줄리앙의 에캬르(ÉCART) 개념 분석을 통한 문화의 다원화 가능성

김은하 대동철학회 2021 大同哲學 Vol.94 No.-

본 연구는 줄리앙의 "맞대면(face to face)" 관계에 함축된 "에캬르(ÉCART, 간극 또는 DIVIDE)" 개념을 분석하고, 그 무한 가능성을 문화의 다원화 관점에서 논구한다. 에캬르 는 특정 사유를 바깥으로부터 바라보면서 자기사유의 균열을 체험할 때 나타나는 실존적 탐색의 조건이다. 각 문화는 서로의 '사이(interspace)' 를 탐색함으로써, 친숙했던 자기세 계의 바깥에 설 수 있다. 또 그로부터 자신의 고착화된 사유틀에 어긋남을 자각하고 새로 운 쇄신으로 나아갈 수 있다. 이런 의미에서 '바깥에 서기(ex-ister)' 를 통한 에캬르의 형 성은 문화가 다원화될 수 있는 조건이 된다. 그러나 맞대면을 통한 문화의 변화 가능성은 에캬르의 열린 사태를 재고하게 한다. 외 부를 전제한 맞대면의 관계는 에캬르로 구축될 수 있는 것의 규정문제를 열어놓는다. 왜냐 하면 각 문화에 분란을 일으키는 바깥항의 성격을 미리 규정할 수 없기 때문이다. 따라서 본고는 사유의 바깥항을 탐색하는 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 에캬르의 다중적 가 능성과 그것의 즉각적 연계 가능성을 고찰하고, 이로부터 맞대면의 무한한 확장 가능성을 주장한다. 즉, 예상되는 개념이나 생각의 틀이 에캬르에서 무작위로 분기하는 사유, 그리 고 이로써 무한정하게 활성화되는 문화 간의 상호 간격은 우발적 마주침과 비결정적인 연 계를 통해서 무진장(無盡藏)하게 개발될 수 있다. This study analyzes Fran ois Jullien’s concept of CART (DIVIDE) implied in Jullien's "face to face" relation and discusses its infinite possibilities from the perspective of cultural pluralization. Écart is a condition of existential exploration that occurs when one experiences cracks in one’s own thought while looking at a particular thought from the outside. However, the change possibility of culture through the face-to-face relation causes the open state of the Écart to be reconsidered. The face-to-face relationship presupposing the outside opens the problem of determining what can be built up into the Écart, because the character of the external term that causes disarray in each culture cannot be determined in advance. Therefore, this study examines the multiple possibilities of the interspaces occurring from the development process of the face-to-face through the cart. From this, this study argues that the face-to-face possibilities of each culture are unlimitedly open in the Écart and thus in the interspaces of cultures is implied the possibility of multiple links of language-thought.

