비만이 청소년 발달에 미치는 영향

이상록 ( Sang Rok Lee ),김진희 ( Jin Hee Kim ) 한국청소년복지학회 2011 청소년복지연구 Vol.13 No.4

In the western countries, it is widely known that obesity has a negative effect on the adolescent development. So, this study examines the effect of obesity on the adolescent development in Korea. Using the Korea Welfare Panel Study data, this study estimates the effect of BMI index, narrow obesity(normal/overweight/obese), broad obesity(normal/overweight+obese) on the adolescent development. The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze the relationship between obesity and adolescent development. And, this study is to verify that the effect on adolescent development varies depending on adolescent`s gender. The main results of this study are as follows. We find significant effects of obesity status on the adolescent development. Obesity has significant negative effects on the adolescent`s withdrawal, self-esteem, educational achievement, aggression, delinquency traits. Regarding the overall harm of obesity to the adolescent development, government need to make efforts to prevent excessive obesity of students and to reduce the negative effects of adolescent obesity.

한국 소아청소년의 비만 유병률 추이: 1997년과 2005년 비교

오경원,장명진,이나연,문진수,이종국,유명환,김영택 대한소아청소년과학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.51 No.9

Purpose:The objective of this study was to provide current estimates of the prevalence and examine trends of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Methods:Height and weight measurements from 183,159 (112,974 in 1997, 70,185 in 2005) children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years were obtained via the 1997 and 2005 National Growth Survey. Obesity among children and adolescents was defined as being at or above the 95th percentile of the gender-specific body mass index (BMI) for age in the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts or a BMI of 25 or higher; overweight was defined as being at or above the 85th percentile to less than the 95th percentile BMI. Results:In 2005, 9.7% (11.3% for boys, 8.0% for girls) of South Korean children and adolescents were obese; 19.0% (19.7% for boys, 18.2% for girls) were overweight or obese. The overall prevalence of obesity increased from 5.8% in 1997 to 9.7% in 2005 (from 6.1% in 1997 to 11.3% in 2005 for boys and from 5.5% in 1997 to 8.0% in 2005 for girls); the increasing trend was most evident in boys, especially those aged 13-18 years. Conclusion:The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents increased significantly during the eight-year period from 1997 to 2005. This study suggests that we need to make a priority of developing strategies to control obesity in children and adolescents; the potential health effects of increases in obesity are of considerable public health importance. (Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:950-955) Purpose:The objective of this study was to provide current estimates of the prevalence and examine trends of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Methods:Height and weight measurements from 183,159 (112,974 in 1997, 70,185 in 2005) children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years were obtained via the 1997 and 2005 National Growth Survey. Obesity among children and adolescents was defined as being at or above the 95th percentile of the gender-specific body mass index (BMI) for age in the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts or a BMI of 25 or higher; overweight was defined as being at or above the 85th percentile to less than the 95th percentile BMI. Results:In 2005, 9.7% (11.3% for boys, 8.0% for girls) of South Korean children and adolescents were obese; 19.0% (19.7% for boys, 18.2% for girls) were overweight or obese. The overall prevalence of obesity increased from 5.8% in 1997 to 9.7% in 2005 (from 6.1% in 1997 to 11.3% in 2005 for boys and from 5.5% in 1997 to 8.0% in 2005 for girls); the increasing trend was most evident in boys, especially those aged 13-18 years. Conclusion:The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents increased significantly during the eight-year period from 1997 to 2005. This study suggests that we need to make a priority of developing strategies to control obesity in children and adolescents; the potential health effects of increases in obesity are of considerable public health importance. (Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:950-955)

서울시 학교 주변의 식품환경과 청소년 식생활 및 비만 관련성

우현재,이홍림,김혜영 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2022 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.39 No.5

Objectives: The obesity rate among adolescents in Korea is continuously increasing. This study aimed to examine the relationship between dietary habits and obesity in Korean adolescents by focusing on the food environment around schools in Seoul. Methods: We used data from the 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey and 2021 administrative data. In total, 7,691 middle and high school students from four regions in Seoul were included. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of individual level and food environment factors around schools affecting adolescent obesity. Results: Adolescents in the southeastern region of Seoul had higher fruit intake and lower obesity rate compared to others. As a result of multilevel logistic regression analysis, sex and school had a significant effect on adolescent obesity in individual level factors. In school level factors, the number of convenience stores and fast food restaurants around the schools had a significant effect on adolescent obesity. Conclusion: The food environment around schools influenced adolescent dietary habits and obesity in that they spend most of their time in schools. Based on the results, there is need for ordinance enactment and promotion of related policies on improving the food environment around schools to form proper adolescent dietary habits and reduce Korean adolescent obesity. .

