Analysis of High Concentration Diffusion Pattern by Air Pollutions in Port Industry Interfaces

황제호,김시현,윤소현,박상현 한국무역학회 2022 Journal of Korea trade Vol.26 No.3

Purpose – Port is vital for international trade accounting for approximately 80% of world cargo transportation in the global trade sector. Air pollutants emitted owing to the related industry interfaces developed around the port spread throughout the dense population region can have harmful effects on the nearby residents. This study aims to analyze high-concentration diffusion pattern by air pollutants, considering the main management periods by air pollutants. Design/methodology – Employing the concentration criteria per main air pollutant, the analyses of concentration change patterns per air pollutant, wind characteristics that directly affected the air pollutant diffusion, distribution types per air pollutant, and high-concentration diffusion patterns by season according to time changes were conducted. Findings – The substances that caused harmful levels of air pollution in the hinterland living zone of the Busan New Port were PM_10, PM_2.5, and NO_2. Furthermore, the intensive management periods were as follows: For PM_10, 24-h (spring), 12:00-16:00 (summer), 12:00-16:00 (summer), 20:00–12:00 (fall), and 24:00–20:00 (winter), and for PM_2.5, 24-h (all four seasons), and for NO_2, 23:00–04:00 (spring), 23:00–08:00 (summer), and 20:00–08:00 (fall), and 23:00-04:00 (winter). Originality/value – Research finding indicates that regular monitoring and countermeasures to reduce air pollution for each air pollutant makes it possible to achieve effective air quality control in the port and hinterland living zones.

대전지역 대기오염물질농도와 천식 환자수의 관련성

서원호,장성실,권호장 한국환경보건학회 2000 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.26 No.2

To determine the effect of air pollutants in Taejon City, we used medical insurance claim data for asthma and the data monitored from telemetry system of Ministry of Environment for air pollutants and meteorological factors. From November 1st, 1997 to October 31th, 1998, 95,629 asthma patients were covered by medical insurance at Taejon City. Subjects were composed of 49,563 males (51.8%) and 46.336 females(48.2%), and among the subjects, the proportion under 15 years old was 62.8% of the total. During the study period, daily mean concentrations of each air pollutants-So2, No2, CO, O3 and TSP-were 9.8 ppb, 17.6 ppm, 1.414 pp, 17.3 ppb and 60.6 /㎥, respectively, which were lower than each of the environmental recommended exposure levels, Through the simple correlation analysis between each air pollutants and meteorological factors, O3 was positively correlated with temperature, but negatively with relative humidity. TSP, SO2, NO2, CO were negatively correlated with meteorological factors, and these air pollutants except O3 were positively correlated with each other, O3 was correlated with TSP positively but the others negatively. Estimating relative risks of each air pollutant with the baseline general additive model, daily mean concentrations of TSP(Lag 0, 1, 4, 5day) were significantly associated with the increase of the asthma admission. Two age subgroups, under 15 and 15~54 have shown various association of all air pollutants concentration with the asthma admission. However, in case of over 54 age subgroup, only TSP(Lag 0 day) among all air pollutants was associated with the asthma admission. Each of ambient outdoor pollutant concentrations in Taejon City are significantly associated with the admission of asthma patients even though all concentrations in Taejon City are significantly associated with the admission of asthma patients even though all concentrations were much lower than the environmental recommended exposure levels. Therefore, continuous effort lowering air pollutant concentration and introducing an active environmental conservation policy should be implanted for preventing hazardous health effects. Considering major proportion of asthma admissions, high susceptibility and less confounding factors among the age subgroup under 15 will be a useful target population for assessing such health effect monitoring.

