Ethical Guidelines for Use of Experimental Animals in Biomedical Research

Cho, Ahra,Seok, Seung Hyeok 대한미생물학회 2013 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.43 No.1

Increasing concerns on animal welfare, the discussion about the necessity and the ethical acceptability of animal experiments is getting important. In this article, we describe ethical issues between the benefits of the animal experiments and the suffering of the animals. If there are no alternatives for animal experiments, the ethical guidelines, 3Rs (Reduction, Replacement, Refinement) by Russell and Burch for humane animal experiments should be considered. Moreover, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) assist researchers to perform animal testing humanely and safely. We point out three important aspects in support of humane animal experiments; 1) the development of diverse scientific alternatives on the animal testing, 2) the ethical education of animal experiments for researchers, 3) the productive interactions among various social groups on ethics and safety of animal experiments.

반려동물 친화적 태도에 영향을 미치는 요인

이성은 한국융합과학회 2019 한국융합과학회지 Vol.8 No.3

Purpose : With a increase of companion animal keeping population, there is an increasing need to create a companion animal friendly environment. In order to create companion animal friendly society and culture, it is important to identify attitudes toward companion animals among the members of the society and what affects these attitudes. So this study is an exploratory study which examined factors affecting companion animal friendly attitude. Methods : This study used data from 2017 Seoul Survey, and a total of 19,862 people were selected for the analyses. Independent variables were composed of sociodemographic factors, individual factors including health and financial status, social factors including social support, companion animal ownership, and problem experiences with companion animals. Methods of analysis included descriptive statistics to identify characteristics of study participants, t-test and chi-square test to examine differences between people who have companion animal friendly attitudes and people who have non-friendly attitudes toward companion animals. Also, logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors affecting companion animal friendly attitude. Results : Results show that age increased the possibility of having companion animal friendly attitude, and men have a lower possibility of having companion animal friendly attitude than women. Also, higher level of health satisfaction decreased the possibility of having companion animal friendly attitude. However, owning companion animals and higher level of education increased the possibility of having companion animal friendly attitude. All types of problem experiences with companion animals had negative impacts on companion animal friendly attitude. Conclusion : This study has implication in that it suggests policy directions to create companion animal friendly culture. Results of the study emphasize that regulations regarding companion animals should be reinforced for developing companion animal friendly communities. 연구목적 : 우리 사회에서 반려동물을 양육하는 인구의 증가와 함께 반려동물 친화적 환경 조성에 대한 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 반려동물 친화적 사회와 문화의 조성을 위해서는 반려동물에 대한 사회 구성원들의 인식과 어떠한 요인들이 이러한 태도에 영향을 미치는지 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 이에 본 연구는 반려동물 친화적 태도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 탐색적으로 파악하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구의 목적을 위해 2017년 서울 서베이 데이터를 활용하였으며, 총 19,862명을 대상으로 분석을 시행하였다. 독립변수는 건강 및 재정상태를 포함한 개인적 요인과 사회적지지, 반려동물 소유 여부, 그리고 반려동물과의 갈등경험인 사회적 요인으로 구성되었다. 분석방법으로는 연구대상자의 전반적 특성을 파악하기 위해 기술통계 분석을 실시하였으며, 반려동물 친화적 태도 소유자와 비친화적 태도 소유자의 차이를 살펴보기 위해 t-test와 chi-square test를 실시하였다. 또한 반려동물 친화적 태도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결론 : 분석결과 연령이 증가할수록 반려동물 친화적 태도를 가질 가능성이 감소하였으며, 남성일 경우 여성에 비해 반려동물 친화적 태도를 가질 가능성이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 건강상태가 좋을수록 반려동물 친화적 태도를 가질 가능성이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 반려동물을 소유한 경우와 교육수준이 높아질수록 반려동물 친화적 태도를 가질 가능성이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 반려동물 갈등경험에 있어서는 모든 유형의 갈등경험이 반려동물 친화적 태도에 부정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 반려동물이 짖는 소리로 인한 갈등, 반려동물의 안전조치 미흡으로 인해 피해를 입은 경험, 그리고 반려동물의 배설물 방치로 인한 불편함을 겪은 경험이 많을수록 반려동물 친화적 태도를 가질 가능성이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 반려동물과 공존할 수 있는 반려동물 친화적 문화 조성을 위한 정책의 방향성을 제시하였다는데 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 반려동물 친화적 지역사회를 만들어가기 위해서는 반려동물과 관련된 규정들이 강화될 필요가 있음을 강조하고 있다.

