중증 외상환자에서 염기 결핍수치의 유용성

문준동,김수진,문철규,최성혁,전정민,이성우,홍윤식 대한응급의학회 2001 대한응급의학회지 Vol.12 No.3

Background: This study's objective was to determine the prognostic value of the base deficit measured in the emergency department(ED) and to determine whether base deficit can provide information not provided by advanced injury scoring system. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of data collected for two years. Thirty-two severe trauma patients who were admitted to the Emergency Department of Korea University Hospital were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups: the normal base deficit group(-3 mmol/L to 3 mmol/L) and the elevated base deficit group(>3 mmol/L). The base-deficit value, age, sex, head injury, organ failure rate, and survival were considered, and the also Revised Trauma Score(RTS), Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE II), and Injury Severity Score(ISS) were measured. Result: The elevated base-deficit group showed a lower survival rate and a higher organ failure rate compared to the normal base deficit group. Logistic Regression showed a strong association between base deficit and mortality rate. Among the previous injury scoring Systems(RTS, APACHE II, ISS), base deficit had the strongest correlation with RTS. By using base deficit value and the RTS together, we obtained a higher positive predictive value than that obtained by using base deficit or RTS alone. Conclusion: The admission value of the base deficit in the ED is a useful tool in predicting the outcome in severe trauma patients, and it can be an adjunct to previous injury scoring systems. As an advanced injury scoring System is developed in the future, the base deficit may have some significant role.

A Function-Based Knowledge Base for Technology Intelligence

Janghyeok Yoon,Namuk Ko,Jonghwa Kim,Jae-Min Lee,Byoung-Youl Coh,Inseok Song 대한산업공학회 2015 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.14 No.1

The development of a practical technology intelligence system requires a knowledge base that structures the core information and its relationship distilled from large volumes of technical data. Previous studies have mainly focused on the methodological approaches for technology opportunities, while little attention has been paid to constructing a practical knowledge base. Therefore, this study proposes a procedure to construct a function-based knowledge base for technology intelligence. We define the product-function-technology relationship and subsequently present the detailed steps for the knowledge base construction. The knowledge base, which is constructed analyzing 1110582 patents between 2009 and 2013 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office database, contains the functional knowledge of products and technologies and the relationship between products and technologies. This study is the first attempt to develop a large-scale knowledge base using the concept of function and has the ability to serve as a basis not only for furthering technology opportunity analysis methods but also for developing practical technology intelligence systems.

K-2 공군기지 이전의 법적 절차에 관한 연구

김재한 청주대학교 학술연구소 2016 淸大學術論集 Vol.26 No.-

Although issue to relocate K2 air force base in Taegu has been a disputed question for long time, the new base location has not been settled. It is impossible to enact the special law supporting military air base relocation(2013) without cooperation of several cities including Taegu. Damage of residents next to air base can not be disregarded in current social circumstances. In addition air force power has been more crucial than before in national security. It is not easy to find the place to relocate the air base because people try to avoid military facilities nearby in residential area. Special law promise the expanded support for residents neighboring new military air base to facilitate the transfer of the base. But in reality, most of residents show unfavorable stance toward military facility except in very under-developed zone or in already established military air base. Ministry of National Defense is still under the selection process. Yechon county with air force base, is the first priority place. Daegu city should pay relocation expenses including construction cost of new base and supporting residents neighbouring the new base. Ministry of National Defense estimate the relocation expenses up to 7000 billion Won. Daegu city is planning to meet the relocation expenses with redevelopment profit of the K2 base. It seems that administrative and financial expenses to solve the problems between parties involved regarding the base relocation. Conflicts can be expected or created between the authorities including Ministry of National Defense and other parties who want to proceed smooth relocation as Ministry of National Defense specially may deal the problems of relocation in conservative stance. Recently government begin to pay the noise damage for residents neighbouring the base. Residents strongly request to relocate the base to local government and Daegu City. As relocation selection will be done by Ministry of National Defense, conflicts between local government and residents come to surface. Vote of local residents will be applied in selection of the candidate city to ease the conflicts. Military authorities try to build highly modernized air force base with the cost paid by old base city and residents for new base may expect more fund to accept the base. Accordingly stance between military authorities and the residents of new base will be different. ‘Special law for military base relocation and support’ provide the chance of coordination between resident participation and local governments of old and new base. Various contradictory structure remains among the parties involved such as residents, military authority, and local government. It is very urgent that policy transfer to simplify administrative and financial burden accumulated with the time spent to finish air force relocation.

