배초향이 RAW 264.7의 염증인자 생성에 미치는 영향

박완수 ( Wansu Park ) 대한본초학회 2022 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.37 No.1

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water extract of Agastache rugosa (AR) on productions of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Methods : Cell viabilities were measured with MTT assay. The production of nitric oxide (NO) from RAW 264.7 cells was measured with Griess reagent assay. The production of cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells was measured with multiplex cytokine assay. Results : AR showed no cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 cells. AR at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL significantly inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. AR at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL significantly inhibited productions of TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells; AR at concentrations of 50 and 200 μg/mL significantly inhibited productions of RANTES (CCL5) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells; AR at concentrations of 100 μg/mL significantly inhibited productions of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells; AR at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL significantly increased productions of IP-10 (CXCL10) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells; AR at concentrations of 100 and 200 μg/mL significantly increased MCP-1 (CCL-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells; AR at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL significantly increased productions of IL-10 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions : AR might have immunomodulatory effects on productions of NO, cytokines, and chemokines in LPSstimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages.

264 청포도 와인 상품화에 부여된 민족주의

오유진(Oh, yujin) 비교민속학회 2024 비교민속학 Vol.79 No.-

이 연구는 264 청포도 와인’을 문화의 표현 수단이자 기호가 담긴 소비재로 보고, 그 상품화의 민족주의적 맥락과 의미를 분석하고자 한 것이다. 이 와인은 안동 출신 저항시인 이육사의 시 <청포도>를 모티프로 한 ‘문학작품의 이미지를 활용한 재현적 상품’이다. 소비재에는 문화적인 범주와 원리를 표현하는 코드와 기호가 함축되어 있고, 따라서 문화상품인 264 청포도 와인의 개발과 생산, 소비는 문화적인 작업이다. 264 청포도 와인의 작명방식은 숫자 ‘264’와 시인 ‘이육사’를 연결하고, 원재료명인 ‘청포도’를 시 <청포도>와 연결하는 간접적이면서 중의적인 작명방식이다. 또한, 생산 주체는 청포도의 껍질을 제거하지 않고 양조하여 생기는 쓴맛과 떫은맛을 민족시인의 고된 생애, 그의 저항적 문학작품과 결합한다. 이는 식민지 경험에서 나오는 사회적인 공감과 의식을 통해 소비자에게 민족적인 저항의식을 일깨우도록 하는 것이다. 따라서 독립운동가이자 민족시인의 대표적인 저항시에서 착안하여 개발된 264 청포도 와인은 민족주의적 의미가 부여된 문화상품으로 볼 수 있다. 그러나 개발자 겸 생산자가 생산한 기표와 소비자가 생각하는 기의 사이의 상호 소통이 원활하게 이루어진 측면도 있지만, 전달되지 않는 기표도 있다. 수많은 상품 속에서 살아가는 현대인들의 일상문화를 탐구하는 민속학은 지역문화상품 개발의 과정과 논리를 탐구하되, 생산자와 소비자의 관계, 원천문화, 지역정체성, 관련 이미지 등을 활용하는 방식을 주목한다. 이 연구에서는 안동에서 개발한 와인에 가치를 부여하기 위해 저항시인 이육사의 <청포도>를 원천문화로 활용함으로써 민족주의적 의미가 부여되는 과정을 조명하였다. This study aims to analyze the nationalistic context and meaning of commercialization by seeing 264 White wine as a means of expression and consumer goods containing symbols of culture. This wine is a reproducive product using the image of literary works based on the poem <Green grapes> by Lee Yuk-sa, a resistance poem from Andong. Consumer goods contain codes and symbols expressing cultural categories and principles, and therefore the development, production, and consumption of 264 green grape wine, a cultural product, are cultural tasks. The naming method of 264 White wine is an indirect and intermediate naming method that connects the number 264 and the poet Lee Yuk-sa, and connects the raw material name Green grape with the poem <Green grapes>. In addition, the producer combines the bitter and bitter taste generated by brewing without removing the skin with the hard life of the national poet and his works of resistant literature. This is to awaken the consumers sense of national resistance through social empathy and consciousness arising from the colonial experience. Therefore, 264 White wine, developed based on the representative resistance of independence activists and national poets, can be seen as a cultural product with a nationalistic meaning. However, while communication between the signs produced by developers and producers in the area of nationalism has been facilitated, there are also signs that have not been delivered. Folklore, which explores the daily culture of modern people living in numerous products, explores the process and logic of the development of local cultural products, but pays attention to the method of utilizing the relationship between producers and consumers, source culture, local identity, and related images. In order to give value to the wine developed in Andong, this study highlighted the process of giving nationalistic meaning by using Lee Yuk-sas <Green Grape> as the source culture.

