Stack Effect Guidelines for Tall, Mega Tall and Super Tall Buildings

Simmonds, Peter,Zhu, Rui Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2013 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.2 No.4

The ASHRAE Technical Committee for Tall Buildings, TC 9.12, has defined a tall building as one whose height is greater than 300 feet (91m). Since the publication of the HVAC Design Guide for Tall Commercial Buildings in 2004, there were only about 300 buildings taller than 200 meters; this number has risen to 600 in 2010 and the prediction 765 buildings taller than 200 meters in 2012. There has also been an introduction of two new classes of tall buildings: ${\bullet}$ Mega tall, which are buildings taller than 300 m, and ${\bullet}$ Super tall, which are buildings taller than 600 m. The effect of ambient air temperature over the height of buildings, especially Mega tall and Super tall buildings. The ambient climatic conditions vary with altitude and these changes in ambient conditions can seriously affect load calculations and performance of super and mega tall buildings. This paper presents revised calculations for stack effect for Tall, Mega Tall and Super tall Buildings.

김상용 교수 정년 기념 상가건물의 공시제도에 관한 연구 -권리유형별 활용사례를 중심으로-

정우형 ( Woo Hyung Cheong ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2015 法學硏究 Vol.25 No.1

Today, Buildings are becoming lager, higher, multifunctional with the urbanization process and urban regeneration project. Nowadays our real estate market is stablizing along with low growth in economy. Builders are usually split and pre-sale commercial residential buildings are easy to raise the initial cost and effort to spread the risk. Clear and complete the public notification systems of the commercial building is very important to protect the property rights of investors and urgent safety in the transaction. However, such systems of commercial buildings have been unable to live up to this reality. Act on the ownership and management of aggregate buildings in 1984 (hereinafter referred to as the aggregate buildings act) was to regulate the possession and use of building set in the form of high-rise buildings, and for simply intended to notice the right relationship. The Act also recognized sectional ownership of business center building with certain requirements and revised in 2003. Nevertheless, commercial buildings is still divided into the sole ownership, the co-ownership representing de facto partitioned ownership, sectional ownership. It causes confusion in the transaction safety as well as restriction investment and use of buildings. This is because disclosure of the commercial building not properly reflect reality. This study analyzes the system of notification by dividing the commercial building on aggregate buildings act and the co-ownership representing de facto partition ownership. The case study of 11 randomly selected commercial buildings to review cadastral and land registration of business center building and implicated in our real estate system. Through the 11 cases, excessive registered holder register, classification of books and looks impossible, inconsistency of books, false entry/record of books, such as has been pointed out as problems. In order to solve These problems first, the co-ownership representing de facto partition ownership of commercial buildings will need to convert to the commercial building on aggregate buildings act the long-term. Second, set aggregate buildings act the scope of Article 1 of 2 shall be expanded in accordance with the recent reality and nature of the commercial building. Third, Its expansion will be through a thorough complement the system of cadastral and land registration of business center building.

친환경 건축물 인증이 부동산 거래가격에 미치는 영향 분석: 주거용 부동산과 상업용 부동산의 비교를 중심으로

최시영 ( Choi Shi-young ),정창무 ( Jung Chang-mu ),김현정 ( Kim Hyun-jung ) 한국부동산분석학회 2022 不動産學硏究 Vol.28 No.1

도시에서 배출되는 탄소와 온실가스는 기후변화에 큰 영향을 미친다. 기후변화를 방지하기 위해 전 세계적으로 친환경 건축물 보급을 위해 노력하고 있으며 친환경 인증 건축물이 부동산 가격에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구도 진행되었다. 본 연구는 친환경 건축물이 부동산 가격에 미치는 영향을 건축물의 용도에 따라 비교하기 위하여 진행되었다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 서울시 강서구의 주거용 부동산(아파트)과 상업용 부동산(상가 · 사무실)을 대상으로 에너지효율등급을 부여받은 건축물이 매매가격에 미치는 영향의 정도를 비교 분석하였다. 이를 위해 평당 거 래가격을 종속변수로 두어 다중회귀 분석의 형태를 띤 해도닉가격모형 분석을 수행하였다. 실증분석 결과, 매매 가격에 에너지효율등급이 미치는 영향력의 정도는 상업용 부동산(β = 0.045)보다 아파트(β = 0.537)에서 더 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 친환경 건축물이 단순히 매매가격에 영향을 미치는지에 대해 분석한 선행연구들과는 달리 건물의 용도에 따라 영향정도를 비교한 연구라는 데에 의의가 있다. 향후 연구에서는 데이터센터, 오피스텔, 물류 시설, 공장 등 보다 다양한 형태의 건물이 부동산 시장에 미치는 영향을 연구할 필요가 있다. 또한 지역의 특성이나 계절에 따른 에너지효율등급의 실효성 연구 등 다양한 관점에서 친환경 건축물의 실요성에 대해 분석할 필요가 있다. 본 연구결과를 기반으로 전략적인 친환경 건축물 공급을 유도할 수 있다는 것으로서 그 가치가 있다. Pollutants and carbon emitted from cities have a major impact on global warming and climate change. Considerable efforts are being made to supply eco-friendly buildings to reduce greenhouse gases emitted from buildings worldwide. In addition, numerous studies have shown that eco-friendly building certification affects real estate prices. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of eco-friendly buildings on real estate prices spanning different types of buildings. This study investigated the relationship between energy-efficiency ratings and real estate prices for residential buildings and commercial property in Gangseo-gu, Seoul, Korea using the Hedonic price model analysis. The influence of energy-efficiency rating on real estate prices was found to be greater on residential buildings (β=0.537) than that on commercial properties (β=0.045). This study expands from the previous studies that simply analyzed whether eco-friendly buildings had an effect on real estate prices by comparing the degree of influence on different building types. Future research needs to study the impact of more diverse types of buildings, such as data centers, officetels, logistics facilities, and factories, etc. on the real estate market beyond residential and commercial buildings. In addition, studies comparing the effect of eco-friendly buildings on prices depending on the characteristics of the region or the effectiveness of season-dependent energy efficiency grades may be conducted. Based on the results of this research, development strategies can be established in the private sector, and the public sector can make policies to induce the private sector to provide more eco-friendly buildings.

