional cardiovascular risk factors influence phenotype and MRI markers in CADASIL patients that carry an R544C mutation. Methods: Fifty three consecutive patients with R544C mutation were investigated. Then patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence (VR group) or absence (non-VR group) of conventional vascular risk factors. Vascular risk factors included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, ischemic heart disease, smoking, and heavy drinking. Thirty four patients belonged to VR group and the remaining 19 patients to the non-VR group. All patients underwent a detailed neuropsychological testing including Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) and MR imaging protocols. Results: VR group demonstrated an increase in lacunar infracts (p=0.038) and cerebral microbleeds (p=0.002). However, there was no significant difference in the ADAS-cog and MMSE scores between VR group and non-VR group. The memory scores of ADAS-cog (delayed recall test) were lower in VR group than non-VR group (p=0.049). However, digit span backward scores were lower in non-VR group than VR group (p=0.048). Conclusions: We observed increase in lacunar infarcts and cerebral microbleeds in VR group. These findings suggest that conventional vascular risk factor may predispose to cerebrovascular events in CADASIL patients with notch3 R544C mutation. Background: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited arteriopathy caused by mutation in the notch 3 gene. Characteristic features include recurrent ischemic stroke, migraine, and progressive cognitive decline. Despite the highly stereotyped nature of CADASIL, marked phenotypic variation has been reported, which suggest that other factors may modulate the disease process. Possible factors include both environmental and other genetic factor. In the present study we sought to determine whether conventional cardiovascular risk factors influence phenotype and MRI markers in CADASIL patients that carry an R544C mutation. Methods: Fifty three consecutive patients with R544C mutation were investigated. Then patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence (VR group) or absence (non-VR group) of conventional vascular risk factors. Vascular risk factors included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, ischemic heart disease, smoking, and heavy drinking. Thirty four patients belonged to VR group and the remaining 19 patients to the non-VR group. All patients underwent a detailed neuropsychological testing including Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) and MR imaging protocols. Results: VR group demonstrated an increase in lacunar infracts (p=0.038) and cerebral microbleeds (p=0.002). However, there was no significant difference in the ADAS-cog and MMSE scores between VR group and non-VR group. The memory scores of ADAS-cog (delayed recall test) were lower in VR group than non-VR group (p=0.049). However, digit span backward scores were lower in non-VR group than VR group (p=0.048). Conclusions: We observed increase in lacunar infarcts and cerebral microbleeds in VR group. These findings suggest that conventional vascular risk factor may predispose to cerebrovascular events in CADASIL patients with notch3 R544C mutation.

학령기 아동의 심혈관계 질환 위험인자의 유병률

윤이화,안지연,이봉숙,탁영란,Yun, E-Hwa,An, Ji-Yeon,Lee, Bong-Suk,Tak, Young-Ran 대한예방의학회 2005 예방의학회지 Vol.38 No.3

Objectives : This study was conducted to assess the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors (serum lipid profiles, BMI, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar) and evaluate the risk profile of CVD by the clustering of the cardiovascular risk factors in school-aged children in the Kyoung-Gi area. Methods : The study sample consists of 208 11 year-old children (51.4% boys, 48.6% girls) who participated in a cross-sectional screening of cardiovascular risk factors. We surveyed their socio-demographic characteristics, measured the anthropometric variables and analyzed the biochemical markers. Results : Of the cardiovascular risk factors, the percentage risk of the BMI, dyslipidememia and hypertension were highest. The prevalence rates of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in girls was higher than in boys. Also, the associations of the BMI, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were highly significant. In addition, the proportion of subjects with 1, 2, 3 and 4 or more risk factors were 29.3, 12.5, 2.9 and 1.9%, respectively; therefore, a total of 97 subjects (46.6%) had at least one more risk factor. Conclusions : From these findings, we concluded that the rates of hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular risk groups and obesity prevalence of these groups were relatively high. These data provide further evidence that the early intervention for cardiovascular health prevention and promotion in school-aged children is necessary at the population level.