총의치 환자에 있어 Permanent record base를 이용한 악간관계 기록

허윤석,신상완 大韓齒科補綴學會 1995 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.33 No.2

When the complete denture is made, the record base for jaw relation is divided into temporary record base and permanent record base. However, The temporary record base include some disadvantages such as, the lackness of intimate contact between model and base, the lackness of retention during the jaw relation registration, When we obtained jaw relation the permanent record bases made from heat curing resin were utilized. We could get several advantages as follows : 1. The permanent record base provided intimate contact between the model and record base. 2. In fabricating occlusal rim on record base, the dimensional change of record base was little because the permanent record base was lesser influenced to thermal change of occlusal rim than the temporary record base. 3. At the stage of jaw relation, the retention of final denture could be early checked. 4. It could be able to get more accurate registration of jaw relation because all procedure were done on the same base during the jaw relation, artificial teeth arrangement, try-in, and final denture construction. 5. Although there was an inconvenience due to double curing procedure, the shrinkage rate in resin polimerization was relatively reduced so that more dimensional stability could be taken

취득세 과세표준 규정의 문제점과 개선방안

정지선 한국세법학회 2023 조세법연구 Vol.29 No.3

취득세의 과세표준에 관한 종전 규정은 취득 주체에 따른 조세형평성의 침해 등 여러문제점이 지속적으로 제기되었으며, 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위해서 2021년 12월에지방세법을 개정하여 취득세 과세표준을 일원화하였다. 다만, 신고납부시기와 시가자료에 관한 시스템의 구축을 고려하여 적용시기를 1년간 유예하여 2023년부터 적용하고 있다. 이와 같이 취득세 과세표준에 관한 지방세법 규정을 개정하여, 종전의 여러 문제점을개선하였다. 그러나, 현재의 지방세법상 취득세 과세표준에 관한 규정 또한 여전히 문제점을 안고 있는데, 문제점과 개선방안을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 차량과 기계장비는 종전과 같이 신고가액과 시가표준액 중 큰 금액으로 하도록하고 있는데, 이는 과세대상에 따른 차별 문제가 발생할 가능성이 높다. 따라서, 차량이나 기계장비의 경우에도 사실상 취득가격이 밝혀지는 경우에는 사실상 취득가격을 취득세 과세표준으로 하여야 할 것이다. 둘째, 지방세법 시행령 제18조는 취득가액에 포함되는 것과 포함되지 않는 것을 열거하고 있는데, 그 근거가 명확하지 않아서 여전히 논란이 되고 있는 것이 현실이다. 따라서, 지방세법 시행령 제18조 제1항에서는 사실상의 취득가액에 포함되는지의 여부를 판단하는 규정을 신설하여 취득가액에 포함되는지의 여부를 명확하게 할 필요가 있다고할 것이다. 셋째, 할부이자와 연체료 및 중개보수의 경우 취득세 과세표준 포함 여부에 대하여 논란이 지속되고 있는 실정인데, 할부이자와 중개보수는 취득세 과세표준에 포함하는 것이 타당하고, 연체료의 경우에는 취득세 과세표준에서 제외하여야 할 것이다. 그리고, 부가가치세의 경우에는 부가가치세법상 과세사업자의 경우에는 취득가격에서 제외하고, 면세사업자이거나 개인의 경우에는 취득가격에 포함하는 것이 타당하다고 할 것이다. 넷째, 2019년 12월 31일 지방세법 시행령 제18조 제1항 제8호와 제9호를 신설하여, 붙박이 가구․가전제품 등 건축물에 부착되거나 일체를 이루면서 건축물의 효용을 유지또는 증대시키기 위한 설비․시설 등의 설치비용과 정원 또는 부속시설물 등을 조성․ 설치하는 비용을 취득세 과세표준에 포함하도록 규정하였다. 그러나, 동 규정의 타당성에 있어서는 여전히 의문이라고 할 것이다. 다섯째, 교환으로 인한 취득의 경우에는 교환으로 인하여 이전하는 자산과 이전받은자산의 가액 중에서 높은 가액을 취득세 과세표준으로 하도록 지방세법을 개정하였다. 그러나, 이러한 개정은 그 타당성이 없기 때문에 교환으로 인하여 이전받은 자산의 가액을 취득세 과세표준으로 하여야 할 것이다. 여섯째, 지방세법 제10조의3 제2항과 제3항에서는 유상승계취득에 대한 취득세 과세표준 산정에 있어서의 부당행위계산부인에 대하여 규정하고 있다. 그러나, 동 규정은 그타당성을 인정할 수 없기 때문에 삭제하는 것이 바람직하다고 할 것이다. 