Low-energy Tall Buildings? Room for Improvement as Demonstrated by New York City Energy Benchmarking Data

Leung, Luke,Ray, Stephen D. Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2013 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.2 No.4

This paper proposes a framework for understanding the energy consumption differences between tall and low-rise buildings. Energy usage data from 706 office buildings in New York illustrates expected correlations from the framework. Notable correlations include: taller buildings tend to use more energy until a plateau at 30~39 floors; tall buildings in Manhattan use 20% more energy than low-rise buildings in Manhattan, while tall buildings outside Manhattan use 4% more energy than low-rise buildings outside Manhattan. Additional correlations are discussed, among which is the trend that the Energy Star program in New York City assigns higher ratings to tall buildings with higher EUIs than low-rise buildings with the same EUI. Since Energy Star is based on regressions of existing buildings, the Energy Star ratings suggest taller buildings have higher EUIs than shorter buildings, which is confirmed by the New York City energy benchmarking data.

2021년 집합건물 정책의 회고와 2022년 전망

김승래,이윤환 한국집합건물법학회 2022 집합건물법학 Vol.42 No.-

The Aggregate Buildings Act is a law to regulate the ownership of each part for an independent purpose, that is, the divided ownership, when several structurally separated parts of a building can be used as an independent building. Act' (Act No. 3725 on April 10, 1984, hereinafter referred to as the Aggregate Buildings Act) was enacted. With the development of architectural technology, aggregate buildings are becoming taller than skyscrapers, and in the 2000s, as the architectural style of residential and commercial complexes became common, the conflicts between stake holders over aggregate buildings are deepening. Although the Aggregate Buildings Act is insufficient according to this trend, it has reflected advanced legislation and policies through several revisions. 2020. 2. 4. The partially amended Aggregate Buildings Act (enforced on Feb. 5, 2021) rationalizes the quorum for a resolution to change the common part of the aggregate buildings, and establishes a system for changing the common part that causes changes in rights. At the same time, by introducing a system for reporting the appointment of managers of aggregate buildings, and making the management of aggregate buildings more transparent, such as requiring managers of aggregate buildings with more than a certain number of exclusive parts to undergo an audit by an auditor, The main content of the amendment is to create a stable residential and business environment. Reflecting on the aggregate buildings policy focusing on the contents of the revised Aggregate Buildings Act that was implemented on February 5, 2021, and further reviewing the housing policy shown in the '2021 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Main Business Promotion Plan' of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in 2021; Furthermore, we would like to forecast the '2022 major business plan' and '22 government work report - real estate market stability-' policies. The revised system and policy retrospective in the 2020 Revised Aggregate Buildings Act, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport's housing policy (broadly including the aggregate buildings policy) policy review, and the direction and prospect of housing policy were reviewed together. 집합건물법은 한 동의 건물 중 구조상 구분된 여러 개의 부분이 독립한 건물로서 사용될 수 있을 때, 그 각 부분을 독립된 목적으로 하는 소유권, 즉 구분소유권을 규율하기 위한 법률로 ‘집합건물의 소유 및 관리에 관한 법률’(1984. 4. 10. 법률 제3725호, 이하 집합건물법이라 함)이 제정되었다. 집합건물은 건축기술의 발전에 따라 마천루를 능가하며 고층화되고 있고, 2000년대 들어서면서 주상복합건물 형태의 건축양식이 일반화 되면서 집합건물을 둘러싼 이해관계인의 갈등은 더욱더 심화되고 있다. 집합건물법도 이러한 추세에 따라 미흡하기는 하지만 몇 차례의 일부 개정을 통하여 선진입법 및 정책을 반영해 왔다. 2020. 2. 4. 일부 개정된 집합건물법(2021. 2. 5. 시행)은 집합건물 공용부분의 변경 결의의 의결정족수를 합리화하고, 권리변동을 일으키는 공용부분의 변경 제도 등을 신설하여 집합건물의 원활한 관리를 도모하는 한편, 집합건물의 관리인 선임 신고제도를 도입하고, 전유부분이 일정 수 이상인 집합건물의 관리인은 감사인의 회계감사를 받도록 하는 등 집합건물 관리가 보다 투명하게 이루어지도록 하여 국민의 안정적인 주거ㆍ영업 환경을 조성하려는 개정취지를 주요내용으로 하고 있다. 2021. 2. 5. 시행된 바 있는 개정 집합건물법상의 내용을 중심으로 집합건물 정책을 회고 하고, 나아가 2021년 국토교통부의 ‘2021년 국토교통부 주요업무 추진계획’에 나타난 주택정책을 회고하며, 나아가 ‘2022년 주요업무 추진계획’ 및 ‘22년 정부 업무보고 -부동산 시장 안정-’ 정책을 전망하고자 한다. 2020 개정 집합건물법에서의 개정 제도 및 정책회고와 국토교통부의 주택정책(넓게는 집합건물 정책 포함) 정책회고와 주택정책 추진방향 및 전망을 아울러 검토하였다.