목둘레와 심혈관계 위험인자와의 연관성

강지현,유병연 대한비만학회 2003 The Korean journal of obesity Vol.12 No.2

연구배경: 최근 단순 비만 지표로서의 목둘레의 유용성에 대한 연구들이 발표되고 있으나 국내에서는 아직 목둘레와 심혈관계 위험인자와의 관련성에 대한 연구가 없었다. 이에 한국 성인 남녀에서 목둘레와 심혈관계 위험인자들과의 연관성을 알아보고 체질량 지수. 허리둘레, 체지방률 등과 비만 지표로서의 목둘레의 유용성을 비교해보기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 일개 대학 병원 종합 검진 센터에 내원한 남녀 292명을 대상으로 목둘fp와 심혈관계 위험인자와의 상관관차를 알아보고 목둘fp를 4분위 (quartiles)로 나누어 가장 낮은 목둘레 4분위군과 가장 높은 목둘레 4분위군 간 심혈관계 질환들의 교차비 (odds ratio)를 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통하여 구해 보았다. 체질량 지수. 허리둘레, 체지방률 등과 비교하여 목둘레가 독립적으로 심혈관계 위험인자들을 설명할 수 있는 변수인지를 단계별 다중 회기 분석 (stepwise multiple regression analysis)을 통하여 비교하였다. 결과: 목둘레는 남자에서 수축기 혈압 및 요산, 여자에서 이완기 혈압. 총콜레스데롤 및 저밀도 콜레스테롤을 제외한 심혈관계 위험인자들과 유의한 상관관차를 보였으며, 가장 높은 목둘레 사분위군에서 가장 낮은 목둘레 사분위군에 비해 HOMA score는 남자 29.2배, 여자 5.1배 증가하였곤, hsCRP는 남자2.0배, 여자 6.6배 증가하는 것으로 나타났다 단계별 다중 회기 분석에서 목둘레는 다른 비만 지표들에 독립적으로 남자에서는 이완기 혈압. 혈당, 총 콜레스테롤, 저밀도 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 공복시 인슐린, HOMA score, 여자에서는 공복시 혈당, 고밀도 콜레스테롤, 공복시 인슐린 HOMA score의 변화에 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 목둘레는 인슐린 저항성 및 hsCRP의 상승과 관련된 심혈관계 위험인자들과 연관되어 있으며 심혈관계 질환의 위험이 증가되어 있는 비만 환자의 선별 검사로 유용하게 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Backgrounds: The aim of the present study was to test the association of neck circumfernce with the cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: We examined 292 persons, who visited a health examination center. The correlation between neck circumference and other cardiovascular risk factors was tested, and the odds ratio was calculated for various cardiovascular risk factors in the highest quartile of neck circumference compared to lowest. We used stepwise multiple regression to find out whether the neck circumference could be the independent variable to other obesity indices for cardiovascular risk factors. Results: Neck circumference was significantly correlated with the cardiovascular risk factors except diastolic blood pressure, uric acid in men and systolic blood pressure, total and LDL cholesterol in women. This odds ratio for HOMA score in the highest quartile of neck circumference compared to lowest was 29.2 in men, 5.1 in women, and for hsCRP the odds ratios was 2.0 in men, 6.6 in women. In stepwise multiple regression, neck circumference accounted for diastolic blood pressure, total and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, HOMA score in men, glucose, HDL cholesterol insulin, HOMA score in women independently to other obesity indices. Conclusion: Neck circumference is associated with the cardiovascular risk factors related to insulin resistance and hsCRP. The measurement of neck circumference could be useful in clinical screening for obese person at an enhanced risk for cardiovascular diseases.

Knowledge of Stroke and Heart Attack Symptoms and Risk Factors Among Rural Elderly People: A Questionnaire Survey

김은미,황선영,김애리 대한심장학회 2011 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.41 No.5

factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rural elderly people who are at risk for CVD. Subjects and Methods: A total of 444 adults over the age of 60 living in a rural province of Korea with at least one CVD risk factor participated in this survey. Results: A total of 72.5% of the participants had hypertension and 28.4% had diabetes, whereas approximately 40% exhibited over two CVD risk factors. The mean knowledge scores for HA symptoms (4.3/9) were lower than scores for stroke symptoms (5.8/9), and the mean knowledge score for risk factors was 7.3/11. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that old age, low level of education, and low income level were the determining factors for low knowledge levels of stroke and HA symptoms as well as CVD risk factors. A low perceived risk of stroke or HAs also predicted a low knowledge of CVD risk factors. Conclusion: Community-wide public campaigns are needed, which are designed to help elderly people in rural areas with low education levels and socioeconomic status at risk for CVD to improve the awareness of stroke and HA.

Perceived and actual risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Korea : A cross-sectional study

Boo, Sunjoo,Froelicher, Erika S.,Yun, Ju-Hui,Kim, Ye-Won,Jung, Ju-Yang,Suh, Chang-Hee Wolters Kluwer Health 2016 Medicine Vol.95 No.40

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The purposes of this study were to compare the perceived and actual 10-year risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to evaluate the influence of cardiovascular risk factors on perceived CVD risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Korea. Additionally, the attainment of CVD prevention guideline goals by 3 levels of CVD risk (low, moderate, and high) was presented.</P><P>For this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 208 patients with RA. Actual CVD risk was estimated with the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), and goal attainment was assessed based on the European League Against Rheumatism guidelines. Actual CVD risk and perceived risk were compared with cross-tabulation. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate differences in cardiovascular risk factors by perceived risk. Levels of goal attainment were presented in percentages.</P><P>Among patients with RA, 13.9% were identified as being at high risk for CVD, whereas 39.9% were at moderate risk, and 46.2% were at low risk. The majority of those at high risk (96.6%) underestimated their risk for CVD. The use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications and having a parental history of CVD significantly increased the likelihood that subjects with RA would perceive themselves as being at high risk for CVD. Diabetes, smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity did not affect perceived risk. A substantial proportion of the subjects with RA did not meet the prevention guideline goals.</P><P>Patients with RA who are at increased risk of developing CVD must be managed as soon as possible to attain the guideline goals and, accordingly, lower their risk of future CVD.</P>