흰쥐의 난자성숙에 있어서의 칼슘의 대사

홍순갑,이준영,Hong, Soon-Gab,Lee, Joon-Yeong 대한생식의학회 1996 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.23 No.3

The present experiments aimed to investigate the metabolism of calcium during oocyte maturation in rat. The concentration of free calcium and calmodulin in oocytes was measured respectively by using of fluo-3/AM and FITC with microscope fluorescence spectrometer. The ultrastructural localization of calcium precipitates in oocytes was observed with the transmission electron microscope. Cumulus-free immature oocytes(GV-oocyte) were cultured in vitro through 15 hours. The free calcium concentration in GV oocyte was $55.9{\pm}3.5nM$. In calcium-containing medium, the free calcium concentration was increased in germinal vesicle breakdown(GVBD) oocyte($64.2{\pm}7.3nM$). In normal medium after calcium chelator treatment ($10{\mu}M$ BAPTA/AM), the free calcium contents were slightly lower than those in control group. In calcium-free medium, the free calcium content was drastically increased in GVBD($72.7{\pm}3.4nM$) and metaphase I - anaphase I ($88.0{\pm}3.4nM$) oocyte. In maturation rate of oocytes, GVBD rate was high in control group($82.9{\pm}6.55%$) and calcium chelator treatment group($91.2{\pm}4.4%$), but in calcium-free medium group, it was low and then the oocyte was degenerated without polar body formation. Relative content of calmodulin in oocyte was significantly(P<0.001) increased in metaphase I - anaphase I than in GV and GVBD oocyte. The calcium precipitates were observed in mitochondria and cytoplasm of GV oocyte but that were not observed in mitochondria of GVBD and metaphase I - anaphase I oocyte. And then the calcium precipitates reappeared in mitochondria of metaphase II oocyte. The above results indicate that changes in free calcium and calmodulin concentration of oocyte occur according to the maturational stages and the extracellular calcium is required during oocyte maturation. Also change of calcium localization in oocyte occurs according to the maturational stages.

Relation of Calcium Activity in Milk and Milk Production of Holstein Cows in Hot Season

Tanaka, Masahito,Suzuki, Tomoyuki,Kotb, Saber,Kamiya, Yuko Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.10

The content of Ca in milk exceeds the typical saturation level of Ca salts, which is necessary for neonate growth. This calcium is distributed between the casein micelles in the colloidal and aqueous phases. Information on the properties of calcium activity in the aqueous phase is limited compared with that on the properties of bound or sequestrated calcium. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the changes in calcium activity in fresh milk using an ion-selective electrode and to assess the relationship between calcium activity and milk production in hot season. Milk samples collected from 10 cows at the National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region in June to October (Min-Max: 7.2-$35.2^{\circ}C$, 24.3-100% RH) were analyzed on total calcium concentrations and calcium activity. We observed that the rectal temperature of the cows increased according to elevation of ambient temperature but that the pH of the collected milk ($6.61{\pm}0.01$ (Mean${\pm}$SEM)) was not significantly influenced by rectal and ambient temperature. Total calcium concentrations and calcium activity in fresh milk decreased in July (Min-Max: 21.1-$33.5^{\circ}C$, 48.9-100.0% RH) compared with the values after August (Min-Max: 18.1-$35.0^{\circ}C$, 26.5-96.2% RH) (p<0.05); however, there was no significant correlation between the two parameters. The ratio of calcium activity to total calcium concentration decreased after August compared with the values in June and July (p<0.05). The calcium activity in fresh milk was positively correlated with milk yield (r = 0.45, p<0.01) and negatively correlated with milk lactose content (r = -0.53, p<0.01). These results suggest that the calcium activity in milk could be affected by ambient temperature and might be associated with milking production in hot season.