마지막으로, 무상취득에 대한 취득세 과세표준 산정에 있어서 시가인정액과 관련하여여러 문제점이 있는데, 합리적인 개선이 필요하다고 할 것이다. The previous regulations on tax base of acquisition tax have continuously caused various issues such as infringement of tax fairness depending on acquisition entities and, in order to improve these issues, Local Tax Act was revised in December 2021 to unify the acquisition tax base. However, in consideration of establishment of a system for reporting and payment timing and market price data, the application period has been postponed for one year and is being applied from 2023. As described above, regulations of local tax law on acquisition tax base were revised to improve various previous issues. Nevertheless, the regulations on acquisition tax base under current local tax law still have problems and the issues and improvement measures are summarized as shown below. First, vehicles and mechanical equipment are required to be valued based on reported value or standard market value, whichever is higher, and this method is very likely to cause discrimination issues depending on taxable items. Therefore, even in case of vehicles or mechanical equipment, if actual acquisition price is identified, actual acquisition price should be used as the acquisition tax base. Second, Article 18 of the Enforcement Decree of the Local Tax Act lists what is and is not included in the acquisition price but still causes disputes due to unclear basis. Therefore, it is required to add a provision on inclusion in actual acquisition price in Article 18.1 of Enforcement Decree of the Local Tax Act in order to make such inclusion clear. Third, there is ongoing arguments whether installment interest, late fees, and brokerage fees are included in the acquisition tax base but it is appropriate to include installment interest and brokerage fees in the acquisition tax base to exclude late fees from acquisition tax base. In addition, it is appropriate that value-added tax is excluded from acquisition price in the case of a taxable business under Value-Added Tax Act and is included in acquisition price in case of a tax-exempt business or individuals. Fourth, on December 31, 2019, Article 18.1.8 and Article 18.1.9 were established so that the installation costs of equipment and facilities, etc. such as built-in furniture and home appliances to be attached at or to form the part of buildings for improvement of efficiency of them and the costs to form or install gardens or auxiliary facilities are included in acquisition tax base. However, the validity of this regulation is still questionable. Fifth, in the case of acquisition through exchange, the price of assets to be transferred due to exchange or the price of transferred assets, whichever is higher, is included an acquisition tax base. However, as this revision has no validity, the value of the assets transferred through exchange should be used as the acquisition tax base. Sixth, Article 10-3.2 and Article 10-3.3 of Local Tax Act prescribe denial of unfair calculation when calculating acquisition tax base for derivative acquisition for value. However, as the validity of these provisions cannot be recognized, it would be desirable to delete them. Finally, there are several issues related to market values when calculating acquisition tax base for free acquisition and reasonable improvements are required.

