Visual Attention Servo Control for Task-specific Robotic Applications

Dong Liu,Ming Cong,Yu Du,Yunfei Zhang,Clarence W. de Silva 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2013 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.11 No.6

This paper proposes a visual attention servo control (VASC) method which uses the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for task-specific applications of mobile robots. In particular, low dimensional bias feature template is obtained using GMM to get an efficient attention process. An image-based visual servo (IBVS) controller is used to search for a desired object in a scene through an attention system which forms a task-specific state representation of the environment. First, task definition and object representation in semantic memory (SM) are proposed, and bias feature template is obtained using GMM deduction for features from high dimension to low dimension. Second, the features intensity, color, size and orientation are extracted to build the feature set. Mean shift method is used to segment the visual scene into discrete proto-objects. Given a task-specific object, top-down bias attention is evaluated to generate the saliency map by combining with the bottom-up saliency-based attention. Third, a visual attention servo controller is developed to integrate the IBVS controller and the attention system for robotic cognitive control. A rule-based arbitrator is proposed to switch between the episodic memory (EM)-based controller and the IBVS controller depending on whether the robot obtains the desired attention point on the image. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated on task-specific object detection under different conditions and visual attention servo tasks. The obtained results validate the applicability and usefulness of the developed method for robotics.

HIIT 프로그램의 적용이 여아의 자기통제력과 주의집중력에 미치는 영향

김은진,김경래 한국리듬운동학회 2023 한국리듬운동학회지 Vol.16 No.3

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the HIIT program for 12 weeks on self-control and attention in elementary school girls. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study 34 fifth-grade girls with high self-control scores at S elementary school were selected at random and allocated 17 students each for the exercise group and the control group. The results are as follows. Firstly, the HIIT program for girls with high self-control scores made a contribution to the self-control. The exercise group revealed significant differences statistically, however control group showed no differences for the experiment. Secondly, 12-week HIIT program for girls with high self-control scores made a contribution to the attention persistence. The exercise group revealed significant differences statistically, however control group showed few changes during the experiment. In conclusion, HIIT program for 12 weeks had effect positively with low self-control elementary girls for sub-variables of self-control, impulsivity, adventure seeking, self-centering and sub-variables of attention, attention persistence. It will make a contribution to the exercise program to help improve the self-control and attention.

주도적 대처, 주의조절력 및 과경계가 지각된 스트레스에 미치는 영향: 조절된 매개효과 분석

현승주,구자일 한국상담심리학회 2021 한국심리학회지 상담 및 심리치료 Vol.33 No.2

The present study examined Aspinwall and Taylor’s (1997) theoretical discussions, which suggest that hypervigilance may emerge as a maladjustment for proactive coping, but that attentional control can be cultivated to reduce hypervigilance while using proactive coping strategies. However, prior research on each variable suggests that the interaction of proactive coping and attentional control may increase hypervigilance. This study examined whether the interaction of proactive coping and attentional control increases hypervigilance, and whether attentional control changes the mediating effect of hypervigilance in the relationship between proactive coping and perceived stress. Surveys (PCI, ACQ, BHS, and PSS) were administered to 521 Korean adults, and moderating and moderated mediating effects were analyzed. The results indicated that the interaction of proactive coping and attentional control increased hypervigilance. Additionally, the effect of proactive coping on perceived stress through hypervigilance changed according to attentional control. Implications for intervention, limitations, and research recommendations are discussed. 본 연구에서는 주도적 대처, 주의조절력 및 과경계의 관계성에 대한 Aspinwall과 Taylor(1997)의 이론적 논의를 경험적으로 검증하였다. 구체적으로, Aspinwall과 Taylor(1997)는 주도적 대처의 잠재적 부적응으로 과경계가 나타날 수 있음을 주장하였다. 동시에, 이들은 주도적 대처를 사용하면서도 과경계의 가능성을 감소시키기 위해 주의조절력을 배양할 것을 제안하였다. 그러나 각 변인에 대한 선행연구를 고려할 때, 주도적 대처와 주의조절력의 상호작용은 오히려 과경계 수준을 상승시킬 것으로 추론된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 주도적 대처와 과경계의 관계를 주의조절력이 역기능적으로 조절하는지 살펴보았다. 또한, 기존의 논의를 확장하여 주의조절력에 따라 주도적 대처와 지각된 스트레스의 관계에서 과경계의 매개효과가 달라지는지 확인하였다. 연구를 위해 한국 성인 521명을 대상으로 주도적 대처, 주의조절력, 과경계, 지각된 스트레스를 측정하는 척도들로 구성된 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 조절효과 및 조절된 매개효과를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 주도적 대처와 주의조절력의의 상호작용은 과경계에 정적 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 주의조절력 고집단에서만 주도적 대처가 과경계를 통해 지각된 스트레스를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 기존의 주도적 대처 증진 프로그램에서 참여자들의 주의조절력 수준을 고려해야 할 필요성을 제기한다. 이를 바탕으로 의의, 시사점 및 제한점을 논의하였다.

