COMBUSTION DEVELOPMENT OF A BI-FUEL ENGINE

O. S. ABIANEH,M. MIRSALIM2,F. OMMI 한국자동차공학회 2009 International journal of automotive technology Vol.10 No.1

Environmental improvement and energy issues are increasingly becoming more important as worldwide concerns. Natural gas is a good alternative fuel that can help to improve these issues because of its large quantity and clean burning characteristics. This paper provides the experimental performance results of a Bi-Fuel engine that uses Compressed Natural Gas as its Primary fuel and gasoline as its secondary fuel. This engine is a modification of the basic 1.4-liter gasoline engine. Generally, on the unmodified base engine, torque and power for CNG fuel are considerably lower than gasoline fuel. In this paper, the influence of fuels on wall temperature, performance and emissions are investigated. Environmental improvement and energy issues are increasingly becoming more important as worldwide concerns. Natural gas is a good alternative fuel that can help to improve these issues because of its large quantity and clean burning characteristics. This paper provides the experimental performance results of a Bi-Fuel engine that uses Compressed Natural Gas as its Primary fuel and gasoline as its secondary fuel. This engine is a modification of the basic 1.4-liter gasoline engine. Generally, on the unmodified base engine, torque and power for CNG fuel are considerably lower than gasoline fuel. In this paper, the influence of fuels on wall temperature, performance and emissions are investigated.

Bi-modified Pt supported on carbon black as electro-oxidation catalyst for 300 W formic acid fuel cell stack

Choi, Mihwa,Ahn, Chi-Yeong,Lee, Hyunjoon,Kim, Jong Kwan,Oh, Seung-Hyeon,Hwang, Wonchan,Yang, Seugran,Kim, Jungsuk,Kim, Ok-Hee,Choi, Insoo,Sung, Yung-Eun,Cho, Yong-Hun,Rhee, Choong Kyun,Shin, Woonsup Elsevier 2019 Applied Catalysis B Vol.253 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Formic acid is a chemical with a simple molecular structure containing hydrogen. This liquid at room temperature is easy to handle and has a low toxicity, and is thus in the spotlight as a fuel. In particular, formic acid is an excellent fuel candidate because it can be operated at low temperatures when applied as a fuel in fuel cells with a high theoretical open-circuit voltage (1.48 V). However, it has a drawback in that the electrode catalyst is deactivated due to the generation of CO intermediates when formic acid is oxidized during cell operation. Therefore, to prevent this, an irreversibly adsorbed Bi on Pt catalyst is applied to a direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) anode because it is easy to synthesize and economical. Physical analyses such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were conducted, and electrochemical evaluations were performed through half-cell and single-cell level tests. The results revealed that the formic acid oxidation reaction activity of the Bi-modified Pt/C was 13 times higher than that of the conventional catalyst at 0.58 V. Further, a DFAFC stack was fabricated using the Bi-modified Pt/C, which yielded a power of 300 W. These results suggest that a simple synthesis method can be applied to fabricating industrially available DFAFC stacks.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Bi-modified Pt catalyst is applied to a direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) anode. </LI> <LI> Bi was irreversibly adsorbed on Pt catalyst by a simple synthetic strategy. </LI> <LI> Bi-modified Pt/C showed significantly high formic acid oxidation reaction activity. </LI> <LI> A DFAFC stack fabricated using Bi-modified Pt/C yielded a power of 300 W. </LI> <LI> The simple synthetic strategy can be applied to achieving DFAFC stacks commercially. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