산간농촌 노년층의 소달구지 이용관행과 그 의미

손대원 국립문화재연구원 2011 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.44 No.4

The basic approach of this study was to take the theory of cultural fluctuations to investigate the early modern and modern patterns of the use of ox carts and@ the social and economic appropriateness and cultural significance of ox carts. The study chose a village that was the only place that used ox carts in Bugye-myeon. The findings will help to understand how traditional cultural elements would continue or change according to the natural, geographical, economical, and cultural characteristics of a village. Located in Gaho-2-ri, Bugye-myeon, Gunwi-gun, Gyeongbuk Province, Dongrim Village started to use ox carts during the Japanese rule and replaced the traditional version with an improved one in 1972 when a reservoir was built. Until the 1970s, they used ox carts to carry agricultural products and luggage and to visit the markets in distant Bugyemyeon or Gunwi-eup. In the early 1980s when a cultivator was first introduced into the village, ox carts gradually disappeared in the village and eventually remained as a mere means of transportation. As the younger generations were active in introducing modern means of transportation, a cultivator became the main means of transportation in the village in the 1980s and a truck since the latter half of the 1990s. Despite those changes, however, the elderly in their seventies or older continued to use ox carts. With aged labor and inability to use modern means of transportation, they grew cows and oxen to cultivate the inclined fields and gain easy access to fields distributed in distant locations and continued to ox carts through reform. In Dongrim Village, the heritage of using reformed ox carts is the practice of appropriate technology by the old farmers and a cultural representation of an aged agricultural society. That is, the elderly recognized the appropriateness and practicality of traditional culture and renewed a traditional means of transportation called an ox cart. The phenomenon of the old men and women frequently using ox carts in an agricultural village in the mountain with geographical limitations has settled down as a cultural representation of the elderly in Dongrim Village. The continuing usage of ox carts in Dongrim Village is attributed to the fact that ox carts well suit the natural, geographical, and economic aspects of the village and the cultural inertia of the elderly with the aging of the farmers. Thus it is once again shown that human beings transmit and alter culture according to their overall situations and conditions. 이 연구의 기본적인 접근방법은 문화변동론적 시각에서, 소달구지 이용의 근현대적 양상이 어떠하며 그것이 갖는 사회· 경제적 적절성과 문화적 의미를 탐구하는 것이다. 이 연구는 한 마을의 자연지리적·경제적·문화적 특성에 따라서 전통적 문화요소가 어떻게 지속·변용되는지를 이해하는 데 참고가 될 수 있으리라 기대한다. 조사지역인 경북 군위군 부계면 가호 2리인 동림마을에서는 소달구지를 일제강점기부터 이용하여 왔으며, 1972년 저수지 축조를 계기로 전통적 소달구지를 개량소달구지로 교체하였다. 1970년대까지는 소달구지로 농산물과 짐을 운반하고, 멀리 부계면이나 군위읍 소재 장터까지 소달구지를 타고 다녔다. 그러다가 1980년대 초반 경운기 도입 이후 소달구지는 마을에서 서서히 사라지면서 단순한 이동수단으로 그 기능이 변했다. 반면 젊은층은 현대식 운송수단을 적극적으로 도입하면서 1980년대 에는 경운기가, 1990년 후반부터는 트럭이 마을의 주요 운송수단으로 자리 잡았다. 그럼에도 70대 이상의 노인들은 계속 소 달구지를 이용하였다. 노인들은 노동력이 고령화되어, 현대식 운송수단을 사용하지 못하는 상황에서 경사진 농토를 경작하고, 원거리에 분산된 농토에 쉽게 접근하기 위해서 소를 사육하면서 소달구지를 개량하여 지속적으로 이용하고 있다. 동림마을의 개량형 소달구지 이용 전통은 노령의 농민들이 적정기술(appropriate technology)을 실천하는 것이며 고령화된 농촌사회의 문화적 표상이기도 하다. 즉, 노인들이 전통문화의 적합성과 실용성을 인정하여 소달구지라는 전통적 운송수단을 재창조하게 되었다. 그리고 산간농촌이라는 지리적 제약조건 속에서 남녀 노인들이 소달구지를 즐겨 이용하는 현상은 동림마을 노인들의 문화적 표상으로 자리 잡고 있다. 동림마을에서 소달구지가 지속적으로 이용되는 것은 농민들이 고령화되면서, 소달구지가 마을의 자연지리적·경제적 측면과 노인들의 문화적 관성이 잘 부합되기 때문이다. 따라서 사람들은 자신이 처한 제반 상황과 조건에 맞게 문화를 전승·변용 한다는 사실을 알 수 있다.

ONLINE SHOPPING CART ABANDONMENT - CONSUMER MOTIVES AND EFFECTIVE COUNTERMEASURES

Julian F Allendorf,Mirja Kroschke,Manfred Krafft 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Shopping cart abandonment of the online shopping process is a major challenge for firms. It describes the phenomenon that a potential customer starts a check out process for an online order but drops out of the process before completing the purchase. On average, 650 out of 1,000 customers do not convert (Baymard Institute 2017), which highlights the managerial relevance and impact of this phenomenon for online firms. Since shopping cart abandonment directly affects an online firm’s sales and revenue, researchers and practitioners likewise are interested in understanding why people leave a website without completing the shopping process and, more importantly, how to reduce online shopping cart abandonment. However, to date, research on these questions is scarce (e.g., Kukar-Kinney and Close 2010) and firms lack guidance how to deal with online shopping cart abandonment. The goal of this study is to investigate effective countermeasures that firms can use to reduce and prevent the likelihood of abandonment and thereby to increase the likelihood of a conversion. We conducted a field experiment in cooperation with a German accessories online retailer over three weeks (n = 8,467 shopping carts) and tested the effectiveness of a reminder pop-up window with a 10% discount vs. a reminder pop-up window without a discount vs. a control group. All online store visitors within the period were randomly assigned to one of three groups once they have put an item in the shopping cart. The pop-up windows appeared once they were about to click on the exit button. Our results indicate that a reminder pop-up window with a 10% discount significantly increases the conversion rate on the website compared to the control group, leading to an increase in revenue of approximately € 5,000. In contrast, a reminder pop up window a discount does not seem to reduce shopping cart abandonment. Further, we will investigate how this campaign affects the retailer’s overall profitability. In addition, using a laboratory experiment (n = 1,041) we replicated and extended our insights on effective countermeasures for shopping cart abandonment. People seem to be more likely to convert when there is a guest checkout option available. In sum, our research has important implications for researchers and online firms how to deal with online shopping cart abandonment.