문화콘텐츠의 민중의식과 변혁적 가치로의 실천방향

김진형 글로벌 문화콘텐츠학회 2017 글로벌문화콘텐츠 Vol.0 No.31

In traditional society, there are three major fruits of the culture in which people's consciousness is manifested: fruits based on people's literature, fruits based on people's cultural contents, and fruits based on people's revolution. As people's cultural contents in traditional society worked to increase the deficiency of actions based on people's consciousness when people's consciousness stayed in people's literature, the fruits based on people's cultural contents regulated people's actions based on people's consciousness between the fruits based on people's literature and those based on people's revolution. It also reduced the excessive actions based on people's consciousness during people's revolution. Like traditional society, the culture in which people's consciousness is manifested or is in the process of coming to fruition in modern society has come to fruition in three major aspects. There are, however, differences in terms of mutual relations among the three fruits between modern and traditional society. It is no exaggeration to say that the fruits based on people's literature immediately led to the fruits based on people's revolution during Rhee Syngman's dictatorial regime. During Park Chung-hee's dictatorial regime, however, there were no fruits based on people's revolution. However, the fruits based on people's literature laid a foundation for the fruits based on people's cultural contents. During Chun Doo-hwan's dictatorial regime, the independent actions of college students led to the fruits based on people's cultural contents between those based on people's literature and those based on people's revolution. Here, the functions of fruits based on people's cultural contents worked to serve as a cultural movement for fruition based on people's revolution beyond those of fruits based on people's cultural contents in traditional society. The Gwanghwamun Candlelight Culture Festival, which demanded Park Geun-hye's resignation, went beyond the patterns of mutual relations found in the three types of people's consciousness discussed so far since it solved massive social conflicts with the power of cultural contents by performing people's cultural contents faithfully while bearing fruits based on people's literature and people's cultural content freely. Therefore, the present study proposes two basic directions to realize people's consciousness in cultural contents as transformative values: one is orientation toward cultural contents to keep human dignity alive rather than cultural contents to kill human dignity; the other is to push forward a cultural contents revolution to reorganize the three core bases of cultural contents, which are legal, management, and business based. When they are realized, the Ministry of Culture will certainly be able to implement a cultural contents policy based on its original duty of creating culture. 전통사회에서 민중의식이 발현된 문화가 맺은 결실은 크게 ‘민중문학적 결실’, ‘민중문화콘텐츠적 결실’, ‘민중혁명적 결실’ 등 세 가지였다. 여기서 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실은 민중문학적 결실과 민중혁명적 결실 사이에서 민중의 ‘민중의식적 행동성’을 조절하는 기능을 했다고 볼 수 있다. 왜냐하면 전통사회의 민중문화콘텐츠는 민중의 민중의식이 민중문학에 머물렀을 때 나타나는 민중의식적 행동성의 결핍을 상승시키고, 한편 민중혁명에 나타나는 민중의식적 행동성의 과잉을 하강시키는 기능도 했기 때문이다. 현대사회에서 민중의식이 발현된 문화는 전통사회처럼 세 결실을 맺었거나 맺고 있는 중이다. 그러나 세 결실의 상호관계를 보면, 전통사회와는 전혀 다른 양상이다. 먼저, 이승만 독재정권 때는 민중문학적 결실을 통해 바로 민중혁명적 결실을 맺었다 해도 과언이 아니다. 이와 달리, 박정희 독재정권 때는 민중혁명적 결실을 맺지는 못했지만, 민중문학적 결실을 바탕으로 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실을 맺기 위한 기초를 다지는 작업을 했다고 볼 수 있다. 그에 비해, 전두환 독재정권 때는 민중문학적 결실과 민중혁명적 결실 사이에 대학생들의 주체적인 행동으로 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실을 맺었는데, 여기서 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실의 기능은 전통사회의 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실의 기능을 넘어서는 ‘민중혁명적 결실맺음을 향한 문화운동’의 기능을 했던 것이다. 박근혜 퇴진 광화문 촛불문화제는 지금까지 논의한 민중의식의 세 결실의 상호관계 양상을 넘어선 것이다. 왜냐하면 민중문학적 결실과 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실을 자유롭게 맺어가는 가운데 민중문화콘텐츠의 충실한 연행을 통해, ‘문화콘텐츠의 힘’으로 거대한 사회갈등을 해결하는 기능을 했기 때문이다. 최종적으로 문화콘텐츠에 나타난 민중의식을 변혁적 가치로 실천하기 위한 두 가지 기본방향을 제시하였다. 첫째로 인간의 존엄성을 ‘죽이는 문화콘텐츠’가 아닌, 그것을 ‘살리는 문화콘텐츠’를 지향하는 것이다. 둘째로 문화콘텐츠의 3대 핵심기반 즉, 법률기반, 관리기반, 사업기반을 재편하는 ‘문화콘텐츠혁명’을 추진하는 것이다. 그렇게 되면, 문화창달이라는 문화부 본연의 임무로 문화콘텐츠정책이 운영될 수 있을 것이 자명하다.