Ethical Guidelines for Use of Experimental Animals in Biomedical Research

조아라,석승혁 대한미생물학회 2013 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.43 No.1

Increasing concerns on animal welfare, the discussion about the necessity and the ethical acceptability of animalexperiments is getting important. In this article, we describe ethical issues between the benefits of the animal experimentsand the suffering of the animals. If there are no alternatives for animal experiments, the ethical guidelines, 3Rs (Reduction,Replacement, Refinement) by Russell and Burch for humane animal experiments should be considered. Moreover,Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) assist researchersto perform animal testing humanely and safely. We point out three important aspects in support of humane animalexperiments; 1) the development of diverse scientific alternatives on the animal testing, 2) the ethical education of animalexperiments for researchers, 3) the productive interactions among various social groups on ethics and safety of animalexperiments.

Replacement techniques to reduce animal experiments in drug and nanoparticle development

Ik Sup Jin,Moon Sup Yoon,Chun‑Woong Park,Jin Tae Hong,Youn Bok Chung,Jin‑Seok Kim,Dae Hwan Shin 한국약제학회 2020 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.50 No.3

Background Animals have been used for the testing of new drugs and nanoparticles to determine their safety and effectiveness before application in humans. Numerous drugs and nanoparticles have been developed through animal tests, and development in medical nanotechnology is progressing rapidly. However, a good experiment requires many animals. The primary measures to reduce animal experiments include reducing the number of animals used in each experiment and replacing laboratory animals with inanimate, cellular, or inferior animals to reduce sacrifices. Area covered Developing nanoparticles using simulations rather than experiments may be another alternative. Instead of animals, human cells or animal-derived organs, tissues, or cells could be used in experiments. These methods allow rapid toxicity and efficacy testing at low cost. However, the disadvantage of these methods is that they cannot accurately replicate the complex interrelationships between human organs, biological reactions to specific routes of administration, or toxicity of substances resulting from metabolic processes. To overcome these shortcomings of in vitro tests, new technologies such as organoids and organ-on-chips are progressing. These can be used to quickly examine the efficacy of newly developed drugs and nanoparticles and can be useful in developing patient-tailored agents. Expert opinion These technologies offer some promise but it is still difficult to entirely replace animal experiments. However, the scope of methods to replace experimental animals is widening, suggesting the potential to refine, reduce, and ultimately replace animal testing.

Mental stress of animal researchers and suggestions for relief

Na Ahn,Jaehak Park,Sangho Roh 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2022 Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Vol.37 No.1

The use of animals heavily impacts the mental health of researchers performing the animal experiments. The animal researchers need to take care of animals but also give pain and sacrifice them at the same time. This circumstance can cause a variety of mental stress to the researchers. The stress generated in the laboratory would not only negatively affect the management of animals and the research results, but also would harm the researchers’ physical and mental health. Because the feeling of sympathy for animals is a natural feature of humanity, psychological stress following a laboratory animal’s death after use is not surprising. It is necessary to revise the relevant laws based on understanding the difficulties of animal researchers in society and to develop related educational programs at the national level to help the psychology and emotions of researchers who conduct animal experiments.

Mental stress of animal researchers and suggestions for relief

Na Ahn,Jaehak Park,Sangho Roh 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국수정란이식학회) 2022 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.37 No.1

The use of animals heavily impacts the mental health of researchers performing the animal experiments. The animal researchers need to take care of animals but also give pain and sacrifice them at the same time. This circumstance can cause a variety of mental stress to the researchers. The stress generated in the laboratory would not only negatively affect the management of animals and the research results, but also would harm the researchers’ physical and mental health. Because the feeling of sympathy for animals is a natural feature of humanity, psychological stress following a laboratory animal’s death after use is not surprising. It is necessary to revise the relevant laws based on understanding the difficulties of animal researchers in society and to develop related educational programs at the national level to help the psychology and emotions of researchers who conduct animal experiments.

동물권 옹호론과 영장류 실험에 대한 윤리적 검토

추정완(Jung-Wan Choo),최경석(Kyung-Suk Choi),권복규(Ivo Kwon) 한국생명윤리학회 2007 생명윤리 Vol.8 No.1