대기오염확산모델을 이용한 유동인구의 대기오염 노출에 관한 연구

박진우,박진홍,최진무 국토지리학회 2018 국토지리학회지 Vol.52 No.2

Recently, much attention has been given to air pollution such as particulate matter (PM10). However, existing studies on air pollution still uses low-resolution data interpolated from the air pollution monitoring network. This study focused on two goals. First, we have derived high-resolution air pollution distribution from the air pollution dispersion model (CALINE4) using micro traffic volume and weather data. Secondly, we analyzed the correlation between the derived air pollution distribution and the estimated floating population data provided by SKT Geovision. The results of the analysis showed that elderly people rather than younger ones, and males rather than females were more influenced by air pollution in the study area. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the locational characteristics and the distribution of elderly people; vulnerable to diseases in air pollution. In addition, it is also necessary to conduct in-depth research using high-resolution air pollution dispersion results when making policies on air pollution. 최근 미세먼지 등 대기오염에 많은 관심이 집중되고 있다. 하지만 대기오염에 관한 기존 연구에서는 아직도 대기오염측정망을 사용하여 보간한 낮은 해상도의 데이터를 사용하고 있다. 본 연구는 두 가지 목표를 중점으로 수행하였다. 첫째, 미시적인 교통량 및 기상 데이터를 사용하여 선형 대기오염확산모델(CALINE4)로 부터 높은 해상도의 대기오염 분포를 도출하였다. 둘째, 도출된 대기오염 분포와 SKT Geovision에서 제공하는 유동인구 추정데이터의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 높은 해상도를 가지는 대기오염 데이터를 사용함으로써 미시적 수준의 분석이 가능하였다. 분석결과로써 연구지역에서는 여성보다는 남성이, 젊은 층보다는 노년층의 유동인구가 대기오염에 더 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 따라서 향후 대기오염관리 정책에 있어서 지역적 특성과 질병에 취약한 고령 인구의 분포를 고려할 필요가 있다. 또한 기존의 낮은 해상도의 측정망 데이터를 사용하기보다는 고해상도의 대기오염확산 결과를 활용한 심층적인 연구가 필요하다.

Adverse Effects of Air Pollution on Pulmonary Diseases

경선영,Won Ko Ui 대한결핵및호흡기학회 2022 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.85 No.4

Environmental exposure to air pollution is known to have adverse effects on various organs. Air pollution has greater effects on the pulmonary system as the lungs are directly exposed to contaminants in the air. Here, we review the associations of air pollution with the development, morbidity, and mortality of pulmonary diseases. Short- and long-term exposure to air pollution have been shown to increase mortality risk even at concentrations below the current national guidelines. Ambient air pollution has been shown to be associated with lung cancer. Particularly long-term exposure to particulate matter with a diameter <2.5 μm (PM_2.5) has been reported to be associated with lung cancer even at low concentrations. In addition, exposure to air pollution has been shown to increase the incidence risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and has been correlated with exacerbation and mortality of COPD. Air pollution has also been linked to exacerbation, mortality, and development of asthma. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) has been demonstrated to be related to increased mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Additionally, air pollution increases the incidence of infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. Furthermore, emerging evidence supports a link between air pollution and coronavirus disease 2019 transmission, susceptibility, severity and mortality. In conclusion, the stringency of air quality guidelines should be increased and further therapeutic trials are required in patients at high risk of adverse health effects of air pollution.

Public-health impact of outdoor air pollution for 2<SUP>nd</SUP> air pollution management policy in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea

Jong Han Leem,Soon Tae Kim,Hwan Cheol Kim 대한직업환경의학회 2015 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.27 No.-

Objectives: Air pollution contributes to mortality and morbidity. We estimated the impact of outdoor air pollution on public health in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea. Attributable cases of morbidity and mortality were estimated. Methods: Epidemiology-based exposure-response functions for a 10 μg/m3 increase in particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were used to quantify the effects of air pollution. Cases attributable to air pollution were estimated for mortality (adults ≥ 30 years), respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions (all ages), chronic bronchitis (all ages), and acute bronchitis episodes (≤18 years). Environmental exposure (PM2.5 and PM10) was modeled for each 3 km × 3 km. Results: In 2010, air pollution caused 15.9% of total mortality or approximately 15,346 attributable cases per year. Particulate air pollution also accounted for: 12,511 hospitalized cases of respiratory disease; 20,490 new cases of chronic bronchitis (adults); 278,346 episodes of acute bronchitis (children). After performing the 2<SUP>nd</SUP> Seoul metropolitan air pollution management plan, the reducible death number associated with air pollution is 14,915 cases per year in 2024. We can reduce 57.9% of death associated with air pollution. Conclusion: This assessment estimates the public-health impacts of current patterns of air pollution. Although individual health risks of air pollution are relatively small, the public-health consequences are remarkable. Particulate air pollution remains a key target for public-health action in the Seoul metropolitan area. Our results, which have also been used for economic valuation, should guide decisions on the assessment of environmental health-policy options.