What is the disease burden from childhood and adolescent obesity?: a narrative review

( Eun Byoul Lee ) 영남대학교 의과대학 2024 Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science Vol.41 No.3

The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has increased and exacerbated during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, both in Korea and globally. Childhood and adolescent obesity poses significant risks for premature morbidity and mortality. The development of serious comorbidities depends not only on the duration of obesity but also on the age of onset. Obesity in children and adolescents affects almost all organ systems, including the endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, reproductive, nervous, and immune systems. Obesity in children and adolescents affects growth, cognitive function, and psychosocial interactions during development, in addition to aggravating known adult comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and cancer. Childhood and adolescent obesity are highly associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in later life can be considerably decreased by even a small weight loss before the onset of puberty. Childhood and adolescent obesity is a disease that requires treatment and is associated with many comorbidities and disease burdens. Therefore, early detection and therapeutic intervention are crucial.

여고생들의 비만도 및 비만과 관련된 사회심리적 요인 분석

김경원,김영아,김정희 대한지역사회영양학회 1997 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.2 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary intake, obesity index and psychosocial factors influencing obesity among 200 high school girls in Seoul. The Social Cognitive Theory provided the Conceptual basis for this study. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine factors related to obesity, including self-efficacy for controlling overeating, social support for eating behavior, perception of body image and weight control, nutrition knowledge, and attitudes toward obesity. The data were analyzed using t-test and multiple logistic regression. The results of this study are as follows : 1) The mean age of the girls was 16.4 years, and the rate of overweight and obesity(measured by obesity index) was 27.0$\%$. 2) The mean energy intake of subjects was 1832.3$\pm$384.0kcal. The energy derived from carbohydrates, proteins and fats was 62.7$\%$, 13.8$\%$, and 23.5$\%$, respectively. There was no significant difference between the obese and the comparison group in energy intake. 3) The result of multivariate analysis indicated that obesity had a significant relation to the perception of ideal body image, social support for eating behavior, and self-efficacy for controlling overeating(p〈0.01). As subjects preferred thinner body images(OR=0.39) and received less social support(OR=0.93), the odds of being classified as obese increased. The odds of being obese were also associated with self-efficacy, however, the relation was not strong(OR=1.04). 4) Specific social support was related to obesity among adolescent girls. As subjects received more support from family member, the odds of being obese decreased. The emotional support as well as family member's positive nutrition behavior plays a significant role. In addition, instrumental support from friends was associated with obesity. With repect to self-efficacy, the odds of being obese were increased as subjects felt less confident in controlling overeating when tempting food was placed in front of them or after an argument. In contrast, the obese group felt more confident in controlling overeating for the rest of the specific situations examined. These findings suggest that educational interventions for weight control should incorporate strategies to help participants realize their degree of obesity, to reduce the discrepancy between current and ideal body image, to elicit and maintain social support from friends and family, and to increase the self-efficacy for changing eating behaviors. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 496-504, 1997)

