가죽나무군락의 공간별 분포특성에 관한 연구

이창우,황선민,길지현,김영하 한국자원식물학회 2012 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.25 No.5

본 연구는 가죽나무의 확산에 필수적으로 요구되는 공간분포를 조사하고 입지특성, 식물상 분석을 실시하여 관리에 유용한 정보를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 조사지점은 군락의 우점도가 높고, 생육입지가 균질한 유형을 고려하여김천, 산청과 양평의 3장소를 선정하여 Line-transect 방법으로 전수조사를 실시하였다. 분포 면적 크기는 양평1,435 m2, 김천 1,118 m2, 산청 760 m2 순으로 확인되었으며 총 510개체가 공간상에서 무작위(random)적으로 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 전체 흉고직경(DBH) 계급범위(Class)중 I(1.0-3.4 cm), II(3.5-6.4 cm))에 포함되는 가죽나무는 평균 83.2%로 가죽나무군락은 직경이 작은 개체가 우점하며 생육지의 교란정도에 따른 분포 패턴이 밝혀졌다. 식물상은 총 43과 75속 91종이 조사되었으며 3지역 모두일년생식물(Th)이 가장 높게 나타나, 생육지가 최근에 교란이 발생된 지역임을 알 수 있었다. 가죽나무개체군의 확산을 방지하기 위해선 도로변 개체군 제거와 동시에 산지개체군제거가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. The aim of this study is to research spatial diffusion, a condition for spread of Ailanthus altissima, and conduct flora analysis to provide useful information for management of it. Three research spots where the community dominance value was found to be high and habitat was homogeneous according to a 2010 in-depth species study were selected, and census was conducted using a line-transect method. The diffusion area included 1,435 m2 in Yangpyeong, 1,118 m2 in Gimcheon and 760 m2 in Sancheong, in order of increasing size, and a total of 510 trees were found to be randomly diffused in space. An average of 83.2% of Ailanthus altissima were found to be included in DBH classes I (1.0-3.4 cm) and II (3.5-6.4cm), showing that young trees were dominant in Ailanthus altissima communities and there was an age diffusion pattern according to degree of disturbance in habitats. A total of 41 families 75 genera and 91 species of flora made up the list, and Therophytes were most widely found in all of the three areas. This shows that habitats in these areas have recently been disturbed. It was evaluated that elimination of roadside population and mountainous area population was necessary to prevent diffusion of Ailanthus altissima.

소백피 추출물의 인체위암 세포주에 대한 시험관내 세포독성능 측정

김수기,안찬묵 연세대학교 원주의과대학 1993 원주의대논문집 Vol.6 No.1

9-Hydroxycanthin-6-one isolated from stem bark of <i>Ailanthus altissima</i> induces ovarian cancer cell apoptosis and inhibits the activation of tumor-associated macrophages

Jeong, Miran,Kim, Hye Mi,Ahn, Ji-Hye,Lee, Kyung-Tae,Jang, Dae Sik,Choi, Jung-Hye Elsevier Pub. Co 2018 Chemico-biological interactions Vol.280 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The stem bark of <I>Ailanthus altissima</I> is used in traditional medicine in Asia to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer. The aim of this study was to identify compounds with tumoricidal activity from <I>A. altissima</I> stem bark and to investigate their mechanisms of action. Among the 13 compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of <I>A. altissima</I> stem bark, the β-carboline alkaloid 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one had potent cytotoxicity in all three ovarian cancer cell types examined. 9-Hydroxycanthin-6-one induced apoptosis through the activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9. 9-Hydroxycanthin-6-one increased the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pre-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-<SMALL>L</SMALL>-cysteine (NAC) attenuated the pro-apoptotic activity of 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one. Additionally, 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one was found to decrease the expressions of MCP-1 and RANTES, major determinants of macrophage recruitment at tumor sites, in ovarian cancer cells. Treatment with 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one inhibited the levels of M2 phenotype markers and some cancer-promoting factors, such as MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF, in macrophages educated in ovarian cancer conditioned medium. Taken together, these data suggest that 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one isolated from <I>A. altissima</I> stem bark induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells through the caspase- and ROS-dependent pathways and inhibits the activation of tumor-associated macrophages.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> 9-Hydroxycanthin-6-one is a β-carboline alkaloid isolated from <I>Ailanthus altissima</I> stem bark. </LI> <LI> 9-Hydroxycanthin-6-one induces ovarian cancer cell apoptosis by activating caspases. </LI> <LI> ROS is involved in 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. </LI> <LI> 9-Hydroxycanthin-6-one induced the expression of MCP-1 and RANTES in ovarian cancer cells. </LI> <LI> 9-Hydroxycanthin-6-one induced the expression of M2 markers and tumor-promoting factors in tumor-associated macrophages. </LI> </UL> </P>