Diagrid Systems for Structural Design of Complex-Shaped Tall Buildings

Moon, Kyoung Sun Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2016 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.5 No.4

Today's architectural design trend based on the recognition of pluralism has led to multiple design directions for all building types including tall buildings. This contemporary design trend has produced many complex-shaped tall buildings, such as twisted, tilted, tapered and freeform towers. Among many different structural systems developed for tall buildings, the diagrid system, with its powerful structural rationale and distinguished aesthetic potential, is one of the most widely used systems for today's tall buildings. This paper studies structural performance of diagrid systems employed for complex-shaped tall buildings. Twisted, tilted, tapered and freeform tall buildings are designed with diagrid structures, and their structural performances are investigated. For the twisted diagrid study, the buildings are twisted up to 3 degrees per floor. In the tilted diagrid study, the angles of tilting range from 0 to 13 degrees. The impact of eccentricity is investigated for gravity as well as lateral loads in tilted towers. In the study of tapered diagrid structures, the angles of tapering range from 0 to 3 degrees. In the study of freeform diagrid structures, lateral stiffness of freeform diagrids is evaluated depending on the degree of fluctuation of free form. The freeform floor plans fluctuate from plus/minus 1.5 meter to plus/minus 4.5 meter boundaries of the original square floor plan. Parametric structural models are generated using appropriate computer programs and the models are exported to structural engineering software for design, analyses and comparative studies.

Seismic Risk Assessment of Existing Low-rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Korea

Kang Seok LEE,Ju-Seong Jung,Yun-Chul Choi 대한건축학회 2018 Architectural research Vol.20 No.1

Countermeasures against earthquake disasters such as the seismic capacity evaluation and/or retrofit schemes of buildings, especially existing low-rise reinforced concrete buildings, have not been fully performed since Korea had not experienced many destructive earthquakes in the past. However, due to more than 1200 earthquakes with low or moderate intensity in the off-coastal and inland of Korea during the past 20 years, and due to the recent moderate earthquakes in Korea, such as the 2016 Gyeongju Earthquake with M=5.8 and the 2017 Pohang Earthquake with M=5.4, the importance of the future earthquake preparedness measures is highly recognized in Korea. The main objective of this study is to provide the basic information regarding seismic capacities of existing low-rise reinforced concrete buildings in Korea. In this paper, seismic capacities of 14 existing low-rise reinforced concrete public buildings in Korea are evaluated based on the Japanese Standard for Evaluation of Seismic Capacity of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Seismic capacities between existing buildings in Korea and those in Japan is compared, and the relationship of seismic vulnerability of Korean buildings and Japanese buildings damaged due to severe earthquakes are also discussed. Results indicated that Korean existing low-rise reinforced concrete buildings have a narrow distribution of seismic capacities and they are relatively lower than Japanese buildings, and are also expected to have severe damage under the earthquake intensity level experienced in Japan. It should be noted from the research results that the high ductility in Korean existing low-rise buildings obtained from the Japanese Standard may be overestimated, because most buildings investigated herein have the hoop spacing wider than 30 cm. In the future, the modification of strength and ductility indices in the Japanese Standard to propose the seismic capacity evaluation method of Korean buildings is most needed.