Obesity and hypertension in children and adolescents

Jeong Sooin,Kim Sung Hye 대한고혈압학회 2024 Clinical Hypertension Vol.30 No.-

As childhood obesity rates increase worldwide, the prevalence of obesity-related hypertension is also on the rise. Obesity has been identified as a significant risk factor for hypertension in this age group. National Health Surveys and meta-analyses show increasing trends in obesity and pediatric hypertension in obese children. The diagnosis of hypertension in children involves percentiles relative to age, sex, and height, unlike in adults, where absolute values are considered. Elevated blood pressure (BP) in childhood is consistently associated with cardiovascular disease in adulthood, emphasizing the need for early detection and intervention. The pathogenesis of hypertension in obesity involves multiple factors, including increased sympathetic nervous system activity, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and renal compression due to fat accumulation. Obesity disrupts normal RAAS suppression and contributes to impaired pressure natriuresis and sodium retention, which are critical factors in the development of hypertension. Risk factors for hypertension in obesity include degree, duration, and distribution of obesity, patient age, hormonal changes during puberty, high-sodium diet, sedentary lifestyle, and socioeconomic status. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, with weight loss being crucial to lowering BP. Medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers may be considered first, and surgical approaches may be an option for severe obesity, requiring tailored antihypertensive medications that consider individual pathophysiology to avoid exacerbating insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. As childhood obesity rates increase worldwide, the prevalence of obesity-related hypertension is also on the rise. Obesity has been identified as a significant risk factor for hypertension in this age group. National Health Surveys and meta-analyses show increasing trends in obesity and pediatric hypertension in obese children. The diagnosis of hypertension in children involves percentiles relative to age, sex, and height, unlike in adults, where absolute values are considered. Elevated blood pressure (BP) in childhood is consistently associated with cardiovascular disease in adulthood, emphasizing the need for early detection and intervention. The pathogenesis of hypertension in obesity involves multiple factors, including increased sympathetic nervous system activity, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and renal compression due to fat accumulation. Obesity disrupts normal RAAS suppression and contributes to impaired pressure natriuresis and sodium retention, which are critical factors in the development of hypertension. Risk factors for hypertension in obesity include degree, duration, and distribution of obesity, patient age, hormonal changes during puberty, high-sodium diet, sedentary lifestyle, and socioeconomic status. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, with weight loss being crucial to lowering BP. Medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers may be considered first, and surgical approaches may be an option for severe obesity, requiring tailored antihypertensive medications that consider individual pathophysiology to avoid exacerbating insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.

소아 및 청소년에서 비만의 평가 지표에 따른 신기능의 변화에 대한 연구

정영수,임인석 중앙대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2007 中央醫大誌 Vol.32 No.4

Purpose: Obesity in children and adolescents can cause diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and renal diseases. The aim of the present study is to examine the change of renal function according to obesity index in children and adolescents. Methods: Data of 72 children and adolescents aged between 5 years and 16 years without clinical evidence of renal diseases were included in the study. From January 2007 to June 2007, blood samples were collected from children and adolescents who were seen at the Department of Pediatrics at Chung-Ang University Yongsan Hospital. Obesity degree and body mass index (BMI) were measured, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated from the formula as described by Léger and colleagues. Results: The mean GFR value was significantly higher in the obese group (BMI >95 percentile, 94.09±28.04 ml/min) than in the non-obese group (BMI <95 percentile, 74.29±19.56 ml/min) divided by BMI (p=0.001). The mean GFR value was significantly higher in the obese group (obesity degree >120 percent, 93.57±28.26 ml/min) compared with the non-obese group (obesity degree <120 percent, 73.72±18.77 ml/min) divided by obesity degree (p=0.001), too. GFR was correlated positively with BMI (r²=0.404, p=0.000) as well as obesity degree (r²=0.119, p=0.003). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between BMI and GFR in the non-obese group (r²=0.350, p=0.000). Conclusion: Obesity may lead to an alteration of renal hemodynamics such as hyperfiltration, appropriate control and management for obesity is necessary.

청소년의 비만과 관련된 요인 분석 및 관련 요인의 변화에 대한 단면조사연구 - 청소년건강행태조사를 이용하여 -

이보라,류호경 대한지역사회영양학회 2023 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.28 No.5

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with adolescent obesity, as well as any new factors that correlated with a change in the rate of obesity over time. Methods: The study used 5-yearly data collected by the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey starting from the year 2006 up until 2021 (data from 2nd, 7th, 11th, and 17th surveys were analyzed). Factors such as demographics, dietary factors, health behavioral factors, and mental health factors were studied. All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 27.0, employing chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: This study included data from a total of 255,200 participants. Factors contributing to obesity varied with time. Over the survey duration of 15 years, low academic achievement, parents with low levels of education, low frequency of fruit consumption, low frequency of fast food intake, long periods of being seated, and high levels of stress were significantly associated with a high rate of obesity. Factors that showed a new correlation with an increase in obesity rates included living with single parents, low frequency of muscle strengthening exercises, and experiencing intense sadness and despair in the past year. Factors that were correlated with a change in obesity rates over time included household economic status, frequency of carbonated beverage consumption, frequency of intense physical activity, and frequency of alcohol consumption. Breakfast intake and smoking were not significantly associated with obesity rates in the 15-year period. Conclusions: While several factors associated with obesity remained consistent over time, several new factors have emerged in response to social, economic, and environmental changes contributed to a change in obesity rate over time. Therefore, to prevent and manage adolescent obesity, continuous research into the new emergent factors contributing to obesity is needed.