사회적 기술 향상 프로그램이 ADHD 아동의 충동성 및 자기통제력에 미치는 효과

정종진 ( Jong Jin Jeong ),김영화 ( Young Hwa Kim ) 한국초등교육학회 2002 초등교육연구 Vol.15 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine whether social skills training would have an effect on lowering the impulsiveness of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and promoting their self- control. The research questions were posed as below: First, are there any differences in impulsiveness between the ADHD children of the experimental group that takes social skills training and those of the control group that doesn`t? Second, are there any differences in self-control between the ADHD children of the experimental group that takes social skills training and those of the control group that doesn`t? To address the research questions, the following hypotheses were established, based on the literature concerned and earlier studies: Hypothesis 1. The experimental group that takes social skills training would become less impulsive than the control group that doesn`t. Hypothesis 2. The experimental group that takes social skills training would have better self-control than the control group that doesn`t. The subjects in this study were the third and fourth graders from S elementary school in the city of Daegu. Among them, the children who had ever been exposed to cognitive behavioral therapy or drug therapy were ruled out. After those who were found to lack attention and be impulsive by their homeroom teachers were selected, they were tested with Conners simplified scale for teacher, a behavioral assessment scale widely used for ADHD child identification, to select the final subjects. The finally selected children were randomly divided into a 10-member experimental group and a 10-member control group. The social skills training was carried out for six weeks, and SPSS/PC+ program and t-test were utilized for data analysis. Besides, a qualitative analysis was added, by asking the experimental group children and their parents to give their feedback and by observing the behavioral change of the children. The brief findings of this study could be described as below: First, the social skills training was effective for easing the impulsive-ness of the ADHD children (t=3.706, P〈.01). Second, the social skills training was effective for developing the self-control of the ADHD children(t=4.554, P〈.001). Based on the above-mentioned findings, the following conclusion was reached: First, the social skills training has an effect on relieving the impulsiveness of ADHD elementary schoolers. That training serves to help ADHD children who originally behave or speak without thinking control their own impulsive behavior, and to reduce their behavior of teasing classmates, making a big noise, giving impulsive and unreasonable answer, or failing to concentrating on task performance. Second, the social skills training has an effect on developing the self-control of ADHD elementary schoolers. The behavioral characteristics of ADHD children is gradually said to be attributed to the lack of self-control, and poor self-control is known to lead to immediate reaction, distraction sensitive to even slightest stimuli, poor achievement and negative self-concept. A variety of social skills training such as modelling or role playing, are useful for the change or modification of negative behavioral characteristics.

부정적 정서강도, 주의력 조절, 경계선 성격 성향

민지영,최종옥,방희정 한국청소년학회 2014 청소년학연구 Vol.21 No.12

First purposes of this study is to identify how negative emotional intensity and attentional control predict borderline personality disorder traits. Second objective is to examine moderation effects of attentional control on relationships between negative emotional intensity and borderline personality disorder traits. For this research, 337 university students were asked to fill out a questionnaire with shame and guilt scale of the Test of Personality Assessment Inventory - Borderline Features Scale (PAI-BOR), Affect Intensity Measure (AIM), Attentional Control Questionnaire (ACQ). The results of the study are as follows. Borderline personality disorder traits show positive relations with negative emotional intensity and negative relations with attentional control. Attentional control has moderation effects on relations between negative emotional intensity and borderline personality disorder traits. It is valid whether negative emotional intensity is high or low. To be more specific low attentional control group show more increase in rejection sensitivity due to negative emotional intensity growth. Thus low attentional control group is more vulnerable to borderline personality disorder traits depending on negative emotional intensity. 본 연구에서는 부정적 정서강도와 경계선 성격장애 성향간의 관계에서 주의력 조절이 중재효과가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 4년제 대학생들 350명을 대상으로 주의력 조절 척도(ACQ), 정서 강도척도(AIM), 경계선 성격장애 척도(PAI-BOR)를 실시하였다. 상관분석으로 변인들 간의 관련성을 검토한 후 두 번의 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 경계선 성격장애 성향은 부정적 정서 강도와 각각 유의미한 정적 상관관계를 가지고 주의력 조절과는 유의미한 부적 상관을 나타냈다. 둘째, 부정적 정서강도와 경계선 성격장애 성향간의 관계에서 주의력 조절은 중재효과를 나타내었다, 이는 경계선 성격 성향에 있어 부적 정서강도가 낮거나, 높은 경우 모두 주의력 조절의 영향을 받는다는 것을 의미한다. 구체적으로, 주의력 조절이 낮은 경우에 높은 경우보다 부적 정서강도에 따라 경계선 성격장애성향의 정도가 더 증가하는 것을 확인해볼 수 있다. 즉, 주의력 조절력이 낮은 사람일수록 부정적 정서를 강하게 느끼는 정도에 따라 경계선 성격장애 성향에 더 취약하다고 할 수 있다.