니켈 및 코발트의 세포독성 기전에서 Nitric Oxide의 역할

염정호,오경재,유영천 대한산업의학회 2001 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.13 No.3

목적 : 이 연구는 RAW 264.7 cell의 배양조건에 니켈, 코발트 또는 iNOS의 competitive inhibitor인 NMLA를 여러 조건으로 처리하여 NO 생성의 변조유무 및 이와 관련된 ATP 생성과 세포생존율의 변조양상을 관찰하므로써 니켈 및 코발트가 염증반응을 일으키는 세포독성 과정에서의 NO 역할에 대해 알아보고자 실시하였다. 방법 : Balb/c 마우스의 복강내에 Abelson leukemia virus(A-MuLV)를 주입하여 발생시킨 대식세포주 RAW 264.7 세포의 배양조건에 니켈, 코발트 또는 iNOS의 특이억제체인 NMLA를 여러 조건으로 처리하여 NO 생성의 변조유무 및 이와 관련된 ATP 생성과 세포생존율의 변조양상을 관찰하였다. 세포생존율은 trypan-blue dye exclusion 방법을 이용하였으며 NO는 Hibbs 등(1987)의 방법에 따라 그 대사물질인 nitrite(NO2-)의 측정을 통해 간접 측정하였다. 또한, ATP는 세포막을 파괴한 후 luciferase와 ATP의 반응에 따른 발광정도를 luminometer로 측정하였다. 한편, 각 실험조건에서의 세포의 형태학적 변화는 inverted microscope(×400)를 이용하여 관찰하였다. 결과 : 기본배양조건에 cytokines과 여러 농도의 니켈 또는 코발트의 단독 및 동시첨가의 경우 두 금속 모두 50 μM, 48시간을 기점으로 NO 생성량은 첨가농도의 증가에 따라 용량의존적으로 증가하다가 그 이상의 농도 및 시간에서는 현저히 감소하였으며, 동일 조건에서의 세포생존율은 저 농도에서는 대조군과 차이가 없었으나 전반적으로 첨가한 금속의 농도증가에 따라 용량 및 시간 경과에 따라서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 두 금속 모두 세포생존율 및 NO의 생성율이 높게 유지되는 50 μM, 48시간 배양 조건에서의 결과 또한, 니켈 및 코발트 첨가는 두 금속 모두 cytokines만의 첨가시보다 NO 생성을 더욱 증가시켰으며 ATP 생성정도는 NO 생성 양상과는 반대로 니켈 및 코발트 모두 대조군보다 현저히 감소하였다. 한편 동일 조건에서의 세포생존율은 ATP 감소양상과 비슷하였으며, 이러한 결과들은 두 금속의 동시첨가시 상가(additive)작용으로 나타났다. 한편, 니켈 및 코발트를 단독 또는 동시 첨가한 경우 모두에서 나타났던 NO의 증가와 ATP 감소 및 세포생존율의 감소는 iNOS 억제제인 NMLA를 전처리로 NO 생성은 감소하고 ATP 및 세포생존율은 증가하여 모든 경우에서 대조군 수준으로 완전히 회복되었다. 또한, 이러한 경향은 RAW 264.7 세포를 여러 실험 조건으로 배양한 후 세포상태를 inverted microscope로 관찰한 결과에서도 동일한 결과를 나타내어 니켈 또는 코발트의 첨가로 나타났던 전반적인 세포의 위축과 불규칙한 외형들은 NMLA의 전처리에서는 나타나지 않았다. 결론 : 이상의 결과에서, 니켈 및 코발트는 대식세포의 NO 생성을 증가시키며 이들 금속에 의한 ATP 생성 억제는 그 간 알려졌던 NO의 궁극적인 독성양상인 ATP 생성억제와 동일한 결과로서, 니켈 및 코발트는 대식세포를 활성화시켜 NO 생성을 증가시키고 NO는 ATP 생성을 억제하여 생존율을 감소시키는 것으로 사료된다. 한편, 니켈 및 코발트의 독성효과들은 NMLA를 전처리로 완전하게 억제되고 있어 니켈 및 코발트의 독성은 대부분 NO에 의해 매개됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 NO는 니켈 및 코발트의 염증유발 과정에서 중요한 매개역할을 수행하리라 사료된다. Objectives : The nickel and cobalt present in many industrial working environments and consumer products. They are two of the leading causes of allergic contact dermatitis, which is a typical delayed(type IV) hypersensitivity reaction. However, the mechanism by which nickel and cobalt causes this pathology is not well known. The nickel and cobalt induced contact dermatitis is mediated primarily through macrophages. This mechanism is similar to the autotoxicity procedure for NO. Therefore, this study was designed to examine whether the metals could modulate NO productihb and how the metals may affect ATP production and cell viability. In summary, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of NO in the nickel and cobalt induced cytotoxicity. Methods : This study is based on observations of cultures of RAW 264.7 cells which are originated from a tumor of Balb/c mouse that was induced by Abelson murine leukemia virus. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with either Ni, Co, Ni plus Co, or N-monomethyl-L- arginine(NMLA) for 24-72 h. The cytotoxicity of the nickel and cobalt was measured by cell viability and NO2-, and mitochondrial function was evaluated by adenosine triphosphate(ATP) production in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the morphology of cells was observed using an inverted microsope. Results : The NO2- synthesis of RAW 264.7 cells increased with increasing concentrations of Ni and Co up to 50 μM after 24 and 48 h of exposure to Ni and Co but then decreased if the concentration was greater than 50 μM and the time period was greater than 48 h. However, the viability of cells was decreased by Ni and Co exposure in a dose and time dependent manner. Therefore, 50 μM Ni or Co and 48 h of treatment were used in this study. A complete inhibition of NO2- synthesis by Ni or/and Co occurred when iNOS inhibitor, NMLA, were pretreated prior to addition of Ni or/and Co, whereas Ni or/and Co induced decrease of synthesis of ATP and viability completely recovered when NMLA were pretreated prior to addition of Ni or/and Co. Ni or/and Co(50 μM) induced the characteristic morphological features of cytotoxicity which is characterized by a shrinkage of cytoplasm and irregular shape of the cells, but the pretreatment of NMLA resulted in a recovered morphological change of the cells to their normal appearance. Conclusions : These results suggest that NO plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the cytotoxicity of nickel and cobalt, and nickel and cobalt may exert their toxicities by means of modulation of NO prduction. The results from this study may facilitate further understanding the role of NO of nickel and cobalt induced immune and inflammatory processes.