CNG 승용 자동차의 배출가스 특성에 관한 실험적 연구

김현준(Hyun-jun Kim),이호길(Ho-kil Lee) 한국가스학회 2015 한국가스학회지 Vol.19 No.6

최근 차량용 에너지의 소비는 대부분 화석연료로부터 사용된다. 기존 화석 연료를 사용하는 자동차보다 친환경적이며 저렴하고 재생이 가능한 연료의 요구증대로 대체연료 자동차산업이 강조되고 있다. 오늘날 고옥탄가와 높은 자기발화온도 특징을 가지고 있는 천연가스는 저렴한 비용, 기존 화석연료보다 풍부한 매장으로 기존 스파크 점화엔진인 가솔린엔진의 대체에너지로 간주되고 있다. 본 연구는 기존 2리터 가솔린 엔진에 CNG 가스 분사시스템을 장착하여 전소 및 혼소 연료분사시스템을 설치하였다. 또한 CNG전소 및 가솔린/CNG 혼소차량의 ECU 제어전략을 최적화 하였다. 혼소차량에 대하여 NEDC모드 주행결과 가솔린 차량 대비 혼소차량의 CO2 저감율을 16%확인하였다. 또한 CO와 HC의 배기가스 배출량은 가솔린 차량과 동등한 수준을 확보하였다. 하지만 NOx의 배기가스 배출수준은 증가된 현상을 확인할 수 있었다. Recently, most of the energy consumed in vehicle is derived from fossil fuels. For this reason, the demand for clean, renewable and affordable alternative energy is forcing the automotive industry to look beyond the conventional fossil fuels. Natural gas represents today a promising alternative to conventional fuels for vehicles propulsion, because it is characterized by a relatively low cost, better geopolitical distribution than oil, lower environmental impact, higher octane number and a higher self ignition temperature. Above all, CNG is an environmentally clean alternative to the existing spark ignition engines with the advantages of minimum change. In this study was installed bi-fuel system that a conventional 2 liters gasoline engine was modified to run on natural gas by a gas injection system. Experiments were mainly carried on the optimization of an ECU control strategy affecting the emission characteristics of CNG/Gasoline bi-fule vehicle. The test results shown that CO2 emission in bi-fuel mode was reduced 16% compared to gasoline fuel in the NEDC mode. Also the amount of CO and HC emissions in bi-fuel and gasoline modes were found to equality. But Compared to gasoline, the bi-fuel mode resulted in higher NOx emissions.

Pt Deposits on Bi-Modified Pt Electrodes of Nanoparticle and Disk: A Contrasting Behavior of Formic Acid Oxidation

Lee, Hyein,Kim, Young Jun,Sohn, Youngku,Rhee, Choong Kyun The Korean Electrochemical Society 2021 Journal of electrochemical science and technology Vol.12 No.3

This work presents a contrasting behavior of formic acid oxidation (FAO) on the Pt and Bi deposits on different Pt substrates. Using irreversible adsorption method, Bi and Pt were sequentially deposited on Pt electrodes of nanoparticle (Pt NP) and disk (Pt disk). The deposited layers of Bi and Pt on the Pt substrates were characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. The electrochemical behaviors and FAO enhancements of Pt NP and Pt disk with deposited Bi only (i.e., Bi/Pt NP and Bi/Pt disk), were similar to each other. However, additional deposition of Pt on Bi/Pt NP and Bi/Pt disk (i.e., Pt/Bi/Pt NP and Pt/Bi/Pt disk) changed the electrochemical behavior and FAO activity in different ways depending on the shapes of the Pt substrates. With Pt/Bi/Pt NP, the hydrogen adsorption was suppressed and the surface oxidation of Pt was enhanced; while with Pt/Bi/Pt disk, the opposite behavior was observed. This difference was interpreted as a stronger interaction between the deposited Bi and Pt on Pt NP than that on Pt disk. The FAO performance on Pt/Bi/Pt NP is much better than that on Pt/Bi/Pt disk, most likely due to the difference in the interaction between the deposited Pt and Bi depending on the shapes of Pt substrates. In designing FAO electrochemical catalysts using Pt and Bi, the shape of a Pt substrate was concluded to be critically considered.

EURO6대응을 위한 CNG/Gasoline Bi-fuel 승용자동차의 배출가스 특성에 관한 연구

이호길(Ho-kil Lee),정수진(Soo-jin Jeong),김성훈(Sung-hoon Kim),김재동(Jae-dong Kim),전관서 한국자동차공학회 2011 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.5

Recently, most of the energy consumed in vehicle is derived from fossil fuels. For this reason, the demand for clean, renewable and affordable alternative energy is forcing the automotive industry to look beyond the conventional fossil fuels. Natural gas represents today a promising alternative to conventional fuels for vehicles propulsion, because it is characterized by a relatively low cost, better geopolitical distribution than oil, lower environmental impact, higher octane number and a higher self ignition temperature. Above all, CNG is an environmentally clean alternative to the existing spark ignition engines with the advantages of minimum change. In this study was installed bi-fuel system that a conventional 2 liters gasoline engine was modified to run on natural gas by a gas injection system. Experiments were mainly carried on the optimization of an ECU control strategy affecting the emission characteristics of CNG/Gasoline bi-fule vehicle. The test results shown that CO2 emission in bi-fuel mode was reduced 17% compared to gasoline fuel in the NEDC mode. Also the amount of CO and HC emissions in bi-fuel and gasoline modes were found to equality. But Compared to gasoline, the bi-fuel mode resulted in higher NOx emissions.