대기오염도가 프로야구 관중 수에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

남상욱,전계형 대한경영학회 2019 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

Recently, air pollution, especially particulate matters, has emerged as a major issue in Korea. The increase in air pollutants such as particulate matters can have an effect on people to avoid outdoor activities. Accordingly, it is necessary to ensure that the number of Korean baseball spectators who rely heavily on the attendance of stadiums is affected by air pollution. This paper analyzed the impact of air pollution on Korean baseball in particular. To that end, we use data on Korean professional baseball and weather information to estimate the impact of air pollution on Korean baseball. Korea reports directly on the level of particulate matters every day and provides information that divides pollution into four stages: good, normal, bad, and very bad. Using this information, the level of particulate matters and the presentation of stages were estimated to affect the number of spectators at baseball games. The analysis method used in this study is a fixed effect panel data model. The dependent variable is logarithmic value of the number of spectators. The stadium fixed effects control the long-term level of popularity of the home team and the average level of air pollution on the stadium. The monthly fixed effects are to control the difference in popularity of professional baseball by season, the seasonal effects, and average number of spectators by season. The day of the week fixed effects control the difference in the average number of spectators by day of the week. The yearly fixed effects control the difference in popularity of professional baseball by year. The opponent team's popularity is controlled through opponent team fixed effects. In addition, they included temperature, dummy variable of below 10 degrees Celsius, dummy variable of above 30 degrees Celsius, density variables of air pollutants, and stage dummy variables of air pollutants. Of these, the variable of interest is the stage variable of the air pollutant. The air pollutants used in the analysis were particulate matters(PM10, PM2.5), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The analysis found that the relationship of baseball attendance rates in relation to the Particulate matter level has a very nonlinear effect. The number of baseball spectators is not significantly affected by the level of particulate matters. However, the announcement that the level of particulate matters has changed from “good” or “normal” to “bad” or “very bad” reduces the number of baseball spectators by about eight percent. This effect is similar to a decrease in the number of visitors(10 percent) when it rains. Other factors related to air pollution, including ozone concentrations, have been found to have no statistically significant effects. The average level of particulate matters during the three days before the game also did not affect the number of spectators. The results indicate the need to make a decision considering the impact of the stage of particulate matters on the morning of the game on the number of spectators in the game. The results of this study are meaningful in that it have demonstrated the effect of air pollution, particularly particulate matters, which is increasingly an important factor in decision making. The results of this study showed that Korea also needs to increase the number of dome stadiums and adjust demand forecasts system and schedule to considering weather and air pollution. The results of this study show that the effects of PM2.5 is not significant, but additional data for 2018 are needed to fully discuss the causes. One of the most likely causes of no PM2.5 effect in this study is that people are alert to visible particulate matters(PM10), but not to unseen particulate matters(PM2.5). However, for this possibility to be clearly demonstrated, additional data from 2018 will need to be added. Considering that people tend to be sufficiently alert about particulate matters in 2018 and reflect it in t... 최근 한국의 대기오염, 특히 미세먼지가 중요한 이슈로 떠올랐다. 미세먼지와 같은 대기오염 물질의 증가는사람들로 하여금 야외활동을 자제하도록 하는 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이를 고려할 때 외부 경기장의 출석에크게 의존하는 한국 프로야구 경기 관중 수가 대기오염으로 인해 얼마나 영향을 받는 지를 확인할 필요가있다. 본 논문은 대기오염이 한국 야구에 미친 영향에 대해 특히 미세먼지의 영향력을 분석하였다. 이를 위해한국 프로야구 자료와 날씨 및 대기오염 관련 변수들에 대한 자료를 이용하여 대기오염이 한국 야구에 미치는영향을 추정했다. 우리나라는 매일 미세먼지의 수준을 직접 보고하며 오염 상태를 좋은 상태, 보통 상태, 나쁜상태, 그리고 매우 나쁜 상태의 4등급으로 구분한 정보를 제공한다. 이 정보들을 활용하여 미세먼지 수준과등급 발표가 야구 경기 관중 수에 미치는 영향을 추정하였다. 분석 방법으로는 여러 경기장에서 여러 회에 걸쳐 진행된 경기들을 패널자료로 활용한 패널고정효과 모형을이용하였다. 이때 경기장 고정효과 뿐 아니라 연도, 월, 요일에 대한 고정효과를 포함하여 시기에 따른 차이를통제하고자 하였다. 추가로 상대팀 고정효과를 고려하여 홈팀의 고정효과뿐 아니라 상대팀의 인기도에 따른영향도 통제하고자 하였다. 날씨요인에는 기온과 우천 여부를, 대기오염도에는 기본적으로 미세먼지(PM10)와초미세먼지(PM2.5)를 설명변수로 포함하였다. 또한 날씨 및 대기오염도의 비선형적 효과를 고려하기 위해기온의 경우 기온이 10℃보다 낮았는지 여부를 의미하는 더미변수와 기온이 30℃보다 높았는지 여부를 의미하는 더미변수를 포함하였고, 미세먼지와 초미세먼지는 등급이 ‘나쁨’ 이상인 경우 1을 갖는 더미변수를 포함하였다. 분석 결과, 대기오염 정보가 보도되는 방식과 프로야구 관중 수의 관계가 매우 비선형적인 영향을 보이는것으로 확인되었다. 프로야구 관중 수는 미세먼지의 수준에 따라 통계적으로 크게 영향을 받지 않는다. 그러나미세먼지 등급이 '정상'에서 '나쁨'으로 바뀌었다는 발표는 야구 관람객 수를 약 8% 가량 감소시키는 것으로나타났다. 이 효과는 비가 올 때의 관중 수 감소 수준(10%)과 유사한 수준이다. 오존 농도를 비롯하여 대기오염도와 관련된 다른 요소들은 통계적으로 유의한 영향이 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 경기 전의 3일 간 평균적인미세먼지 수준 역시 관중 수에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 프로야구 관람과 관련된 산업에서 경기 당일 오전의 미세먼지 수준이 당일 경기 관중 수에 미치는 영향을 고려하여 의사결정을 할 필요가있음을 알려준다.