신경교세포 및 RAW 264.7 세포에서 Protein kinase의 활성에 의한 유도성 Nitric oxide synthase의 발현

박상철,노삼길,배소현,박지선,이충재,허강민,석정호,이재흔 충남대학교 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.2

NO(nitric oxide) plays an important role as neurotransmitter or cytokine, and pathologic factor for some diseases by the large amount production with iNOS(inducible NO synthase) expression in macrophages or glial cells. The expression of iNOS is regulated by various cytokines, protein kinases and transcription factors. In this experiment, to investigate the roles of progein kinase and NF-kB for iNOS expression, the effects of PMA(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate), cAMP, and various protein kinase inhibitors on LPS(lipopolysaccharide)-induced iNOS mRNAN expression and nuclear NF-kB binding complex were examined in C6 glial cells and RAW 264.7 cells. In C6 glial cells, iNOS mRNA expression by LPS was induced from 1 hour and peak at 3 hour after treatment. In RAW 264.7 cells, the mRNA was observed from 3 hour and peak at 6 hour. PMA enhanced markedly LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells, but did not much influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells, in spite of increased LPS-induced NF-kB binding complex at 30 min. cAMP(dibutyryl cAMP) did not much influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression, by increased LPS-induced NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells. However, in RAW 264.7 cells, cAMP increased slightly LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression without change of NF-kB binding complex. Staurosporine did not influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells, but in RAW 264.7 cells, decreased LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NF-kB binding complex. Ro-31-8220 did not much influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells, but in RAW 264.7 cells, decreased significantly LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression in spite of increased LPS-induced NF-kB binding complex for 3hours. G 6976 did not much influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression with decreased NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells, but in RAW 264.7 cells, decreased iNOS mRNA expression without influence on LPS-induced NF-kB binding complex. Genistein did not influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells, but in RAW 264.7 cells, decreased LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression inspite of increased NF-kB binding complex. These results suggest that LPS-induced regulation of iNOS expression or NF-kB activity in C6 glial cells, might be different from RAW 264.7 cells through various protein kinases or other factors.