인지적 통제 능력의 개인차와 선택적 주의: 대상효과와 위치효과를 중심으로

권미경,김민식 한국인지및생물심리학회 2016 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.28 No.2

Understanding the relationship between individuals’ cognitive abilities and selective attention has implications for both general cognitive mechanisms and characteristics of special populations. Bleckley et al. (2003, 2015) suggested that individuals with high cognitive control ability allocate attention effectively based on an object (i.e., object-based facilitation effect), whereas individuals with low cognitive control ability allocate attention broadly based on the location of the object. If those with high cognitive control ability use object-based attention for effective information processing, they should not allocate attention to an object, if selection based on the object is not effective. The present study examined how individuals with high cognitive ability and with low cognitive ability allocate their attention when the selection based on an object is not effective. We also attempted to measure location and object effects more accurately by moving a cued object to another location. The results revealed that when participants were informed that a target was more likely to occur at the cued location, only those with high cognitive ability showed an inhibition effect at the opposite end of the cued object (separated from its original location). In contrast, the magnitude of location effect (separated from the object) did not differ between the high and low control groups. Our findings not only support the view that object effect is related with cognitive control but also suggest that the direction of object effect varies across tasks. 개인의 인지적 특성과 선택적 주의의 관계를 이해하는 것은 기본적인 인지처리 과정의 이해뿐만 아니라 병리학적으로도 의의가 있다. Bleckley 등(2003, 2015)은 인지적 통제능력이 높은 사람은 효율적 선택을 위해 대상을 중심으로 주의를 할당하는 반면(대상에 근거한 촉진 효과), 인지적 통제능력이 낮은 사람은 위치를 중심으로 넓게 주의를 할당한다고 주장하였다. 만약, 인지적 통제능력이 높은 사람에게서 관찰되는 대상에 근거한 촉진효과가 개인의 고정된 주의할당 방식이 아니라 효율성의 산물이라면, 대상에 근거한 선택이 효율적이지 않을 경우 촉진효과가 사라져야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 움직이는 대상 패러다임을 사용하여 위치효과와 대상효과를 보다 정확히 측정하였으며, 대상에 기반한 선택이 효율적이지 않은 상황에서 인지적 통제능력의 상위집단과 하위집단 간에 주의할당 방식의 차이가 나타나는 지를 살펴보았다. 실험 결과, 단서가 주어진 ‘위치’에 목표자극이 제시될 확률이 높다는 사전 정보를 주었을 때, 상위집단은, 하위집단과 달리, (위치와 분리된) 대상으로의 주의 할당을 억제하는 경향을 보였다. 반면에, 집단 간 (대상과 분리된) 위치효과의 차이는 유의하지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 대상효과가 개인의 인지적 통제능력과 관련이 있다는 기존의 이론을 지지할 뿐만 아니라 대상효과의 방향이 과제에 따라 유동적임을 시사한다.

여자 대학생의 거부민감성과 우울의 관계: 주의조절의 매개효과

박민숙 ( Min Sook Park ) 서강대학교 학생생활상담연구소 2014 人間理解 Vol.35 No.1

본 연구는 여자 대학생의 거부민감성과 우울 간의 관계에서 주의조절의 매개효과를 알아보고자 진행되었다. 여대생의 거부민감성이 우울에 미치는 영향에 있어 주의조절이 매개변인으로 작용할 것을 예측하였고, 이를 확인하기 위해 서울 및 경기 지역의 4년제 대학교에 재학 중인 여자 대학생 279명을 대상으로 거부민감성 척도(RSQ), 주의력 조절 척도(ACQ), 우울 척도(한국판 CES-D)를 사용하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집한 자료는 SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 분석하였다. 상관분석 결과, 거부민감성은 우울과 높은 정적 상관을 보였고, 주의조절과는 부적상관을 보였으며, 주의조절과 우울의 관계에서는 부적상관이 나타났다. 또한 거부민감성이 우울에 영향을 미치는 경로에 있어 주의조절의 매개효과를 살펴본 결과, 여자 대학생 집단에서 주의조절은 유의한 수준에서 거부민감성과 우울의 관계를 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 여대생의 거부민감성이 우울에 직접적인 영향을 미치면서 동시에 주의조절을 통해 간접적으로도 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있다. 끝으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점, 앞으로의 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다. The purpose of this study was to examine whether attention control mediates the effects of rejection sensitivity on depression. A total of 279 female undergraduate students completed self report questionnaires measuring rejection sensitivity, attention control and depression. The results were as follows. First, rejection sensitivity was positively related with depression and negatively correlated with attention control. Attention control was also negatively related to depression. Second, attention control partially mediated the relationship between rejection sensitivity and depression. These findings support the role of attention control in the increased vulnerability of high rejection sensitive people to depression, and suggest that more attention needs to be paid to attention control when designing intervention programs for female undergraduate students with high rejection sensitivity. Finally, study significance and limitations were discussed, as well as recommended follow-up studies.