Long-term exposure to air pollution and the risk of suicide death: A population-based cohort study

Min, Jin-young,Kim, Hye-Jin,Min, Kyoung-bok Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.628 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Suicide is a major public health problem. Previous studies have reported a significant association between acute exposure to air pollution and suicide; little attention has been paid to the long-term effects of air pollution on risk of suicide. We investigated whether long-term exposure to particulate matter of ≤10μm in diameter (PM<SUB>10</SUB>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<SUB>2</SUB>), and sulfur dioxide (SO<SUB>2</SUB>) would be associated with a greater risk of death by suicide. The study sample comprised 265,749 adults enrolled in the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (2002−2013) in South Korea. Suicide death was defined as per ICD-10 code. Data on air pollution exposure used nationwide monitoring data, and individual exposure levels were assigned using geographic information systems. Air pollution exposure was categorized as the interquartile range (IQR) and quartiles. Hazards ratios (HRs) were calculated for the occurrence of suicide death after adjusting for potential covariates. During the study period, 564 (0.2%) subjects died from suicide. Increases in IQR pollutants (7.5μg/m<SUP>3</SUP> for PM<SUB>10</SUB>, 11.8ppb for NO<SUB>2</SUB>, and 0.8ppb for SO<SUB>2</SUB>) significantly increased HR for suicide death [PM<SUB>10</SUB>: HR=3.09 (95% CI: 2.63–3.63); NO<SUB>2</SUB>: HR=1.33 (95% CI: 1.09–1.64); and SO<SUB>2</SUB>: HR=1.15 (95% CI: 1.07–1.24)]. Compared with the lowest level of air pollutants (Quartile 1), the risk of suicide significantly increased in the highest quartile level (Quartile 4) for PM<SUB>10</SUB> (HR=4.03; 95% CI: 2.97–5.47) and SO<SUB>2</SUB> (HR=1.65; 95% CI: 1.29–2.11) and in the third quartile for NO<SUB>2</SUB> (HR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.17–1.96). HRs for subjects with a physical or mental disorder were higher than that those for subjects without the disorder. Subjects living in metropolitan areas were more vulnerable to long-term PM<SUB>10</SUB> exposure than those living in non-metropolitan areas. Long-term exposure to air pollution was associated with a significantly increased risk of suicide death. People having underlying diseases or living in metropolitan areas may be more susceptible to high air pollution exposure.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Air pollution is associated with mental health problems. </LI> <LI> We investigated the risk of suicide death on exposure to air pollution. </LI> <LI> Adults exposed to high air pollution had an increased likelihood for suicide death. </LI> <LI> Adults having an underling disease and living in metropolitan areas were more susceptible to air pollution exposure. </LI> <LI> Air pollution may be a risk factor for completed suicide. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