Predominant D1 Receptors Involvement in the Over-expression of CART Peptides after Repeated Cocaine Administration

Zhenzhen Hu,오은혜,정연복,홍진태,오기완 대한약리학회 2015 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.19 No.2

The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of dopaminergic receptors (DR) inbehavioral sensitization, as measured by locomotor activity, and the over-expression of cocaine- andamphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides after repeated administration of cocaine in mice. Repeated administrations of cocaine induced behavioral sensitization and CART over-expression inmice. The levels of striatal CART mRNA were significantly increased on the 3rd day. CART peptideswere over-expressed on the 5th day in the striata of behaviorally sensitized mice. A higher proportionof CART+ cells in the cocaine-treated mice were present in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell than inthe dorsolateral (DL) part of caudate putamen (CP). The concomitant administration of both D1R andD2R antagonists, SCH 23390 (D1R selective) and raclopride (D2R selective), blocked cocaine inducedbehavioralsensitization, CART over-expression, and cyclic adenosine 5’-monophosphate (cAMP)/ proteinkinase A (PKA)/phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) signal pathways. SCH 23390more predominantly inhibited the locomotor activity, CART over-expression, pCREB and PKA activitythan raclopride. Cocaine induced-behavioral sensitization was also attenuated in the both D1R andD2R knockout (KO) mice, respectively. CART over-expression and activated cAMP/PKA/pCREB signalpathways were inhibited in the D1R-KO mice, but not in the D2R-KO mice. It is suggested thatbehavioral sensitization, CART over-expression and activated cAMP/PKA/pCREB signal pathwaysinduced by repeated administration of cocaine could be more predominantly mediated by D1R.

Predominant D₁ Receptors Involvement in the Over-expression of CART Peptides after Repeated Cocaine Administration

Zhenzhen Hu,Eun-Hye Oh,Yeon Bok Chung,Jin Tae Hong,Ki-Wan Oh 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2015 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.19 No.2

The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of dopaminergic receptors (DR) in behavioral sensitization, as measured by locomotor activity, and the over-expression of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides after repeated administration of cocaine in mice. Repeated administrations of cocaine induced behavioral sensitization and CART over-expression in mice. The levels of striatal CART mRNA were significantly increased on the 3^rd day. CART peptides were over-expressed on the 5^th day in the striata of behaviorally sensitized mice. A higher proportion of CART⁺ cells in the cocaine-treated mice were present in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell than in the dorsolateral (DL) part of caudate putamen (CP). The concomitant administration of both D₁R and D₂R antagonists, SCH 23390 (D₁R selective) and raclopride (D₂R selective), blocked cocaine induced- behavioral sensitization, CART over-expression, and cyclic adenosine 5’-monophosphate (cAMP)/ protein kinase A (PKA)/phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (<i>p</i>CREB) signal pathways. SCH 23390 more predominantly inhibited the locomotor activity, CART over-expression, <i>p</i>CREB and PKA activity than raclopride. Cocaine induced-behavioral sensitization was also attenuated in the both D₁R and D₂R knockout (KO) mice, respectively. CART over-expression and activated cAMP/PKA/<i>p</i>CREB signal pathways were inhibited in the D₁R-KO mice, but not in the D₂R-KO mice. It is suggested that behavioral sensitization, CART over-expression and activated cAMP/PKA/<i>p</i>CREB signal pathways induced by repeated administration of cocaine could be more predominantly mediated by D₁R.