Direction of FIRE Response in Super Tall Buildings

Ryu Sang-il,Lee Ju-ho J-INSTITUTE 2017 International Journal of Human & Disaster Vol.2 No.1

Not long ago, a fire in high‐rise buildings in London, England, killed 58 people and caused enormous damage, which is the worst fire incident in the UK since World War II. In Korea, high‐rise buildings and super tall buildings have a tendency to continue to increase, but they are more vulnerable to fire response. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss prevention and countermeasures against super tall buildings in the future. As such, super tall buildings have been increasing more and more, but super tall buildings have not been able to cope with the fire countermeasures. Thus, this article examines the fire vulnerability of super tall buildings and the difficulty of fire suppression of super tall buildings, and suggests ways to prevent and quickly cope with fire in super tall buildings in the future. Super tall buildings are more vulnerable to fire. Of course, super tall buildings are strictly regulated with firefighting facilities such as sprinklers, evacuation facilities, and firewalls rather than general buildings. However, if fire breaks out due to the failure of fire suppression in the early stage of the fire, the firefighting authority is more vulnerable to fire because the firefighting must be accompanied by considerable difficulty. In particular, firefighting and rescue operations using helicopters are also difficult to access due to the rapidly changing currents around high‐rise buildings. And as a result, firefighters must enter the super tall build-ings themselves to quell the fire, which is not easy. Therefore super tall buildings fires are more vulnerable. There-fore, in case of fire in super tall buildings, fire suppression is very difficult, so more attention should be paid to fire prevention. Super tall buildings in many countries overseas, the emphasis is on expanding fire protection and fire evacuation facilities by applying very strict regulations. In Korea, it is also necessary to strengthen regulations for fire‐fighting facilities such as fire detectors and sprinklers for each building, and to strengthen the inspection in advance. The introduction of mid‐sized to large‐sized helicopters that can extinguish the fire of super tall build-ings seems to be urgent. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the initial fire detection system. In addition, it would be a good way to reduce the damage by conducting evacuation drills in advance for residents.

Wind tunnel investigation of correlation and coherence of wind loading on generic tall twin buildings in close proximity

Lim, Juntack,Bienkiewicz, Bogusz Techno-Press 2014 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.18 No.4

A popular modern architectural form for tall buildings is two (or more) towers which are structurally linked through such features as a shared podium or sky-bridges. The fundamental features of the wind loading and the structural links of such buildings can be studied by measuring load components on the individual unlinked towers along with their correlations. This paper describes application of dual high frequency force balance (DHFFB) in a wind tunnel study of the base wind loading exerted on generic tall twin buildings in close proximity. Light models of two identical generic tall buildings of square plan were mounted on DHFFB and the base wind loading exerted on the buildings was simultaneously acquired. The effects of the relative positions of the buildings on the correlations and coherences involving loading components on each building and on the two buildings were investigated. For some relative positions, the effects of the building proximity on the wind loading were significant and the loading was markedly different from that exerted on single buildings. In addition, the correlations between the loadings on the two buildings were high. These effects have potential to significantly impact, for example, the modally-coupled resonant responses of the buildings to the aerodynamic excitations. The presented results were not meant to be recommended for direct application in wind resistant design of tall twin buildings. They were intended to show that wind loading on tall buildings in close proximity is significantly different from that on single buildings and that it can be conveniently mapped using DHFFB.

집합건물 구분소유권에 관한 소고

나병진 ( Na Byung-jin ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2011 외법논집 Vol.35 No.3

The unit ownership of a building represent the right to occupy a portion of the building as a separate dwelling, store, office, etc. The buildings with multi-unit ownerships are subdivided according to the intended purposes of them into apartment building, tenement house, store, or office building. Such buildings are as a whole call a Aggregate buildings. For being a Aggregate buildings, it needs to independent object factors of structure and using, and to subjective factors of divided owner’s intention. Now days, these subjective factors become more important. There are some arguments that these Aggregate buildings’ property for divided own is kind of joint ownership such as sharing, joint ownership, and gesamteigentum because of a corporation act characteristic or has new properties which are unlike ordinary sharing, joint ownership, and gesamteigentum. However, it is not a new type of ownership but a sole ownership like existing ownership. Our Aggregate buildings’ law referred to European countries’ and Japanese one. However, since the roman, because of principle that building is belong to land, European tried to understand that the Aggregate buildings, the building and land formed as one thing , is a new different type of Reality. During accept the Aggregate buildings, hard law theory and many chimerical rules are made. According to our law, we have understudied that land and buildings are different things and have registered that way. So, I can sure that Aggregate buildings’ exclusively part, common area, and land can be batch together for registering one stuff in Korea. If we reflect our law’s property and use advanced IT, we can post register of Aggregate buildings more accurately. If registration act and Aggregate buildings act are revised, Aggregate buildings trade security will improve. So, market can gain high trust.