대기오염 재해방지를 위한 대기오염 관리시스템 구축에 관한 연구

임익현(Ik Hyun Lim),황의진(Eui Jin Hwang),류지협(Ji Hyeob Ryu) 한국방재안전학회 2009 한국방재안전학회 논문집 Vol.2 No.1

환경재해방지와 대기오염관리를 목적으로 GIS기반의 대기오염관리시스템 즉, 높은 시·공간적 해상도의 오염물질배출량 산정과 영향예측, 자료관리 및 분석 등이 가능한 지리정보시스템을 구성하였다. 사례연구는 다양한 오염원의 존재하여 대기오염물질 배출량 증가로 인하여 환경재해의 가능성이 상존하는 광양만지역을 선정하고, 대기오염관리시스템에 오염원의 속성·공간자료체계를 구축과 배출모형, 대기오염모델, 분석도구 등을 이용하여 배출량 산정과 영향예측, 분석 등을 수행하였다. 분석결과, 산정된 배출량이 대상지역 오염원의 위치와 오염물질의 배출특성, 공간분포와 일치하는 정확한 예측결과를 나타내었다. 또한, 대기오염모델의 TSP 예측결과는 실측값과 상관계수가 0.75로서 다소 높은 상관도와 오염원 영향농도와 범위 등의 파악에서 명확한 분석기능이 제공되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 개발된 대기오염관리시스템은 신속한 공간·속성 자료체계(database)의 구축과 높은 시·공간적 해상도의 배출량 산정, 대기오염모델의 입력자료 생성, 영향예측, 다양한 결과분석 등이 가능하여 합리적인 대기오염관리의 분석도구로서 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. In this study, the air pollution management system based GlS has been developed to estimate the emission rate and air pollution modeling of air pollutants, effectively. This system is able to estimate emission rate of air pollutant and to analyze the emission characteristics with high spatial and temporal resolution. air pollution modeling. The air pollution management system was applied to Gwangyang Bay including large industry complex with a large number of emission sources. The air pollution management system was constructed using the spatial database of emission sources in Gwangyang Bay. It was found that the estimated emission rates of air pollutants is similar to the emission characteristics in Gwangyang Bay. Also, the spatial distribution of pollutants was similar to the location of emission sources. The predicted results of air pollution model was showed a good correlation coefficient (0 .75) for TSP. The air pollution management system is expected to be effective tool (database system (GIS)) for the management and the control of air pollution.

수용체 중심의 환경정책 활용을 위한 대기오염의 노출위험인구 산정 연구

배현주 ( Hyun-joo Bae ),이승민,정다운,이종태,박주영 한국환경연구원 2017 수시연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