천연칼슘소재의 이온화 특성 및 In vitro 칼슘 이용률

장세영(Se-Young Jang),정용진(Yong-Jin Jeong) 한국식품영양과학회 2013 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.42 No.4

본 연구에서는 4종의 천연칼슘소재를 이용하여 칼슘 이온화 특성 및 in vitro 칼슘 이용률을 조사하였다. 천연칼슘소재는 8.0%(w/v) 첨가농도까지 칼슘용해량과 칼슘이온 함량은 증가하였으나 이상의 농도에서는 큰 변화는 없었다. 또한 이온화율은 약 90%로, 칼슘소재와 첨가농도에 따른 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 칼슘의 이온화에 용해온도는 큰 영향이 없었으며, 용해 18시간째 가장 높은 칼슘이온 함량을 나타났다. 칼슘액 중 BS의 in vitro 칼슘 이용률은 67.3%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, AS는 62.4%, DS는 57.9%, CS는 57.5%로 시판 칼슘제 및 천연칼슘소재에 비해서 약 2배 정도 높게 나타났다. 시판 우유, 두유 및 오렌지 주스의 in vitro 칼슘 이용률을 조사한 결과 탄산칼슘보다 이온화 칼슘액을 첨가한 구간에서 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 따라서 천연칼슘소재의 이온화 칼슘은 생체 이용율이 높은 다양한 식품소재로 활용이 기대된다. This study examined the characteristics of ionized calcium and in vitro calcium bioavailability rate of calcium from four natural sources: shellfish shell, oyster shell, starfish, egg shell. The levels of dissolved calcium and calcium ions increased at different concentrations of natural calcium (up to 8.0% (w/v)). However, there were insignificant differences in the levels of dissolved calcium and calcium ions between samples at calcium concentrations above 8.0% (w/v). In addition, no significant differences were observed (depending on the calcium source and concentration) with an ionization yield of about 90%. The temperature of the solutions also had little influence on the ionization of calcium. The highest calcium ion content was observed when solutions were left to dissolve calcium for 18 hours. The highest in vitro calcium bioavailability rate achieved among the different calcium solutions was BS (67.3%), with overall bioavailability rates about two times higher than the rates observed in commercially sold calcium supplements and natural calcium. In addition, the in vitro calcium bioavailability rate for ionized calcium in market milk, soy milk, and orange juice was more than twice as high as calcium carbonate. Overall, we expect a high and diverse bioavailability of ionized calcium from natural resources.

The Risks and Benefits of Calcium Supplementation

신찬수,김경민 대한내분비학회 2015 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.30 No.1

The association between calcium supplementation and adverse cardiovascular events has recently become a topic of debate due to the publication of two epidemiological studies and one meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. The reports indicate that there is a significant increase in adverse cardiovascular events following supplementation with calcium; however, a number of experts have raised several issues with these reports such as inconsistencies in attempts to reproduce the findings in other populations and questions concerning the validity of the data due to low compliance, biases in case ascertainment, and/or a lack of adjustment. Additionally, the Auckland Calcium Study, the Women’s Health Initiative, and many other studies included in the meta-analysis obtained data from calcium-replete subjects and it is not clear whether the same risk profile would be observed in populations with low calcium intakes. Dietary calcium intake varies widely throughout the world and it is especially low in East Asia, although the risk of cardiovascular events is less prominent in this region. Therefore, clarification is necessary regarding the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events following calcium supplementation and whether this relationship can be generalized to populations with low calcium intakes. Additionally, the skeletal benefits from calcium supplementation are greater in subjects with low calcium intakes and, therefore, the risk-benefit ratio of calcium supplementation is likely to differ based on the dietary calcium intake and risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases of various populations. Further studies investigating the risk-benefit profiles of calcium supplementation in various populations are required to develop population-specific guidelines for individuals of different genders, ages, ethnicities, and risk profiles around the world.