沖縄(日本) 基地村의 形成과 美軍-住民 關係

전경수(Chun Kyung-soo) 역사문화학회 2007 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.10 No.1

미군기지와 관련된 많은 논문들과 저술들은 거시적/미시적 입장으로 양분된 모습으로 정리될 수 있다(물론대부분이 거시적인 입장 또는 방향에서 진행된 것들이지만). 평행선을 긋고 있는 두 입장의 대립이 보여주는 현상이 현재 미군기지와 관련된 논의의 가장 심각한 문제들 중의 하나라고 생각된다. 미군기지와 관련된 주민들의 삶이라는 차원에서 본다면, 거시/미시의 이원론적 이해 구도는 삶이라는 과정적인 현상에 대한 이해의 포기라고 생각된다. 기지가 제공하는 문제들이 많기 때문에, 기지를 철수하면 모든 문제는 해결될 것인가. 결코 그렇지 않다. 왜냐하면, 삶이라는 과정적 현상을 상정한다면, 기지철수 이후에도 군사기지의 영향은 관성적으로라도 남게 마련이다. 남겨진 사람들은 최소한도 기지철수의 관성이 제공하는 영향력을 받으면서 살아간다. 오키나와가 군사기지와의 관계 속에서 조명될 수밖에 없는 것은 현실적으로 부정할 수 없다. 군사기지라는 특수한 상황이 오키나와의 삶을 심각하게 왜곡하고 있다는 점을 인식하고, 그 과정에 개입된 기지종속의 문제와 산업구조의 파행적 변형에 대해서 논의해보는 것이 현재 필자에게 주어진 과제이다. 미군의 군사기지로 전환된 오키나와의 정치경제학적인 구도 속에서 오키나와의 사람들은 어떻게 살아가고 있는가? 특히 미군기지가 자리하고 있는 지역의 사람들은 기지촌이라는 틀이 만들어지는 과정에 어떻게 개업되어 있고, 사교업과 기지촌이란 사회적인 분위기 속에서 제공되는 삶의 모습을 어떻게 만들어 가고 있는가? 미군이란 존재도 분명히 기지촌에 등장하는 집단들 중의 하나인데, 그들은 어떤 모습으로 그려질 수 있는가? 이상의 구체적인 세가지 문제에 집중적인 관심을 갖고 자료를 수집한 결과를 배경으로 논문을 정리하고자 한다. 미군이라는 군사조직이 주둔하는 미군기지는 기지의 구성과 운영상 필수 불가결하게 기지의 주변에 기지촌이라는 것을 수반하도록 만들어진 것임을 알 수 있다. 전쟁 수행을 목적으로 합법적으로 조직된 폭력집단이라는 기본적인 성격이 요구하는 문제는 여러 가지 측면에서 검토될 필요가 있다. 한편 미군기지는 세계의 여러 곳에 산재하고 있다. 미군기지라는 거대한 연망의 일부에 오키나와의 미군기지가 존재하고, 그 기지의 주변에 기지촌이 형성되어 있는 것이다. 미군기지가 있는 오키나와에는 기지촌만 있는 것이 아니다. 성적 욕구로 충만한 미군병사와 그들의 상대역으로 생활수단을 삼는 여성들로만 구성된 것이 기지촌이 아니다. 그것은 기지촌의 극단적인 한 모습이다. 기지와 기지촌에 연결된 많은 종류의 현실적인 삶에 대해서 구체적인 이해를 하는 것이 필요하다. 오키나와 金武町에 존재하는 新開地라는 기지촌에서 보여주는 삶의 모습은 기지촌의 연구가 여성에 집중된 성적인 문제뿐만 아니라 보다 더 넓은 사회적인 문제파악의 가능성을 열어주고 있음을 알 수 있다. This paper focuses on a 'base town" located in the central part of Okinawa, Japan. The base town means a town geographically and functionally related to the US military base. The part of the town(Kin village) is called Shinkaichi(newly developed land) closely located to the Camp Hansen(US marine camp). In this base town, there are three different groups of people: US marines from the camp, Okinawan natives(including some Japanese from mainland) in the homeland, and Filipino women(including some other internationals) working at the American bar system. My immediate question to deal with this ethnographic issue of the base town is: how the base town is differently recognized by these three groups? How do they compete, utilize, cooperate with each other? Finally the base town is perceived as a social entity in relation with the US military bases overseas now and future in this world. The base economy with the military s "rest and recreation" (R & R) policy created a massive service industry, of which a large part was mainly catered to the military personnel. In Kin village, effects of the base economy were apparent in all the three categories. First, the money from the leasing of lands to the military base, which started in 1953, became a stable income source for the village and individual land owners. Secondly, the presence of the base created employment opportunities for the village people on and off the base as maids, construction workers, and gardeners. The base-related occupations were replacing the village s traditional occupations of agriculture and timber. Thirdly, the base economy created a service industry in the Shinkaichi section which bars, clubs, and brothels were built for military personnel. While most of these bars and clubs sold drinks and foods, prostitution was part of the Shinkaichi s economy. The creation of this service industry was very significant to the village people in the sense that it created totally new occupations such as bar owners and hostesses and brought about a demographic change in the population of the village. The presence of the base is often associated by the townspeople with the high rates of criminal incidents caused by military personnel and military accidents in the town. To deal with such accidents and incidents caused by the military and military personnel, the town office and many townspeople take actions of protest whenever such problems occur. However, most of the townspeople perceive that their protest has not been effective in preventing occurrence of such incidents and accidents. Moreover, the town has nation-widely been acknowledged as an image of dark and crime-based related with the military personnels even through the national media. I would like to make one more comment to look into this base especially concerning about the military personnels. Military personnels themselves have their own family and most of them have been called on through certain system of recruitment in the context of national security and so on. They themselves are mostly victimized in the international politics. If we eliminate military personnels position in consideration of the base town and related military camp society, we would again victimize the victims in international politics at certain ways.