CART알고리즘과 Landsat-8 위성영상 분석을 통한 계절별 지하수함양량 변화

박승혁 ( Seunghyuk Park ),정교철 ( Gyo-cheol Jeong ) 대한지질공학회 2021 지질공학 Vol.31 No.3

지하수함양은 시공간적으로 다양하여 직접적으로 측정하기 어렵기 때문에 함양추정을 위해 수치모델이 널리 사용되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 지하수함양을 추정하기 위한 방법으로 기계학습법의 하나인 분류회귀트리(CART)모형을 적용하기 위해 수정된 수직식생지수(mPVI), 정규식생지수(NDVI), 정규경작지수(NDTI), 정규나지지수(NDRI) 같은 토양-식생관련 지수와 강우, 지형인자(고도, 경사, 경사방향)를 입력하고 김천지역 SWAT-MODFLOW의 함양량 결과를 추출 및 학습하여 함양량을 예측하였다. SWAT-MODFLOW의 함양량 분포에 대한 CART모형의 예측값의 전반적인 정확도는 0.5~0.7, 카파계수는 0.3~0.6으로 나타나 위성영상자료를 통해 토양-식생에 따른 함양량 변화를 합리적으로 예측할 수 있었다. Groundwater recharge rates vary widely by location and with time. They are difficult to measure directly and are thus often estimated using simulations. This study employed frequency and regression analysis and a classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm in a machine learning method to estimate groundwater recharge. CART algorithms are considered for the distribution of precipitation by subbasin (PCP), geomorphological data, indices of the relationship between vegetation and landuse, and soil type. The considered geomorphological data were digital elevaion model (DEM), surface slope (SLOP), surface aspect (ASPT), and indices were the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference tillage index (NDTI), normalized difference residue index (NDRI). The spatio-temperal distribution of groundwater recharge in the SWAT-MODFLOW program, was classified as group 4, run in R, sampled for random and a model trained its groundwater recharge was predicted by CART condidering modified PVI, NDVI, NDTI, NDRI, PCP, and geomorphological data. To assess inter-rater reliability for group 4 groundwater recharge, the Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy and confusion matrix using K-fold cross-validation were calculated. The model obtained a Kappa coefficient of 0.3-0.6 and an overall accuracy of 0.5-0.7, indicating that the proposed model for estimating groundwater recharge with respect to soil type and vegetation cover is quite reliable.

탄창 접이식 이중벽 화차 모델을 기반으로 한 조선시대 망암 변이중 화차 복원

최재현(Jae Hyun Choi),남재현(Jae Hyun Nam),박진성(Jin Seong Park),심지호(Ji Ho Sim),김평원(Pyoung Won Kim) 대한기계학회 2014 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2014 No.11

A fire cart is a weapon that holds primary guns such as a Seungja Chongtong, and fires it in order to attack enemies. It was used in the Joseon dynasty, and is seen as the early model of the modern tank. In 1593, Byun Eeejoong had invented a new model of a fire cart. Specifically, the military use of the cart has greatly helped admiral Gwon Yul of Joseon during the Haengjusanseong siege in February, 1593. In the light of such events, the Byun Eejoong fire cart has significant historical importance. Nevertheless, the Byun Eejoong fire cart is left unverified as both artifacts and related research are meager, with only one crude blueprint left by Byun Eeejoong in his book, Mangamjip. Thus, this paper aims to examine the existing hypothesis on the Byun Eejoong fire cart, its pros and cons, and develop a new hypothesis based on the blueprint by Byun considering the technological limits of the age. We looked into the possible mechanism of the cart and how the guns are used and reloaded. We have proposed the restoration based on the foldable magazine double wall hypothesis, designed to operate with the help of gravity.