본 연구는 대기오염의 노출위험인구 산정과 관련한 국내외 사례와 방법론을 검토하고 이를 토대로 국내 대기오염 노출위험인구를 산정하였으며 수용체 중심의 환경정책 활용방안을 제시하였다. 국내 적용 가능한 대기오염의 노출위험인구 산정방법을 마련하기 위하여 우선 국내외 노출위험인구 산정과 관련한 내용을 살펴보았다. 국외의 경우 유럽, 미국의 대기오염으로 인한 노출위험인구 산정 지표, 기준, 산출방법, 활용과 관련한 내용을 정리하고 국내 대기오염의 노출위험인구 산정을 위한 시사점을 도출하였다. 본 연구에서는 국내 대기환경기준 초과 노출위험인구 산정에 있어 하나의 기준이 아닌 1) 장기기준(연평균) 2) 단기기준(일평균) 3) 대기질지수와 통합대기환경지수 4) 민감집단으로 구분하여 기준별로 노출위험인구를 산정하였다. 장기기준인 연평균 기준에 의한 노출위험인구 산정에 연평균 기준이 설정된 미세먼지(PM₁₀), 초미세먼지(PM_2.5), 이산화질소(NO₂), 이산화황(SO₂)을 중심으로 대기환경기준과 세계보건기구 권고기준, 유럽연합 대기질 기준을 초과한 지역에 거주하고 있는 인구분율(%)을 노출위험인구 비율로 산출하여 비교하였다. 2005년부터 2015년까지 전국 251개 시군구를 대상으로 국내 대기환경기준(50㎍/㎥)을 초과한 지역의 노출위험인구 비율은 미세먼지(PM10)의 경우 연도별로 크게 차이가 났으며 세계보건기구 권고기준(20㎍/㎥)을 적용하였을 때 미세먼지(PM10)의 경우 11년간 노출위험인구 비율은 100%, 유럽연합 대기질 기준(40㎍/㎥)을 적용하였을 때 90% 이상으로 나타났다. 2005~2015년까지 7대 도시를 중심으로 단기기준인 일평균 대기환경기준에 따른 노출위험인구를 산정하였으며 세계보건기구 권고기준과 비교하였다. 미세먼지(PM₁₀), 초미세먼지(PM_2.5), 이산화질소(NO₂), 이산화황(SO₂), 오존(O₃)별로 일평균 기준을 초과한 일수를 파악하고 전체 모니터링한 일수에서 초과 일수가 차지하는 비율을 산출하였으며 이에 따른 노출위험인구를 산정하였다. 미세먼지(PM₁₀)와 초미세먼지(PM_2.5)의 평균 초과 일수는 국내대기환경기준과 세계보건기구 권고기준을 적용하였을 때 4배 이상 차이가 나는 것으로 나타났다. 대기질 지수를 적용한 노출위험인구 산정에서는 2005~2015년까지 7대 도시를 중심으로 미국의 대기질지수(AQI)와 한국의 통합대기환경지수(CAI) 두 지수를 모두 적용하여 대기질 지수에 따른 가중 인구수를 산정하였다. 7대 도시 74개 시군구별로 대기질 지수와 통합대기환경지수의 인구 가중 일수를 산출하였다. 대기질지수(AQI)의 경우 대구와 서울일부 지역에서, 통합대기환경지수(CAI) 기준을 초과한 인구 가중 일수는 서울과 인천 지역에서 높게 나타났다. 민감·취약집단은 15세 미만 연령 어린이 천식 입원 환자를 대상으로 연평균 기준과 일평균기준을 각각 적용하여 노출위험인구를 산정하였다. 미세먼지(PM10)의 경우 연평균 기준을 적용하였을 때 노출위험인구는 일반 전체 연령과 비교하여 유사한 패턴을 보였으나 일평균기준을 적용하였을 때는 지역적 차이가 발생하였다. 대기오염의 노출위험인구 산정방법과 결과를 바탕으로 한 수용체 중심의 환경정책 활용방안으로 환경보건관리 목표의 설정, 대기관리 등 환경정책 관리 운영상의 개선, 환경보건지표의 개선 및 활용도 향상 등을 제시하였다. The objectives of this research were to (1) examine domestic and foreign case studies, as well as their methodologies, regarding estimation of air pollution exposure risk population ; (2) calculate population at risk from air pollution based on the results; and (3) suggest receptor-oriented implementation of air pollution-related policies. First, to determine the methodology for calculation of air pollution exposure risk population, we examined the contents of relevant Korean and foreign case studies. In the case of foreign cases, we specifically analyzed indices, criteria, methodology, and applications from European and U.S. publications. From our results, we drew up conclusions regarding application of these case studies for calculation of air pollution exposure risk population in Korea. To calculate exposure risk population from air pollution, we did not use a single criteria. Instead, we calculated risk population based on (1) long-term criteria (yearly mean), (2) short-term criteria (daily mean), (3) comprehensive air-quality index, or (4) vulnerable population. For long-term criteria (yearly mean), we used indices with established yearly mean criteria (fine particles (PM10), ultrafine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂)). We included populations from 251 si-gun-gu exposed between 2005 and 2015. We designated the percentage of the population residing in areas surpassing the above-mentioned criteria as exposure risk population, and compared the results derived from the air quality criteria, WHO air quality guideline, and EU standard. In the case of PM10, there was a huge yearly variation. When the WHO guideline (20μg/m³) was applied, population at risk of air pollution exposure was 100% during the 11 years examined. When the EU standard (40μg/m³) was applied, over 90% of the population was at risk from air pollution exposure. For short-term criteria, we focused on the populations from 7 major cities between the years 2005 and 2015. We calculated the exposure risk population according to daily mean air quality criteria, and compared them to the estimates following the WHO guideline. We determined the number of days with air quality exceeding the daily mean criteria for PM10, PM2.5, NO₂, SO₂ and ozone (O₃), and calculated the percent of such days among total days monitored. We then calculated the exposure risk population. The number of days that exceeds the daily mean criteria for PM10 differed at least four fold between the Korean air quality criteria and the WHO guideline. In calculating the exposure risk population using air quality indices, we applied both the U.S. air quality index (AQI) and the Korean comprehensive air quality index (CAI) to calculate the air quality index-weighted population among populations at 7 major cities for the years 2005-2015. In addition, we calculated the number of days weighted on the population and air quality index for each of the 7 cities and 74 si-gun-gu. In case of AQI, parts of Daegu and Seoul were rated high. Seoul and Incheon were rated high for number of days weighted on the population exceeding CAI value. For the vulnerable population, we calculated the exposure risk population by applying both the yearly mean criteria and the daily mean criteria. The calculated exposure risk population for PM10 was similar to the general population when the yearly mean criteria was used, but showed regional variation when the daily mean criteria was used. Finally, we used the results of this research to suggest receptor-oriented implementation of environmental policy, such as setting environmental health management goals; operational improvement of management, including air pollution management; improvement and increased applicability of environmental health indices.