의치상 레진의 표면 전처리가 연성 이장재와의 인장결합강도에 미치는 영향

윤민철,정창모,전영찬,Yoon, Min-Chul,Jeong, Chang-Mo,Jeon, Young-Chan 대한치과보철학회 2007 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.45 No.5

Statement of problem: The failure of adhesion between the resilient denture liner and the denture base is a serious problem in clinic. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of denture base resin surface pretreatments (mechanical and/or chemical) on the tensile bond strength between a resilient liner and processed denture resin. Material and method. Acrylic-based resilient liners (Soft liner; GC co., Japan & Coe-Soft; GC America Inc. USA) and silicone-based resilient liners (Mucosoft, Parkell Inc., USA & Dentusil; Bosworth co., USA) were used. Specimens in each soft lining material were divided two groups with or without mechanical pretreatment. Each denture base specimen received 1 of 4 chemical pretreatments including: (1) no treatment, (2) 30-s acetone treatment, (3) 15-s methylene chloride treatment, (4) 180-s methyl methacrylate treatment. All specimens were thermocycled and placed under tension until failure in a universal testing machine. Results: 1. Silicone-based resilient liners exhibited significantly higher tensile bond strengths than acrylic-based resilient liners (P<.05). 2. Grinding the denture base resin improved tensile bond strengths of silicone-based resilient liners, but reduced tensile bond strengths of acrylic-based resilient liners (P<.05). 3. In acrylic-based resilient liners, treating with acetone significantly increased the bond strength of Soft liner and treating with methyl methacrylate significantly increased the bond strength of Coe-Soft (P<.05). However they were not effective compared to silicone-based resilient liner. 4. In silicone-based resilient liners, treating with all chemical etchants significantly increased the bond strength of Mucosoft to denture base, and treating with methylene chloride and methyl methacrylate increased the bond strength of Dentusil to denture base (P<.05). Conclusion: Although chemical and mechanical pretreatments were not effective on tensile bond strength of acrylic-based resilent liner to denture base, treating the denture base resin surface with appropriate chemical etchants after mechanical pretreatment significantly increased the tensile bond strength of silicone-based resilient liner to denture base.