800kPa급 CNG 인젝터가 적용된 1.4L T-GDI Bi-fuel 엔진의 연소 특성 향상을 위한 최적제어에 관한 실험적 연구

유준상,조용석,조민기,이태용,이호길,남충우,김재광,전완재 대한기계학회 2019 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.43 No.11

The ongoing pursuit of low CO2 vehicle is driving natural gas vehicles into production around the world. Natural gas, which is mainly composed of methane (CH4), is attracting attention as an environmentally friendly fuel capable of replacing existing fossil fuels. In this paper, we developed a gasoline/CNG bi-fuel system using CNG injectors of 800 kPa for high flow and high precision control in a 1.4 L T-GDI engine This study is about the optimization of combustion characteristics of CNG fuel according to spark timing change. Experimental results show that the optimal spark timing of CNG fuel is different from the optimal spark timing of gasoline fuel. Optimization of the spark timing of CNG fuel resulted in improved torque, BSFC and BTE. This is because the spark timing optimization based on the high octane number of CNG increased the combustion speed of CNG. CO2 배출량 저감에 대한 지속적인 관심으로 메탄(CH4)이 주성분인 천연가스는 기존 화석 연료를 대체할 수 있는 친환경 연료로 주목받고 있다. 본 논문에서 1.4L T-GDI 엔진에 고 유량 및 고정밀 제어가 가능한 800kPa급 CNG 인젝터를 적용한 가솔린/CNG bi-fuel 시스템을 구축하여 점화 시기 변경에 따른 CNG 연료의 연소 특성의 최적화에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 실험 결과 CNG 연료의 최적 점화 시기는 가솔린 연료의 최적 점화 시기와 차이가 있었으며, 점화 시기 최적화를 통해 토크, 제동 연료소비율, 열효율이 개선되는 결과를 보였다. 이는 CNG의 높은 옥탄가를 활용한 점화 시기 최적화를 통해 CNG의 연소속도를 증가시켰기 때문이다.

CNG/LPG Bi-fuel 승용차의 배출가스 특성

조종표(Chongpyo Cho),이영재(Youngjae Lee),김강출(Gangchul Kim),권오석(Ohseuk Kwon) 한국자동차공학회 2011 한국 자동차공학회논문집 Vol.19 No.2

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is well known as one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels. Bi-fuel CNG vehicle can also run on gasoline or another fuel while dedicated natural gas vehicle is designed to run on natural gas only. Recently, increased attention has been focused on bi-fuel CNG/LPG taxi because of good fuel economy of CNG. A number of LPG taxis modified to CNG Bi-fuel vehicles are running in many cities. In this paper, the emissions characteristics of in-use passenger cars running on CNG and LPG were investigated. Chassis dynamometer test was used to measure exhaust emissions from an in-use fleet of 5 cars. Exhaust emissions were collected for CVS-75 driving mode. The test results showed that for CNG fuel mode, CO, CO₂ and NMHC emissions decreased to 9%, 12% and 14% respectively, and CH₄ and NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions increased to 317% and 47% respectively.

CNG Bi-fuel자동차의 CO₂100g/km 달성을 위한 성능 최적화

김홍주(Hong-ju Kim),이호길(Ho-kil Lee),김성훈(Sung-hoon Kim),김재동(Jae-dong Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2012 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2012 No.5