Flavonoids from the Leaves of Ailanthus altissima Swingle and their Antioxidant Activity

( Min Kyung Lee ),( Su Yeon Kim ),( Ji Hae Park ),( Do Gyeong Lee ),( Dae Young Lee ),( Geum Soog Kim ),( Yong Bum Kim ),( Dae Seok Han ),( Chang Ho Lee ),( Nam In Baek ) 한국응용생명화학회 2013 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.56 No.4

Phytochemical studies on the leaves of Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) have not been reported previously. Thus, the authors isolated and identified secondary metabolites from A. altissima. Dried and powdered leaves were extracted with 80% aqueous methanol, and the concentrated extract was successively partitioned with ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. Four flavonoids were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction through repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel column chromatography. Spectroscopic data including NMR, MS, and IR allowed for identification of the chemical structures as quercetin (1), afzelin (2), quercitrin (3), and isoquercitrin (4). This is the first report of the isolation of these compounds from A. altissima. The four isolated flavonoids 1?4 as well as solvent fractions (ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water), were evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging activity.

외래유전자(外來遺傳子)에 의(依)한 가중나무의 형질전환(形質轉換)

박용구,허경,최명석 경북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1992 慶北大農學誌 Vol.10 No.-

본 연구에 사용한 시료는 형성층 유래의 캘러스를 0.01mg/ 2, 4-D, 0.5mg/ BAP, 3% sucrose, 0.75% 한천을 첨가한 MS배지에서 재분화 시킨 개체를 이용하였다. 시료의 대량증식은 1.0mg/ BAP를 첨가한 MS 배지에서 실시하였으며 엽전개는 식물생장조절제가 첨가되지 않은 MS배지로 옮겨서 실행하였다. Agrobacteria를 이용한 형질 전환은 엽절편, 절간조직등을 박테리아를 묻힌 침으로 자극하여 식물체 분화를 유도하였다. 그 결과 엽절편 조직에서는 분화된 식물체를 얻지 못했으나, 절간조직의 측아에서는 49%에 달하는 24개체가 분화되었다. 이들 분화된 줄기는 kanamycin이 100mg/이 함유된 선발 배지에서 일차적인 선발을 하여 최종적으로 GUS 유전자 검정을 한 결과 처음에 접종한 50개체중 형질전환 된 것으로 추정되는 5개체를 얻어서 형질 전환 추정 비율은 10%에 달한 것으로 나타났다. An efficient transformation system was established for Ailanthus altissima utilizing the binary system of A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404. Callus was initiated from small portions of cambium tissue of A. altissima in vitro. Optimum regeneration was achieved with Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium containing 0.01mg/ 2, 4-D, 0.5mg/ BAP, 3%(w/v) sucrose and 0.75% agar. The multiplication of explants remarkably showed up on medium containing 1.0mg/ BAP. Leaf discs or internodal stem segments were inoculated with A. tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 containing the binary vector pPMB 101, which has both -glucuronidase (GUS) marker gene and neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) gene. Shoots had been regenerated from 24 lines out of inoculative 50 lines. Transformants were selected by their ability to grow on medium containing kanamycin sulphate (100mg/). Putative transformation was confirmed by GUS assays. Five GUS-positive plantlets were obtained which confirmed that this marker gene has been transferred into A. altissima.