리간, 싱어, 레이첼스 등이 주장하는 것처럼, 동물에게 도덕적 지위를 부여하는 입장 그 자체는 일정정도 설득력을 지니고 있다. 그러나 이것이 곧바로 동물실험을 금지한다는 주장을 함축하지는 않는다. 비록 우리가 동물을 우리의 도덕적 배려의 대상으로 인정한다 하더라도 그것이 동물과 인간을 동등하게 취급할 것을 함축하는 것은 아니기 때문이다. 결국 구명선의 예가 암시하고 있듯이 우리가 동물을 실험에 사용하는 것은 인간을 실험에 사용할 것인지 동물을 실험에 사용할 것인지의 선택 상황에서 동물을 선택하는 것으로 파악할 수 있다. 이런 입장에 대해 싱어는 종차별주의를 운운하며 반대할 가능성이 있지만 싱어 자신이 내세우는 “동물해방”이나 “이익의 평등한 고려 원칙” 역시 구명선의 상황을 염두에 둔다면 동물실험 자체를 전면 금지하는 논거로 사용될 수는 없다. 리간의 극단적 주장 역시 동물에게 인간과 동등한 내재적 권리를 인정하는 주장으로 확대할 수는 없어 보인다. 또한 동물권을 주장하면서도 레이첼스는 동물실험을 금지하는 입장을 취하고 있지는 않았다. 따라서 우리는 동물권 옹호론이 곧바로 동물실험 반대론이 되지 못함을 확인할 수 있다. 결국 문제는 최대한 동물의 도덕적 지위를 존중하여 동물권을 보호하면서도 어떤 제한된 조건에서 동물실험이 수행되도록 할지 살피는 일이다. 특히 본 논문에서는 영장류 실험에 대한 다음과 같은 윤리적 고려사항을 제시하였다. 첫째, 현실적으로 영장류 실험 목적이 추구할 만한 가치가 있는 것인지 검토해야 한다. 둘째, 실험동물 일반의 희생을 최소로 줄어야 한다(Reduction). 셋째, 다른 연구방법을 충분히 고려하여 고등동물보다는 고통감지 능력이 떨어지는 하등동물로 대체(Replacement)하는 방법을 고려해야 한다. 넷째, 영장류의 고통을 최소화하도록 실험방법을 정교화(Refinement)해야 한다. As Regan, Singer, Rachels point out, claims for animal right sound plausible. But this does not imply prohibition of all kinds of animal experimentation because this does not mean we must equally treat a human being and an animal although we must acknowledge our moral concern for animals. Our use of animals for experimentation may be explained as a decision bewteen a human being and an animal, as the example of a lifeboat shows. Singer, who may consider the above position as speciesism, will argue against speciesism. However, his "animal liberation" or "the equal principle of equal consideration of interests" cannot serve as an argument that all kinds of animal experiemtation should be prohibited if a human being should be used instead of an animal for scientific research. Even Regan's posisition may not be extended to be a claim that an animal has the same inherent right as a human being. In addition, Rachels claims for an animal right, but does not ban animal experimentation. So, we can conclude that claims for animal right does not directly lead to an argument against animal experimentation. The important issue is about what ethical consideration is needed preserving animal right in using animals for experimentation. The following requirements are presented in this paper when we use non-human primates. First, we should review the validity of research purpose to use non-human primates. Second, we should pay a special attention to the use of non-human primates because of the risk of infection. Third, we should reduce as little the number of animals as possible. Fourth, we should try to replace higher animals into lower ones with the consideration of alternative research methods. Fifth, we should refine research methods in order to minimize pain of non-human primates.

아동의 반려동물 양육경험에 따른 학교폭력 경험의 차이

박춘성,허영태,김진희 한국영재교육학회 2022 영재와 영재교육 Vol.21 No.4

Although the number of households raising companion animals is rapidly increasing in recent years, many studies have not been conducted on the effect of companion animals on education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of companion animal raise to bullying experiences in children. To perform this purpose, Panel Study on Korean Children were used and analyzed. A demographic survey, frequency analysis, and t-test were performed based on the survey data of 1,434 people. Results indicated that, firstly, there were significant differences in some of the items in the experience of victimization of school violence according to the type of companion animal in the lower grades of elementary school. Specifically, there was no difference in the experience of school violence according to the presence of a cat or not, and there was a difference in some items of the experience of school violence according to the presence of other companion animals. Secondly, there was no significant difference in the cyberflight abuse experience according to the type of companion animal. As a result, there was a difference in the experience of harm depending on whether or not the companion animal was raised, but there was no difference in the experience of abuse.