브라켓 기저부 형태에 따른 전단, 인장, 전단/인장복합결합강도의 비교

이춘봉,이승호,김정기 대한치과교정학회 1999 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.29 No.5

금속 브라켓의 결합강도에 영향을 미치는 요소인 브라켓 기저부의 형태와 결합 부위에 적용되는 힘의 특성에 대해 알아보고자 연구를 시행하였다. 형태가 다른 5종의 금속브라켓의 기저부와 결합강도 측정후 접착파절양상을 stereoscope and scanning electron microscope를 통해 관찰하고 결합 부위에 적용되는 힘은 전단결합강도, 인장결합강도, 전단/인장복합결합강도로 구분하고 결합강도를 비교하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 브라켓 기저부 형태에 따른 모든 군에서 전단결합강도(SBS)가 제일 컸으며, 인장결합강도(TBS)는 SBS의 50%정도 수준이었고 전단/인장복합결합강도(S/TBS)는 전단결합강도(SBS)의 30%정도이었다. 2. 브라켓의 결합강도는 Micro-Loc base가 가장 크고(SBS:22.86±1.37kgf, TBS:11.37±1.43kgf, S/TBS:6.69±0.34kgf), Integral base가 가장 작았다(SBS:10.52±1.27kgf, TBS:4.27±1.08kgf, S/TBS:2.94±0.58kgf). 3. 단위면적당 결합강도 비교시, Integral base가 가장 작았고(p<0.05), 전단결합강도와 인장결합강도에서는 Micro- Loc과 Chessboard base간의 차이가 없었으며(p>0.05), Non-Etched foil Mesh와 Micro-Etched foil Mesh base 간의 전단결합 강도와 인장결합강도는 차이가 없었으나, 전단/인장복합결합강도에서는 Micro-Etched Foil Mesh base가 Non-etched Foil Mesh base보다 더 크게 나타났다. 4. 전단, 인장, 전단/인장복합결합강도 측정후 접착파절은 브라켓/레진 계면에서 일어나 ARI score가 작게 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shear, tensile and shear/tensile combined bond strenghts(SBS, TBS, S/TBS) in various orthodontic brackets bonded to human teeth with chemically cured adhesive (Ortho-one, Bisco, USA). Five types of metal brackets with various bracket base configurations (Micro-Loc base(Tomy, Japan), chessboard base(Daesung, Korea), Non-Ethed Foil Mesh base(Dentarum, Germany), Micro-Etched Foil Mesh base(Ortho Organiners, USA), Integral base(Unitek, USA)) were used in this study. Shear, tensile and shear/tensile combined bond strengths according to the direction of force were measured by universal testing machine. The bracket base surface after bond strength test were examined by stereoscope and scanning electron microscope. The assessment of resin remnant on bracket base surface was carried out by ARI(adhesive remnant index). The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. In all brackets, SBS was in the greatest value(p<0.05), TBS was in 50% level and S/TBS was in 30% level of SBS. 2. In bond strength, Micro-Loc base bracket showed the maximum bond strength(SBS : 22.86±1.37kgf, TBS:11.37±0.42kgf, S/TBS:6.69±0.34kgf) and Integral base bracket showed the minimum bond strength(SBS : 10.52±1.27kgf, TBS:4.27±1.08kgf, S/TBS:2.94±0.58kgf) (p<0.05). 3. In bond strength per unit area, Integral base bracket showed the minimum value, Micro-Loc base and Chessboard base brackets were in similar value(p>0.05). Non-Etched Foil Mesh base and Micro-Etched Foil Mesh base bracket were similar in SBS and TBS(p>0.05), but Micro-Etched Foil Mesh base bracket was greater than Non-Etched foil Mesh base bracket in S/TBS(p<0.05). 4. Bond failure sites were mainly between bracket base and adhesive, therefore ARI scores were low.