식물을 이용한 실내 공기질 개선용 Biofilter system 개발에 관한 연구 -기기작동에 따른 공기유동과 수분유지력을 중심으로-

이진희,조인숙 인간식물환경학회 2008 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.11 No.4

It is urgent for us to develop the biological indoor air-cleaning technology because biological treatment which is cheap for the expense of installation, maintenance, and operation, and relatively safe is more efficient rather than mechanical equipment focusing on high efficiency air-cleaning function to remove remaining pollution sources in low concentration after pre-treatment before moving in BAKE OUT in newly building an apartment house. The purpose of this study was to develop biofilter made by plant having the effect of naturally purifying indoor air, and an experiment for a air flow and the force of keeping in moisture according to the kind of soil was conducted to safely and continuously improve the function of biofilter hardware. The principle of biofilter by plant is that pollution sources are flowed in a filter with the air flow, then purified air is discharged owing to biological function of purifying pollution. However, biofilters by plant has lower force of keeping moisture as the air flow is higher, thus it is important to find the optimum condition for the air flow and keeping moisture. Also as a factor that has influence on the air flow and keeping moisture, the soil in biofilter can be regarded as the most important factor which decides the efficiency and stability of biofilter. As the result of this study, for the air flow in device, inflow and outflow of air were the most optimal in 3rd model, and for the composition of soil, the soil composed of vermiculite/ perlite/ peatmoss=v/v/v=0.25/0.25/0.50 was the most efficient. The point of time for re-irrigation was 24 hours in 4th model, 24 hours in 3rd-model, 18 hours in 2nd model, 18 hours in 1st-model, and 24 hours in control respectively when calculating at 60% of moisture in soil. Therefore it is considered that biofilter developed in this study can be an useful device that plant can purify indoor pollution sources with several natural filters in biofilter during the air flow because it can maintain the air flow and moisture for long time. It is urgent for us to develop the biological indoor air-cleaning technology because biological treatment which is cheap for the expense of installation, maintenance, and operation, and relatively safe is more efficient rather than mechanical equipment focusing on high efficiency air-cleaning function to remove remaining pollution sources in low concentration after pre-treatment before moving in BAKE OUT in newly building an apartment house. The purpose of this study was to develop biofilter made by plant having the effect of naturally purifying indoor air, and an experiment for a air flow and the force of keeping in moisture according to the kind of soil was conducted to safely and continuously improve the function of biofilter hardware. The principle of biofilter by plant is that pollution sources are flowed in a filter with the air flow, then purified air is discharged owing to biological function of purifying pollution. However, biofilters by plant has lower force of keeping moisture as the air flow is higher, thus it is important to find the optimum condition for the air flow and keeping moisture. Also as a factor that has influence on the air flow and keeping moisture, the soil in biofilter can be regarded as the most important factor which decides the efficiency and stability of biofilter. As the result of this study, for the air flow in device, inflow and outflow of air were the most optimal in 3rd model, and for the composition of soil, the soil composed of vermiculite/ perlite/ peatmoss=v/v/v=0.25/0.25/0.50 was the most efficient. The point of time for re-irrigation was 24 hours in 4th model, 24 hours in 3rd-model, 18 hours in 2nd model, 18 hours in 1st-model, and 24 hours in control respectively when calculating at 60% of moisture in soil. Therefore it is considered that biofilter developed in this study can be an useful device that plant can purify indoor pollution sources with several natural filters in biofilter during the air flow because it can maintain the air flow and moisture for long time.