동물실험과 심의

김명식(Myung-Sik Kim) 한국철학회 2007 철학 Vol.92 No.-

이글은 심의이론의 관점에서 동물실험 문제를 다룬다. 우선 동물실험 논쟁을 개괄한 다음, 심의민주주의의 주요 이론가인 하버마스와 롤즈 입장에서 바라본 동물의 지위 문제를 디룬다. 이를 통해 심의이론의 특정을 파악한다. 동물도 인간과 마찬가지로 쾌락과 고통을 느끼고, 고등동물의 경우 자기의식 수준의 지각능력을 갖고 있다는 사실은 중요하다. 그래서 동물은 단순한 무생물괴는 다른 대접을 받아야 한다. 하지만 레건과 싱어의 요구는 과도하다. 현실적으로 동물의 내재적 가치를 존중하거나, 이익평둥고려의 원칙을 적용하는 문명은 불가능하기 때문이다. 또한 하버마스와 롤즈가 주장하듯이 도덕은 어디까지나 인간들의 사회적 협력을 위한 하나의 구성물이라는 점을 간과할 수 없다. 레건과 싱어의 입장을 극단적으로 밀고 갈 경우 그것은 ‘우리는 왜 도덕적이어야 하는가’라는 ‘도덕의 실천 동기’와 관련해 심각한 난관에 봉착한다. 동물은 인간을 위해 존재하는 단순한 수단이 아니지만, 동시에 우리가 같은 種으로서, 그리고 같은 사회를 구성하는 구성원으로서 인간을 다른 종과 구별하는 것은 잘못되었다고 할 수 없다. 동물에 대한 배려는 인류의 생존과 문명의 발전이 병행되는 수준에서 이루어져야 한다. 이런 맥락에서 우리는 동물실험을 되도록이면 삼가야 하지만 대안이 없을 경우 동물실험은 정당화된다. 이 경우에도 동물의 고통을 최소화하도록 노력해야 한다. 이 글은 점점 일반화되는 추세인 3R,즉 감소(reduction) 개선(refinement) 대체(replacement) 대안법에 찬성한다. This article deals with animal experiment in terms of deliberative theory. Firstly, it outlines the arguments for and against animal experiment, and then examines the moral standing of animals in views of Habermas and Rawls who are outstanding theorists in the camp of deliberative democracy. In doing so, we expect that we catch the implicit features of deliberative theory. It is important that animals as well as humans are sentient beings and higher animals have the ability of self-consciousness. Animals should be treated differently from inanimate beings. However, Regan and Singer overemphasize the standing of animals. In reality, it is impossible for us to respect the inherent worth of animals and to put the principle of equal consideration of interests into practice. As Habermas and Rawls see, morality is only the social constructions which humans make for social cooperation. We meet the dilemma around moral motivation, "Why should we be moral?", if we adhere to the principles of Regan and Singer in the extreme. Animals are not instrumental beings for human and at the same time, it is not wrong of us to discriminate against animals on the ground of species. We should respect animals at the level of which we can secure our survival and the development of our civilization. In this context, we should avoid animal experiment as possible, but it can be justifiable unless we have any alternative. In this case, we should make efforts to reduce the suffering of animals. We agree to 3R principles: reduction, refinement, and replacement.

동물의 신화적 상상력을 활용한 어린이 창의성 향상과 체험 교육 프로그램의 의미화 연구

유웅 ( Woong Yu ),남준우 ( Jun Woo Nahm ),표정옥 ( Jung Ok Pyo ) 한국기호학회 2015 기호학연구 Vol.42 No.-

본 논문은 동물과 신화의 상상적 교감을 통한 어린이 창의 교육의 프로그램의 의미화를 연구한다. 동물의 신화적 상상력이 인류 문화에서 어떻게 이루어져 왔으며 동물매개 체험활동 프로그램이 가지는 문화적 의미와 그것이 어린이 문화에 어떻게 투영되어 나타났는지를 고찰한다. 동물을 활용한 체험이 가져다 줄 수 있는 어린이 창의적 상상력과 융합적 사고에 관한 인문학적 사유 프레임을 살피고자 하였다. 본 논문은 국내에서 실제로 시행되었던 초등학교 승마 체험교육 프로그램 지원 사업을 실증분석한 결과를 제시하였는데 이는 인문학적 내면화의 과정이 어떻게 긍정적으로 수치화 될 수 있는지 보여주는 하나의 유용한 사례이다. 따라서 본 논문은 인문학적 사유와 경제학적 분석 결과를 통해 동물을 활용한 어린이의 체험이 어떻게 창의적 상상력으로 이어지며 더 나아가 교육적 성과에 긍정적인 인과관계를 가지는지 논증적으로 도출해내고자 한다. This paper presents the possibility of the cultural policy on children′s creativity education through the imaginative communion between mythology and animals. We study how the imagination of animal mythology was realized in human culture and then argue the meaning of animal-utilizing experience education including how that was projected onto the culture of children. Discussed specifically was Humanities framework to think and reason children′s creative imagination and integrated thinking ability generated by animal-utilizing experience activities. This paper also conducts an empirical analysis of the elementary school horse-riding experience education effect on the national achievement test outcome, which was seen as a domestic real-life example of animal-utilizing experience program. Our research method of Humanistic studies and econometric analysis as well is considered useful to show that Humanities interiorization could lead to forward-looking specific numerical value. And to conclude we find that children education through animal-utilizing experience attracts children′s creative imagination exquisitely, and we also argue a positive causality between animal-utilizing experience education and the school achievement performance in reality.