Gene Transformation of Ailanthus altissima Swingle by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

PARK, Young Goo,HUH, Kyung,CHOI, Myung Suk 慶北大學校農業科學技術硏究所 1992 慶北大農學誌 Vol.10 No.-

본 연구에 사용한 시료는 형성층 유래의 캘러스를 0.01㎎/ℓ2, 4-D, 0.5㎎/ℓ BAP, 3% sucrose, 0.75% 한천을 첨가한 MS배지에서 재분화 시킨 개체를 이용하였다. 시료의 대량중식은 1.0㎎/ℓBAP를 첨가한 MS 배지에서 실시하였으며 엽전개는 식물생장조절제가 첨가되지 않은 MS배지로 옮겨서 실행하였다. Agrobacteria를 이용한 형질 전환은 엽절편, 절간조직등을 박텔아를 묻힌 침으로 자극하여 식물체 분화를 유도하였다. 그 결과 엽절편조직에서는 분화된 식물체를 얻지 못했으나, 절간조직의 측아에서는 49%에 달하는 24개체가 분화되었다. 이들 분화된 줄기는 kanamycin이 100㎎/ℓ이 함유된 선발 배지에서 일차적인 선발을 하여 최종적으로 GUS 유전자 검정을 한 결과 처음에 접종한 50개체중 형질전환 된 것으로 추정되는 5개체를 얻어서 형질 전환 추정 비율은 10%에 달한 것으로 나타났다. An efficient transformation system was established for Ailanthus altissima utllizing the binary system of A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404. Callus was initiated from small portions of cambium tissue of A. altissima in vitro. Optimum regeneration was achieved with Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium containing 0.01㎎/ℓ2, 4-D, 0.5㎎/ℓBAP, 3%(w/v) sucrose and 0.75% agar. The multiplication of explants remarkably showed up on medium containing 1.0㎎/ℓ BAP. Leaf discs or internodal stem segments were inoculated with A. tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 containing the binary vector pPMB 101, which has both β-glucuronidase (GUS) marker gene and neomycin phosphotransferase Ⅱ(NPT Ⅱ) gene. Shoots had been regenerated from 24 lines out of inoculative 50 lines. Transformants were selected by their ability to grow on medium containing kanamycin sulphate (100㎎/ℓ). Putative transformation was confirmed by GUS assays. Five GUS-positive plantlets were obtained which confirmed that this marker gene has been transferred into A altissima.

Triterpenoids and Sterones from the Stem Bark of Ailanthus altissima

Zhou, Xiao-Jiang,Xu, Min,Li, Xue-Song,Wang, Yue-Hu,Gao, Ye,Cai, Rui,Cheng, Yong-Xian Korean Chemical Society 2011 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.32 No.1

One new tirucallane-type triterpenoid, alianthusaltinin A (1), one new $C_{29}$ sterone, alianthaltone A (2), and 12 known compounds have been isolated from the stem bark of Ailanthus altissima. The structures of new compounds were identified by means of spectroscopic methods. Compound 3 was isolated from natural sources for the first time, and compounds 4, 5, and 9 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

가중나무로부터 식물생장억제물질 glycine betaine의 분리

윤미선(Misun Yun),최정섭(Jung Sup Choi),조남규(NamKyu Cho),한상섭(Sang-sub Han),김성문(Songmun Kim) 한국잡초학회 2021 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.10 No.4