JAK/STAT 신호전달 경로를 통한 LPS 유도 RAW 264.7 세포의 염증에 대한 노니의 항염증 효과

조범길,방인석 한국생명과학회 2022 생명과학회지 Vol.32 No.2

본 연구는 노니(Morinda citrifolia)에 함유된 주요 생리활성물질이 RAW 264.7 세포에서 JAK/STAT 신호전달 경로를 통하여 항염증 작용에 관여하는 것을 조사하였다. 건조된 M. citrifolia 열매의 MeOH 추출에 의한 유기용매의 순차 분획에서 얻은 EtOAc 분획물(Mc-EtOAc)에서 가장 높은 항산화 활성을 확인하였고, H2O2로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포의 산화적 스트레스에 대한 세포보호 효과는 처리 농도의존적으로 세포독성을 차단하였다. LPS 처리로 71.6%의 RAW 264.7 세포 생존율에서 240 μg/ml의 Mc-EtOAc를 전처리한 군에서 84.5%의 세포 생존율 증가를 보였다. LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포의 NO 생성 저해활성은 240 μg/ml의 Mc-EtOAc에서 양성 대조군의 절반 수준으로 NO의 생성양을 감소시켰다. Mc-EtOAc 처리로 iNOS의 발현량은 농도의존적으로 유의하게 감소하였고, COX-2의 발현은 LPS 유도로 3배 정도로 증가되었으나, 120, 240 μg/ml의 Mc-EtOAc를 전처리시 농도의존적으로 유의하게 감소시켰다. 또한 pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β와 TNF-α의 mRNA 발현도 억제하였다. 이러한 Mc-EtOAc의 항염증 작용이 상위 신호전달 경로인 JAK/STAT 신호전달 경로 통해 일어나지를 조사한 결과, Mc-EtOAc의 전처리로 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에서 pJAK1과 pSTAT3의 인산화 정도가 유의성 있게 감소하였다. 따라서 RAW 264.7 세포에서 Mc-EtOAc의 항염증 효과는 JAK1/STAT3 신호전달 경로를 통해 염증반응을 억제하는 것으로 사료된다. This study investigated whether or not the major bioactive compounds of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) are involved in anti-inflammatory activity through the JAK/STAT upper signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. The experimental results show that the M. citrifolia ethyl acetate fraction (Mc-EtOAc) obtained by sequential fractionation with organic solvents from the plant’s dried fruits exhibits the highest antioxidant activity. In addition, the cytoprotective effects of Mc-EtOAc against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in the RAW 264.7 cells suppressed cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The group pretreated with Mc-EtOAc at a concentration of 240 μg/ml showed higher cell viability of 84.5%, compared to 71.6% in the LPS-treated group, and LPS-induced NO production decreased to half the amount in the positive control group. Mc-EtOAc treatment also led to a significant dose-dependent reduction in iNOS expression. Although COX-2 expression was increased by 300% following LPS induction, it was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner by pretreatment with Mc-EtOAc at concentrations of 120 and 240 μg/ml. An inhibition of the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α was observed. The investigation also revealed that the phosphorylation levels of pJAK1 and pSTAT3 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were significantly reduced by Mc-EtOAc treatment.