Calcium Movement in Carbachol-stimulated Cell-line

이종화,Lee, Jong-Hwa The Korean Society of Pharmacology 1995 대한약리학잡지 Vol.31 No.3

Calcium수송에 대한 기전을 추구하기위하여, carbachol을 사용하여 ml muscarinic receptor-transfected RBL-2H3 cell-line에서 다음과 같은 실험결과를 얻었기에 이에 보고한다. 1) Carbachol의 투여로 이들 cell-line에서 $Ca^{2+}$ influx가 농도에 따라 증가하였고, hexosaminidase 분비양도 의의있게 증가하였다. 2) Atropine 투여로 Carbachol의 상승작용이 의의있게 억제되었다. 3) 수종의 금속양이온을 투여하여 carbachol의 $Ca^{2+}$수송에 대한 영향을 관찰한 바, 이들 금속이온들은 $Ca^{2+}$의 influx를 의의있게 억제하였다. 4) PMA(20 nM) 투여로 carbachol의 hexosaminidase의 분비는 억제되지 못했지만 $Ca^{2+}$ influx는 억제되었다. 5) PTx $(0.2\;{\mu}g/ml)$ 투여로 carbachol의 hexosaminidase 분비가 의의있게 억제되었다. 위의 결과로 미루어 보아, 이 세포의 muscarinic receptor가 calcium channel을 통한 calcium수송에 매우 중요한 영향을 나타내는데, 이들 calcium ion channel은 적어도 두 종류가 존재하며, 하나는G-protein-dependent calcium channel에 의하며, 다른 하나는 G-protein-independent calcium channel에 대한 작용에 의한 것으로 생각된다. 또한 이 calcium channel들은 2가 또는 3가의 다른 금속 ion들에 의하여 calcium수송이 억제된다. It has been well known that the intracellular calcium concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ in living cell is very sensitive to live or to survive, but the transmembrane system of calcium ion, especially mechanism of calcium ion movement in unexcitable state has been little elucidated. Though many proposed theories for calcium ion transport have been reported, it is still unclear that how could the sustained maintenance in cytosolic calcium level be done in cell. Since one of possible mechanisms of calcium transport may be related to the acetylcholine receptor-linked calcium channel, author performed experiment to elucidate this mechanism of calcium influx related to cholinergic receptor in ml muscarinic receptor-transfected RBL-2H3 cell-line. 1) The effects of carbachol both on calcium ion influx and on the secretion of hexosaminidase were respectively observed in the manner of time-related or concentration-dependent pattern in this model. 2) The effects of several metal cations on calcium transport were shown in carbachol-induced cell-line. 3) Atropine was administered to examine the relationship between cholinergic receptor and calcium ion influx in this model. 4) PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) or PTx (Pertussis toxin) was respectively administered to examine the secondary mediator which involved pathway of calcium ion movement in carbachol-induced cell-line. The results of this experiments were as follows; 1) Carbachol significantly stimulated both the calcium influx and the secretion of hexosaminidase in the manner of the concentration-dependent pattern. 2) Atropine potently blocked the effects of carbachol in concentration-response manner. 3) Administered metal cations inhibited the calcium influx in carbachol-stimulated this model to the concentration-related pattern. 4) PMA did not inhibit carbachol-induced secretion of hexosaminidase, but blocked the calcium influx in this cell-line. 5) The suppression of carbachol-induced hexosaminidase secretion was shown in PTx-treated cell -line.