조직시민행동이 과업수행에 미치는 영향: 시간관리 기술과 주의통제의 조절효과

이숙이 ( Suk Yi Lee ),이종구 ( Jong Goo Lee ) 전북대학교 사회과학연구소 2018 지역과 세계 Vol.42 No.2

The purposes of the present study were to examine the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior(OCB) and task performance, and whether the relationship of OCB and task performance was affected by time management skill and attentional control. In this study, We hypothesized that OCB and task performance has inverted U-shaped relationship, and that was explained by lack of time and distraction. The time management skill is related to the problem of time shortage, and attentional control is related to the problem of attention distraction. 332 employees(204 males, 189 females, 5 non-responses) participated in the survey. The average age of participants was 36.32(SD = 10.57) years, and the average tenure of participants was 8.85(SD = 9.01) years. As a result of multiple regression analysis, we found that OCB and task performance had significantly positive linear relationship. The main effects of time management skill and attentional control were statistically significant, however moderating effects of time management skill and attentional control were not significant. Effects of OCB, time management skill, and attentional control on the task performance were significant, respectively. OCB and task performance had not curvilinear relationship but linear one. About this results, three possible reasons were discussed.

보건계열 대학생들의 스마트폰 중독수준 정도에 따른 주의력 조절, 대인관계 지지에 미치는 비교영향 분석

추연기 ( Yeon-ki Choo ),배원식 ( Won-sik Bae ) 대한통합의학회 2021 대한통합의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

Purpose : To investigate the degree of smartphone addiction among health-related college students, and to compare and analyze the effect of the degree of addiction on attention control and interpersonal support. Methods : 184 people who voluntarily participated and agreed to fill out the questionnaire were randomly sampled. The smartphone self-diagnosis scale was used to measure the degree of smartphone addiction, and the Attentional Control Questionnaire (ACQ) was used as a tool to measure the degree of attention control. In addition, the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) was used to measure the degree of interpersonal support. Results : In comparison of the degree of smartphone addiction according to the general characteristics of the subjects, there was no significant difference according to religion, major, and grade, but there was a significant difference in gender and daily use time of smartphones (p <.05). There was a significant difference in the degree of attention control according to the level of smartphone addiction (high risk, potential risk, general user group) (p <.05), but there was no significant difference in the degree of interpersonal support. Conclusion : The degree of smartphone addiction was relatively higher for women than for men, and users who used it for a long time per day were more addicted. It also showed that attention control was further reduced in highly addictive users.

뇌졸중 환자에서 이중과제 수행 시 자세의 안정성과 집중력간의 상호관계

이숙정,한은영,이진아,전민호 대한재활의학회 2010 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.34 No.1

Objective: To compare differences in postural changes during dual-task performance (DTP) between stroke patients and healthy controls, and to investigate the relationship between postural control and attention during DTP in stroke patients. Method: Twenty-nine subacute stroke patients who were able to stand independently and ten age-matched, healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The postural control of subjects was evaluated in all of the following four conditions using posturography: a simple standing state with eyes open (EO), a DTP with EO, a simple standing state with eyes closed (EC) and a DTP with EC. The dual-task was performed by standing while inversely repeating a given four-digit number. The parameters were stability index (SI) and weight distribution index (WDI) in posturography. Both visual and auditory inattention of the stroke patients were measured using the computer neuropsychologic test. Results: In stroke patients, SI and WDI increased significantly during DTP (p<0.05) both their EO and EC status. The change of SI during DTP was positively correlated with the visual and auditory inattention in stroke patients (p<0.01) with their EO status. No significant correlations were noticed in WDI. Conclusion: Postural changes during DTP increased more in stroke patients than in healthy controls. Postural control showed a significant correlation with visual and auditory attention during the DTP in stroke patients. We therefore expect that dual-task training using postural control and attention will be an attractive treatment method for increasing postural stability in stroke patients. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2010; 34: 20-26)