Recently CO₂ reduction targets are a big challenge for the mobility sector because about 20% of all CO₂ emissions origin from road traffic. For this reason, the demand for clean, renewable and affordable alternative energy is forcing the automotive industry to look beyond the conventional fossil fuels. Natural gas represents today a promising alternative to conventional fuels for vehicles propulsion, because it is gaining interest due to the worldwide ratio of assured reserves of natural gas and crude oil shifting towards natural gas. Above all, CNG is an environmentally clean alternative to the existing spark ignition engines with the advantages of minimum change. The main motivations for the use of natural gas focused by the European community are oil substitution, source diversification and independency of fuel supply as well as the reduction of greenhouse gases especially CO₂. The European commission defined a target share of 10% natural gas vehicles in the European community by 2020. In this study was installed bi-fuel system that a conventional 1.4 liters gasoline engine was modified to run on natural gas by a gas injection system. Experiments were mainly carried on the optimization of an ECU control strategy affecting the emission characteristics of CNG/Gasoline bi-fule vehicle. The test results was reached 100g/km of CO₂ emission for the CNG bi-fuel vehicle, it was also reduced 17% compared to gasoline fuel on the NEDC mode. Also the amount of CO and HC emissions in bi-fuel and gasoline modes were found to equality.

선박용 가솔린/CNG Bi-fuel 엔진개조 기술 개발

박명호(Myung-Ho Park) 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2010 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.34 No.4

천연가스는 메탄을 주성분으로 하는 청정한 대체연료로 자동차나 트럭 등에 압축천연가스와 액화천연가스 형태로 사용할 수 있다. 그리고, 천연가스만을 사용하는 전소엔진과 가솔린 및 천연가스를 동시에 사용할 수 있는 겸용엔진이 있으며, 특히, 겸용엔진의 경우 두가지 연료를 동시에 사용할 수 있는 것으로 정의할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 선박용 가솔린 시스템을 인젝터, 레귤레이터, 연료탱크 및 전자제어장치로 구성된 압축천연가스 겸용시스템으로 전환시켜 연료시스템과 동력값을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 천연가스엔진의 경우 적은 배출가스를 나타내었으며 최대동력은 가솔린엔진과 비교 약 7%정도 감소함을 확인할 수 있었다. Natural gas, a fossil fuel contained mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest alternative fuels. It can be used in the form of compressed gas(CNG) or liquefied natural gas(LNG) to cars and trucks. And, dedicated natural gas vehicles are designed to run on natural gas only, while Bi-fuel vehicles can also run on gasoline or CNG, especially, bi-fuel can be defined as the simultaneous combustion of two fuels. In this study, converted gasoline marine system to CNG Bi-fuel system which is made up of injector, regulator, tank and ECU is converted. And estimated the fuel system and engine power compared the result with gasoline engine is estimated. As a result, CNG engine shows low exhaust emissions but maxium power is 7% reduced compared to gasoline engine.

Formic acid electrooxidation activity of Pt and Pt/Au catalysts: Effects of surface physical properties and irreversible adsorption of Bi

Yoo, Jae Kwang,Choi, Mihwa,Yang, Seugran,Shong, Bonggeun,Chung, Hee-Suk,Sohn, Youngku,Rhee, Choong Kyun Elsevier 2018 ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA Vol.273 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Revealing formic acid oxidation (FAO) behaviors and designing a catalyst are very important in direct formic acid fuel cell industry. Herein, we introduced various Pt substrates of Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs), Pt deposits on Au nanoparticles (Pt/Au NPs), Pt disk, and Pt deposits on bulk Au disks (Pt/Au disk), and the catalysts modified with Bi by irreversible adsorption. For FAO in the absence of Bi-modification, the catalytic activity increased in the order of Pt disk < Pt NP < Pt/Au disk < Pt/Au NP. On the other hand, the presence of Bi on Pt surfaces enhanced the catalytic performance in the order of Pt/Au NP < Pt/Au disk ≈ Pt NP < Pt disk. The observed activities were found to be highly correlated with a synergistic effect by Bi modification and the surface physical properties of various modified Pt substrates. The single fuel cell performances of various Bi-modified Pt NPs and Pt/Au NPs were additionally examined for real application: the performances per substrate surface area, and Pt mass of Pt/Au NPs and Bi/Pt/Au NPs were better than those of Pt NP and Bi/Pt NPs. Furthermore, the presence of Bi corresponded to single cell potentials higher than those in the absence of Bi by more than 0.1 V at 100 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP>. The full understanding of the effects of surface physical properties and the irreversible adsorption of Bi further deepens the catalytic pathways of formic acid oxidation.</P>