Calcium수송기전에 미치는 Carbachol의 영향

이종화(Jong Hwa Lee) 대한약리학회 1995 대한약리학잡지 Vol.31 No.3

Calcium수송에 대한 기전을 추구하기위하여, carbachol을 사용하여 ml muscarinic receptor-transfected RBL-2H3 cell-line에서 다음과 같은 실험결과를 얻었기에 이에 보고한다. 1) Carbachol의 투여로 이들 cell-line에서 Ca²⁺ influx가 농도에 따라 증가하였고, hexosaminidase 분비양도 의의있게 증가하였다. 2) Atropine 투여로 Carbachol의 상승작용이 의의있게 억제되었다. 3) 수종의 금속양이온을 투여하여 carbachol의 Ca²⁺수송에 대한 영향을 관찰한 바, 이들 금속이온들은 Ca²⁺의 influx를 의의있게 억제하였다. 4) PMA(20 nM) 투여로 carbachol의 hexosaminidase의 분비는 억제되지 못했지만 Ca²⁺ influx는 억제되었다. 5) PTx (0.2μg/ml) 투여로 carbachol의 hexosaminidase 분비가 의의있게 억제되었다. 위의 결과로 미루어 보아, 이 세포의 muscarinic receptor가 calcium channel을 통한 calcium수송에 매우 중요한 영향을 나타내는데, 이들 calcium ion channel은 적어도 두 종류가 존재하며, 하나는G-protein-dependent calcium channel에 의하며, 다른 하나는 G-protein-independent calcium channel에 대한 작용에 의한 것으로 생각된다. 또한 이 calcium channel들은 2가 또는 3가의 다른 금속 ion들에 의하여 calcium수송이 억제된다. It has been well known that the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) in living cell is very sensitive to live or to survive, but the transmembrane system of calcium ion, especially mechanism of calcium ion movement in unexcitable state has been little elucidated. Though many proposed theories for calcium ion transport have been reported, it is still unclear that how could the sustained maintenance in cytosolic calcium level be done in cell. Since one of possible mechanisms of calcium transport may be related to the acetylcholine receptor-linked calcium channel, author performed experiment to elucidate this mechanism of calcium influx related to cholinergic receptor in ml muscarinic receptor-transfected RBL-2H3 cell-line. 1) The effects of carbachol both on calcium ion influx and on the secretion of hexosaminidase were respectively observed in the manner of time-related or concentration-dependent pattern in this model. 2) The effects of several metal cations on calcium transport were shown in carbachol-induced cell-line. 3) Atropine was administered to examine the relationship between cholinergic receptor and calcium ion influx in this model. 4) PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) or PTx (Pertussis toxin) was respectively administered to examine the secondary mediator which involved pathway of calcium ion movement in carbachol-induced cell-line. The results of this experiments were as follows; 1) Carbachol significantly stimulated both the calcium influx and the secretion of hexosaminidase in the manner of the concentration-dependent pattern. 2) Atropine potently blocked the effects of carbachol in concentration-response manner. 3) Administered metal cations inhibited the calcium influx in carbachol-stimulated this model to the concentration-related pattern. 4) PMA did not inhibit carbachol-induced secretion of hexosaminidase, but blocked the calcium influx in this cell-line. 5) The suppression of carbachol-induced hexosaminidase secretion was shown in PTx-treated cell -line. was shown in PTx-treated cell -line.

괭생이모자반 젖산 추출물이 성장기 암컷흰쥐의 골 형성에 미치는 영향

전준영 ( Joon Young Jun ),이수영 ( Su Young Lee ),김병목 ( Byeng Mok Kim ),정인학 ( In Hak Jeong ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2011 한국수산과학회지 Vol.44 No.1

We investigated the effect of a lactic acid extract of Sargassum horneri (ExSL) as a calcium supplement on bone formation in 48 female Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 weeks of their growth phase. The rats were divided into four groups based on diet: two calcium-sufficient and two calcium-deficient diets. The normal control group (NC) was fed AIN-93G; the NCS group was fed the same diet containing 1 % extract; the calcium-deficient control (DC) diet was based on AIN-93G; and the DCS group received the same calcium-deficient diet plus 1% extract. Bone formation in the rats was evaluated using the wet weight, length, diameter, and bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur. Serum parameters were also examined. The food intake among the groups did not differ significantly (P<0.05). The NCS group gained the most body weight, while the DC group gained much less weight than the other groups. The feeding efficiencies of the groups that received the extract (NCS and DCS) were slightly higher than those of the control groups (NC and DC). The calcium intakes of all groups depended on the amount of calcium in the feed; the NCS and DCS diets contained 12-15 mg more calcium than the NC and DC diets. The calcium absorption was lower in NCS than in DC and DCS, but significantly higher than in NC (P<0.05). The BMDs in the calcium-sufficient groups were not significantly different (P<0.05), while in the calcium-deficient groups the BMD was significantly higher in DCS than in DC (P<0.05). The serum calcium and phosphorus levels in all groups were not associated with markers of bone growth related to the extract. The osteocalcin content and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity were higher in the calcium-deficient groups than in the normal groups (P<0.05). Ultimately, the osteocalcin content and ALPase activity were lower in DCS compared to DC. These results suggest that the addition of ExSL promotes bone formation and calcium absorption in growing rats.