가중나무를 2013년 전라북도 전주 인근 야산에서 수집하여 음건한 후 methanol(MeOH)로 추출하고, 감압농축건조한 추출물을 유채(Brassica napus L.)를 대상으로 in vitro에서 seed bioassay를 수행한 결과 식물생장을 50% 억제하는 식물생장억제값(GR50)은 739 μg g<SUP>-1</SUP>이었다. 식물생장을 억제하는 생리활성물질을 분리하기 위하여 MeOH 추출물을 hexane, CH₂Cl₂, EtOAc, butanol, H₂O로 순차분획하고 GR50을 조사한 결과 EtOAc 분획물의 억제효과가 가장 컸으며(561 μg g<SUP>-1</SUP>), EtOAc 분획물을 thin layer chromatography와 column chromatography로 5개의 분리물로 분리하고, 식물생장억제효과를 검정한 결과 EAC 분획물이 가장 높은 억제효과를 나타냈다(GR50 50 μg g<SUP>-1</SUP>). EAC 분리물을 gas chromatograph mass spectrometry로 분석한 결과 molecular ion (M+)이 m/z 117이고 fragmentaion은 m/z 116, 100, 72, 58이었다. EAC 분리물의 ¹H-NMR(nuclear magnetic resonance)분석결과 δ (ppm)에서 3.30 (9H, d, H-2, 3, 4), 3.85 (2H, s, H-1)에서 proteon signal을 확인하였으며, <SUP>13</SUP>C-NMR 분석결과 δ (ppm)은 52.39 (C-3, 3", 3""), 65.86 (C-2), 167.32 (C-1)에서 carbon signal을 확인하였다. GCMS, ¹H-NMR, <SUP>13</SUP>C-NMR의 분석결과 가중나무 EAC 분리물의 화학명은 1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl이고, 일반명은 glycine betaine으로 확인되었다. Glycien betaie 화합물을 구입하여 유채(Brassica napus L.)를 대상으로 in vitro에서 seed bioassay를 수행한 결과 GR50값은 91 μg g<SUP>-1</SUP>으로 EAC 분리물의 GR50값과 유사하였다. Objective of this study is to discover new herbicide parent mother compound(s) from native plants in Korea. The leaves of Ailanthus altissima Swingle were collected in Jeonju, Jeollabukdo in 1995. The shade dried and powdered plant samples were extracted with methanol (MeOH). The methanol extract of A. altissima was subjected to in vitro seed bioassay on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). The results indicated that the methanol extract significantly inhibited the germination of rapeseed with the GR50 (growth retardation 50%) value of 739 μg g<SUP>-1</SUP>. In order to isolate the bioactive substances that inhibit plant growth, the MeOH extract was sequentially fractionated with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and H₂O. Among them, the EtOAc fraction showed the lowest GR50 value (561 μg g<SUP>-1</SUP>) than other fractions. The EtOAc fraction was further fractionated on column chromatography, which showed 5 fractions (EAA-EAE) with good plant growth inhibitory effect. In these, the EAC fraction showed the highest inhibitory effect (GR50 at 50 μg g<SUP>-1</SUP>). The gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of EAC fraction revealed that molecular ion (M<SUP>+</SUP>) was m/z 117 and fragment ions were m/z 116, 100, 72, and 58. Based on the results obtained from GC-MS, ¹H-NMR, and <SUP>13</SUP>C-NMR analyses, the EAC fraction was identified as 1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl, and its common name was glycine betaine. The seed bioassay of glycine betain results revealed that the GR50 value was 91 μg g<SUP>-1</SUP>, which was comparable with the GR50 value of the EAC fraction of A. altissima.

Triterpenoids and Sterones from the Stem Bark of Ailanthus altissima

Xiao-Jiang Zhou,Min Xu,Xue-Song Li,Yue-Hu Wang,Ye Gao,Rui Cai,Yong-Xian Cheng 대한화학회 2011 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.32 No.1

One new tirucallane-type triterpenoid, alianthusaltinin A (1), one new C29 sterone, alianthaltone A (2), and 12 known compounds have been isolated from the stem bark of Ailanthus altissima. The structures of new compounds were identified by means of spectroscopic methods. Compound 3 was isolated from natural sources for the first time, and compounds 4, 5, and 9 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

은행나무, 감나무, 가중나무 세포내강의 액체이동

전수경 한국가구학회 2015 한국가구학회지 Vol.26 No.2

A study was carried out to observe the 1% aqueous safranine solution flow speed in longitudinal and radial directions of softwood G. biloba, ring-porous wood A. altissima, and diffuse- porouswood D. kaki. In radial direction, ray cells and in longitudinal direction tracheids, vessel and wood fiber were considered for the measurement of liquid penetration speed at less than 12% moisture contents (MC). The length, lumen diameter, pit diameter, end wall pit diameter and the numbers of end wall pits determined for the flow rate. The liquid flow in the those cells was captured via video and the capillary flow rate in the ones were measured. Vessel in hardwood species and tracheids in softwood was found to facilitate prime role in longitudinal penetration . Radial flow speed was found highest in ray parenchyma of G. biloba. Anatomical features like the length and diameter, end-wall pit numbers of ray parenchyma were found also responsible fluid flow differences. On the other hand, vessel and fiber structure affected the longitudinal flow of liquids. Therefore, the average liquid penetration depth in longitudinal tracheids of G. biloba was found the highest among all cells considered in D. kaki and A. altissima.