중국의 여성 고령자를 위한 개인 휴대용 쇼핑카트 디자인 연구

동열,장경풍 한국상품문화디자인학회 2023 상품문화디자인학연구 Vol.75 No.-

본 연구는 중국이 고령화 단계에 진입했다는 사실을 바탕으로 하고 있다. 고령자들의 생활방식의 변화는 사회의 광범위한 관심을 받고 있다. 쇼핑은 생활의 일부로서 고령자들을 위한 모바일 제품의 지속적인 출현이 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적 은 고령자들을 위한 휴대용 쇼핑 카트를 설계하는 데 중점을 두고 고령자 제품의 설계 기준을 탐색하며 여성 고령자가 직 면한 다양한 어려움과 솔루션을 탐색하는 것이다. 본 논문의 연구 방법은 문헌 분석, 사례 분석 및 설문 조사 방법을 채택 하였으며, 문헌 조사를 바탕으로 먼저 여성 고령 사용자의 생리적, 심리적 특성을 이해하고, 또한, 시중에 나와 있는 기존의 제품들을 조사해 장단점을 분석하고, 여성 노인들이 카트를 사용하는 환경과 쇼핑카트의 디자인 요소 및 디자인 원칙을 분 석하였으며, 마지막으로는 여성 고령자 60명을 대상으로 제품 수요 설문조사를 진행하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인체공학적 관점에서 실용성이 높은 쇼핑카트의 디자인 방향을 제시하였다. 둘째, 설문지를 기반으로, 디자인 범위는 일상 생활용품 구매를 목적으로, 생활 자율 능력이 있거나 보조도구가 필요한 60~65세 여성 노년층의 개인 휴대용 카트의 디자인 개발을 도출하였다. 본 연구는 여성 고령자 카트 디자인의 실용성을 높이고, 고령자 전용 카트의 디자인을 보다 인 간적으로 디자인하는 데 실질적인 의의가 있다. This study builds upon the current aging stage in China, finding the evolving lifestyles of the elderly generate considerable attention. Shopping is an integral part of life, and mobile products tailored for the elderly are increasing. Consequently, this study aims to explore guidelines for designing products meant for the elderly, specifically concentrating on portable shopping carts. while effectively addressing the challenges experienced by elderly women. The study adopted literature analysis, case study, and a questionnaire survey. Literature review, we firstly learned about the physiological and psychological characteristics of elderly female users. Subsequently, we investigated into existing products available in the market, analyzing both their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, we analyzed the environment where elderly women utilize shopping carts, considering the design elements and principles of portable shopping carts. Finally, we conducted a questionnaire survey assessing product demand, targeting 60 elderly women. This study yields several key findings: Firstly, we suggest a design direction for shopping carts, emphasizing the perspective of ergonomics. Secondly, Based on the survey questionnaire, the determined design scope focuses on developing a personal, portable shopping cart for women aged 60-65 who purchase daily necessities and possess self-care abilities or require assistive tools. This study holds practical significance in enhancing the functionality of shopping cart for elderly women and creating more user-centric shopping carts tailored to the needs of the elderly.

Decision Tree를 이용한 효과적인 유방암 진단

정용규,이승호,성호중 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2010 한국인터넷방송통신학회 논문지 Vol.10 No.5

최근 의료분야에서는 대규모의 데이터를 빠르게 검색 및 추출이 가능하게 의사결정트리 기법에 대한 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 현재 CART, C4.5, CHAID 등 여러 기법이 개발되었는데, 이러한 클레시파이 기법들은 몇몇 의사결정 나무 알고리즘이 이진분리로 분류를 하는데, 나머지 데이터의 결과가 손실될 우려가 있다. 그중 C4.5는 엔트로피의 측정값에 높고 낮음으로 트리 모양을 구성해 가는 방식이고, CART 알고리즘은 엔트로피 매트릭스를 사용하여 범주형 자료나 연속형 자료에 적용할수가 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 클래시파이 기법 중 C4.5와 CART를 유방암 환자 데이터에 대해 적용하여 실험하여, 그 결과 분석을 통한 성능 평가를 수행하였다. 실험에서는 교차검증을 통해 그 결과에 대한 정확성을 측정하였다. Recently, decision tree techniques have been studied in terms of quick searching and extracting of massive data in medical fields. Although many different techniques have been developed such as CART, C4.5 and CHAID which are belong to a pie in Clermont decision tree classification algorithm, those methods can jeopardize remained data by the binary method during procedures. In brief, C4.5 method composes a decision tree by entropy levels. In contrast, CART method does by entropy matrix in categorical or continuous data. Therefore, we compared C4.5 and CART methods which were belong to a same pie using breast cancer data to evaluate their performance respectively. To convince data accuracy, we performed cross-validation of results in this paper.

카트-폴 균형 문제를 위한 실시간 강화 학습

김병천,이창훈 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2010 한국인터넷방송통신학회 논문지 Vol.10 No.4

Cart-pole 균형 문제는 유전자 알고리즘, 인공신경망, 강화학습 등을 이용한 제어 전략 분야의 표준 문제이다. 본 논문에서는 cart-pole 균형문제를 해결하기 위해 실시간 강화 학습을 이용한 접근 방법을 제안하였다. 본 논문의 목적은 cart-pole 균형 문제에서 OREL 학습 시스템의 학습 방법을 분석하는데 있다. 실험을 통해, 본 논문에서 제안한 OREL 학습 방법은 Q-학습보다 최적 값 함수에 더 빠르게 접근함을 알 수 있었다. The cart-pole balancing problem is a pseudo-standard benchmark problem from the field of control methods including genetic algorithms, artificial neural networks, and reinforcement learning. In this paper, we propose a novel approach by using online reinforcement learning(OREL) to solve this cart-pole balancing problem. The objective is to analyze the learning method of the OREL learning system in the cart-pole balancing problem. Through experiment, we can see that approximate faster the optimal value-function than Q-learning.