골절 치유에 대한 Vitamin D와 Calcium의 최신 지견

황지효 ( Jihyo Hwang ) 대한골절학회 2021 대한골절학회지 Vol.34 No.3

골다공증성 골절, 부전 골절, 노인 골절로 알려진 취약 골절은 노령화의 가장 큰 문제의 하나로 정형외과의사에게 흔히 접하게 된다. Calcium과 vitamin D는 뼈 건강을 유지하기 위해 필수적이다. 따라서 calcium과 vitamin D의 결핍은 골다공증 발생의 주요 위험 요소이다. 가골의 무기화 시에는 충분한 양의 calcium이 필요하기 때문에 골다공증 환자에서 자주 관찰되는 골 감소는 calcium과 vitamin D 결핍에 기인할 수 있다. 따라서 calcium과 vitamin D 보충제는 골다공증 환자의 취약한 골절 치유를 치료하기 위해 상당히 중요할 수 있겠다. 골절 치유와 외상 후 골의 turnover의 긍정적인 효과의 몇 가지 임상 증거가 있지만 더 많은 연구가 수행되고 있다. calcium과 vitamin D는 골 조송증 환자, calcium 및 vitamin D 농도의 부족, 2차 골다공증 골절 예방을 위한 일차 치료제이며 골 흡수 억제제나 골 형성 촉진제와 같은 다른 1차 골다공성 약물과 함께 보조제로 사용될 수 있다. 골절 치유에서 calcium과 vitamin D의 역할을 여기에서 소개하고자 한다. Fragile fractures, also known as osteoporosis fractures, insufficiency fractures, and senile fractures are a significant problem encountered by orthopedic surgeons. Calcium and vitamin D are essential for maintaining bone health and deficiencies in calcium and vitamin D are major risk factors for the development of osteoporosis. Sufficient amounts of calcium are also required for fracture-callus mineralization. Hence, compromised bone repair that is frequently observed in osteoporotic patients might be attributed to calcium and vitamin D deficiencies. Consequently, calcium and vitamin D supplementation represents a potential strategy for treating compromised fracture healing in osteoporotic patients. There is some clinical evidence of the positive effect of supplementation in fracture healing and posttraumatic bone turnover, but research in this area is ongoing. Calcium and vitamin D should be the primary treatment of choice in osteopenic patients with an insufficiency of calcium and vitamin D and for the prevention of secondary osteoporotic fractures. Calcium and vitamin D can also be used as addition to other primary osteoporotic medications such as antiresorptive or bone-forming agents. The role of calcium and vitamin D in fracture healing and the therapeutic potential of calcium and vitamin D supplementation is summarized in this context.

Effect of Calcium Lactate on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Shank Bone Extract

Jung-seok Choi,Sang-keun Jin,Yeong-seok Choi,Jin-kyu Lee,Ji-taek Jung,Yang-il Choi,Hyun-joo Lee,Jae-joon Lee 한국축산식품학회 2017 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.37 No.2

This study was conducted to develop calcium-fortified shank bone extract (SBE) and to determine the effect of adding calcium lactate on physico-chemical characteristics of SBE during cold storage. The following five experiment groups were used: Control (0%, no addition), T1 (0.05% calcium lactate), T2 (0.1% calcium lactate), T3 (0.5% calcium lactate), and T4 (1% calcium lactate). When the concentration of calcium lactate added to the SBE was increased, the pH, redness, and yellowness values were significantly reduced, whereas the salinity, sugar content, and turbidity of SBE were significantly increased. Sensory parameters such as aroma, flavor, and overall acceptability in the control, T1, and T2 had similar scores. The TBARS values of SBE was significantly increased when 1% of calcium lactate was added, and the VBN values of SBE with calcium lactate at day 7 were higher than that of control (p<0.05). However, the addition of calcium lactate showed an inhibition effect on the growth of total microbial counts in SBE until 4 d of storage. The calcium content of SBE was increased by the addition of calcium lactate in a dose-dependently manner. The proper addition level of calcium lactate in the SBE was determined to be 0.1%.