제주도 고등학교 학생들의 비만 정도, 심혈관 위험인자, 소아시 비만과의 관련성

홍성철,황승욱,현인숙 韓國保健敎育.健康增進學會 2003 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.20 No.2

Background: Recently, adolescent obesity was increased and tended to become obese adults, facing increased risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease. Even before reaching adulthood, adolescent obesity already was experiencing hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to find prevalence of obesity of high school students in Jeju island and association between obesity and cardiovascular risk factors and association between childhood obesity and adolescent obesity. Method: The study subjects were 6,064 students of twenty-two high school in Jeju island and health survey data was gathered from high school health examination data and hospital health examination data from Aug. 1999 to Dec. 1999. Adolescent obesity was evaluated by ideal body weight method in 1998 and body mass index. Cardiovascular risk factors were checked total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar. In 1,534 students, obesity at primary school is checked by primary and middle school health record. Results: Prevalence of obesity in Jeju island high school students is 12.6% in male students, 13.3% in female students by ideal body weight method and 8.7% in male students, 8.5% in female students by body mass index. Prevalence of obesity of male students in city area and district area of Jeju island were each 12.9%, 10.3% and that of male students in city area was significantly higher. Prevalence of obesity of female students in city area and district area of Jeju island were each 12.9%, 14.2% and not significantly different. Prevalence of obesity of male students in general and commercial school group were each 13.9%, 10.3% and that of general school group was significantly higher. In female students, Prevalence of obesity general and commercial school group was not significantly different. Total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly associated with degree of obesity in male and female students(P<05) and fasting blood sugar was only significantly associated with degree of obesity in male students(P<05). In 1,514 students checked by health record, Odds ratio of obesity at primary and middle school that at high school were 12.96~22.77 and was significantly associated. Conclusion: Prevalence of obesity of high school students in Jeju island is very high and adolescent obsity was significantly associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Mostly childhood obesity tended to become adolescent obsity and program of control of obesity at childhood and adolescence is required.

2023 Obesity Fact Sheet: Prevalence of Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Adults, Adolescents, and Children in Korea from 2012 to 2021

정수민,정진형,양예슬,김원석,조인영,이유빈,박계영,남가은,한경도,대한비만학회 비만 팩트시트 Taskforce Team 대한비만학회 2024 Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome Vol.33 No.1

Background: The 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet aims to present an updated overview of obesity prevalence across all age groups, including children and adolescents. Methods: This study included individuals aged ≥20 years (n=16,941,423 in 2021) who underwent health checkups provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service between 2012 and 2021. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was standardized by age and sex using data from the 2010 population and housing census. For children and adolescents (6 to 18 years) (n=884 in 2021), we used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012 to 2021), and obesity was defined by the corresponding sex- and age-specific body mass index percentile of 95th or greater based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart for Children and Adolescents. Results: The overall prevalence of obesity in 2021 is 38.4% (49.2% in men and 27.8% in women), which is a 1.27-fold increase from 30.2% in 2012. The prevalence of obesity has increased across all age groups, particularly among those aged 20, 30, and 80 years. The prevalence of class III obesity substantially increased from 0.35% (men) and 0.42% (women) in 2012 to 1.21% and 0.97% in 2021, with 3.46- and 2.31-fold increases, respectively. This increase was particularly pronounced in young adults. The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has surged from 9.7% in 2012 to 19.3% in 2021, with a greater increase among boys. Conclusion: Our study provides information on the current status of obesity prevalence based on the 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet, emphasizing the urgency of implementing timely strategies to reverse this increasing trend.