개별접근 집단상담과 가족접근 집단상담의 효과 비교 -가정폭력 노출아동의 적응향상을 중심으로-

유채은,김종운 한국상담학회 2008 상담학연구 Vol.9 No.4

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Individual Apprach-based Group Counseling and Family Approach-based Group Counseling on the better adaptation of children who are exposed to domestic violence. The two programs developed by the researcher are based on ‘The Method of the Treatment of Children who Are Exposed to Domestic Violence’ by Cook et al.(2005), Pellegrini's(1990) ‘Stress Inoculation Training Programs’ and ‘Group Counseling Development Stages’ by Lee Hyeong Deuk(1998). To analyze effects of the two group counseling programs, the researcher organized two groups, Experimental Groups I and II. Out of these, the former consisted of 7 children only to whom Individual Approach-based Group Counseling was applied, while the latter, 7 children and 7 mothers and Family Approach-based Group Counseling. Each of the two counseling programs was applied over 12 weeks, with 1 session a week and 120 minutes per session based. Before and after the application of the above programs, children of the two experimental groups were measured by using the inventories of depression and anxiety, aggressiveness, self-esteem and reaction to stress. For data processing, Wilcoxon Signed Rank was used to compare between scores from the pre- and post-tests of each of the experimental groups. Then Mann-Whitney U Test was made to compare effects of the two group counseling programs in accordance with research questions as raised in the study. Findings of the study can be summarized as follows. Experimental Group II, to which Family Approach-based Group Counseling showed significance differences in depression and anxiety, self-esteem and reaction to stress from Experimental Group I, to which Individual Approach-based Group Counseling. Both of the group counseling were effective in reducing children's aggressiveness, but with no significant difference between the two groups. Based on these findings, the researcher discussed implications of both Individual Approach-based and Family Approach-based Group Counseling and made suggestions for them. 본 연구는 개별접근 집단상담과 가족접근 집단상담이 가정폭력에 노출된 아동의 적응향상에 어떠한 효과 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 집단상담 프로그램은 Cook 등(2005)이 개발한 가정폭력 노출아동에 대한 치료방법, Pellegrini(1990)의 스트레스 면역 훈련 프로그램(stress inoculation training programs)과 이형득(1998)이 개발한 집단상담 발달단계에 근거를 두고 있다. 두 집단상담의 효과를 비교하기 위하여 가정폭력 노출 아동 7명만을 대상으로 하는 개별접근 집단상담과, 가정폭력 노출 아동 7명과 그들의 어머니 7명을 대상으로 하는 가족접근 집단상담을 각각 진행하였다. 집단상담 프로그램의 진행방식은 1회기별 120분, 주 1회로 12주에 걸쳐 총 12회기 과정이었다. 개별접근 집단상담에 참여한 실험집단Ⅰ과 가족접근 집단상담에 참여한 실험집단Ⅱ를 대상으로 프로그램 실시 전과 후에 우울·불안 척도, 공격성척도, 자아존중감척도, 스트레스 대처방식 척도를 실시하였다. 자료처리는 각 집단별 사전-사후검사 점수 변화를 비교하기 위하여 Wilcoxon Signed Rank를 실시하였고, 연구문제의 프로그램 효과를 비교하기 위하여 종속변수에 나타난 사후검사 점수에 대해 실험집단Ⅰ과 실험집단Ⅱ 간에 Mann-Whitney U Test를 실시하였다. 연구결과, 가족접근 집단상담을 실시한 실험집단Ⅱ는 개별접근 집단상담을 실시한 실험집단Ⅰ보다 우울․불안, 자아존중감, 스트레스 대처방식에 있어서 유의미한 차이를 보였으나, 공격성에 있어서는 집단상담의 효과는 나타났으나 두 집단 간의 의미 있는 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 개별접근 집단상담과 가족접근 집단상담에 대한 제언 및 시사점을 논의하였다.