Calcium chloride 첨가에 의한 적출장관수축에 미치는 Calcium 통로차단제의 영향

김형수,한형수,김인겸,이만기,김중영 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1992 慶北醫大誌 Vol.33 No.2

Calcium chloride 첨가에 의하여 야기되는 평활근 수축에 이용되는 calcium이온이 주로 어떤 경로를 통하여 유입되는지를 관찰하기 위하여, 마우스의 적출십이지장을 calcium-free 및 calcium-potassium-free Tyrode용액에 현수하여 수축이 소실된 상태에서, calcium chloride(4mM)를 첨가하여 야기되는 초기회복 및 후기회복의 수축긴장도의 변화를 calcium통로차단제인 diltiazem, nifedipine 및 verapamil 존재하에서 비교하였던바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Calcium-free용액에 calcium chloride를 첨가하는 조작을 각각 4회 반복하였던바 초기회복이 초회에 비하여 차후의 조작에서는 증가되는 경향을 나타내었고, 초회의 후기회복이 점차로 증가되는 현상은 차후의 조작에서는 나타나지 않았다. Calcium-potassium-free용액에서는 초회의 초기 및 후기회복 양상이 4회 반복조작으로 변화되지 아니하였다. Calcium-free용액에 calcium chloride첨가에 의하여 야기되는 초기회복은 diltiazem(3.3×10 exp (-4) 및 6.6×10 exp (-4)mM) 존재로서 거의 변화가 없었으나, 후기회복은 억제되는 경향을 나타내었다. Calcium-potassium-free용액에서도 diltiazem에 의한 초기회복은 영향을 받지 아니하였으나 후기회복은 현저한 억제현상이 나타났다. 상기한 두가지 용액중에서 nifedipine(4.3×1 exp (-5) 및 8.6×10 exp (-5)mM)를 사용하였을 경우에도 초기회복은 거의 영향을 받지 아니하고 후기회복은 억제되었다. Calcium-free용액에서 verapamil(1.2×10 exp (-4) 및 2.9×10 exp (-4)mM)를 사용하였을 경우에도 후기회복이 억제되었고, calcium-potassium-free용액에서는 calcium chloride첨가로서 야기되는 초기회복이 verapamil 2.9×10 exp (-4)mM에서는 거의 영향을 받지 아니하였으나, 1.2×10 exp (-4)mM에서는 억제되는 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 calcium-free용액에서 calcium chloride첨가로서 야기되는 초기회복기의 수축에 비하여, 후기회복기의 수축에 관여하는 calcium은 voltage-dependent calcium통로로 유입되는 calcium이온을 많이 이용하는 것으로 생각된다. To evaluate utilization of added calcium chloride, calcium chloride-induced initial recovery and late recovery responses in isolated mouse duodenum were observed in the presence of calcium channel antagonists. Depressed tension of isolated duodenum incubated with calcium-free Tyrode solution was regained by the additon of calcium chloride (4mM). The recovery showed two phase, initial sudden recovery followed by late sustained recovery. Initial recovery by calcium chloride addition to calcium-free solution was not affected by the presence of diltiazem (3.3 × 10 exp (-4) and 6.6 × 10 exp (-4) mM), and the late recovery was tend to be depressed. In calcium-potassium-free solution, the initial recovery was not affected, however, late recovery was markedly depressed. The initial recovery in calcium-free, and calcium-potassium-free solution was little affected by the presence of nifedipine(4.3 × 10 exp (-5) and 8.6 × 10 exp (-5) mM), while the late recovery was more depressed in calcium-free solution than in calcium-potassium-free solution. The initial recovery in calcium-free solution was little affected by the presence of verapamil(12. × 10 exp (-4) and 2.9 × 10 exp (-4) mM), but the late recovery was depressed, however, the initial recovery in calcium-potassium free solution was depressed by verapamil at 1.2 × 10 exp (-4) mM, but not at 2.9 × 10 exp (-4) mM. These results indicate that calcium-channel antagonists inhibit .late recovery phase rather than initial recovery phase induced by addition of calcium chloride regardless to the presence of physiologic concentration of potassium ions in calcium free solution.