Trans-10, cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production and Nuclear Factor-κB Activation in RAW 264.7 Macrophages Through Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species

박소영,강병택,강지훈,양만표 한국임상수의학회 2014 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.31 No.6

The aims of this study were to explore the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on reactive oxygenspecies (ROS) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-naïve and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and toexamine whether these effects affect the regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production, and nuclearfactor-kappa B (NF-κB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation. Trans-10, cis-12(t10c12)-CLA increased the production of ROS, as well as TNF-α in LPS-naïve RAW 264.7 cells. The CLA-inducedTNF-α production was suppressed by treatment of diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. In addition, CLA enhanced the activities of NF-κB and PPARγ in LPS-naïve RAW 264.7 cells, and this effect wasabolished with DPI treatment. LPS treatment increased ROS production, whereas CLA reduced LPS-induced ROSproduction. LPS increased both TNF-α production and NF-κB activity, whereas t10c12-CLA reduced TNF-α productionand NF-κB activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. DPI treatment suppressed LPS-induced ROS production andNF-κB activity. Moreover, DPI enhanced the inhibitory effects of t10c12-CLA on TNF-α production and NF-κBactivation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. However, neither t10c12-CLA nor DPI affected PPARγ activity in LPSstimulatedRAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, these data indicate that t10c12-CLA induces TNF-α production byincreasing ROS production in LPS-naïve RAW 264.7 cells, which is mediated by the enhancement of NF-κB activityvia PPARγ activation. By contrast, t10c12-CLA suppresses TNF-α production by inhibiting ROS production and NF-κB activation via a PPARγ-independent pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that t10c12-CLA can modulate TNF-α production and NF-κB activation through formation of ROS in RAW 264.7 macrophages

바이칼레인(baicalein)이 poly-IC와 lipoteichoic acid로 자극된 마우스 대식세포 RAW 264.7의 hydrogen peroxide 생성에 미치는 영향

박완수,Wansu Park 대한본초학회 2023 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.38 No.4

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalein (BA) on the production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-IC) and lipoteichoic acid. Methods : RAW 264.7 co-stimulated with poly-IC and lipoteichoic acid were incubated with baicalein at concentrations of 25 and 50 μM. Incubation time is 16 h, 18 h, 20 h, 22 h, and 24 h. After incubation, The production of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 was measured with dihydrorhodamine 123 assay. Chrysin was used as a comparative material. NO production was evaluated by griess assay. Results : For 16 h, 18 h, 20 h, 22 h, and 24 h incubation, BA at the concentration of 25 and 50 μM significantly inhibited the production of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 stimulated by poly-IC and lipoteichoic acid (p <0.001). In details, production of hydrogen peroxide in 'poly-IC and lipoteichoic acid'-stimulated RAW 264.7 treated for 16 h with BA at concentrations of 25 and 50 μM was 82.36% and 77.24% of the control group treated with poly-IC and lipoteichoic acid only, respectively; the production of hydrogen peroxide for 18 h was 83.15% and 77.91%, respectively;production of hydrogen peroxide for 20 h was 82.88% and 77.82%, respectively; production of hydrogen peroxide for 22 h was 83.27% and 78.17%, respectively; production of hydrogen peroxide for 24 h was 83.54% and 78.35%, respectively. Additionally, BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 μM significantly inhibited NO production in lipoteichoic acid-induced RAW 264.7 (p <0.001). Conclusions : BA might have anti-oxidative activity related to its inhibition of hydrogen peroxide production in 'poly-IC and lipoteichoic acid'-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

프레임율 변환을 위한 H.264 코덱의 움직임 벡터 분석

김상철(Sangchul Kim),송인선(Insun Song),정현종(Hyunjong Jeong),낭종호(Jongho Nang) 한국정보과학회 2013 정보과학회논문지 : 시스템 및 이론 Vol.40 No.4

최근 스마트 기기의 보급과 무선 인터넷망의 보급으로 언제 어디에서나 비디오를 시청할 수 있다. 하지만 무선 인터넷 망의 품질이 안좋을 경우 영상의 QoS(Quality of Service)를 낮춰 프레임을 스킵하여 전송하게 된다. 이 때 FRUC(Frame Rate Up Conversion)기술을 적용한다면 원본의 프레임 레이트를 확보할 수 있어 QoS를 높일 것으로 기대한다. FRUC에서 MV(Motion Vector)추정시에 연산량이 매우 높아서 스마트 기기에 적용하는 것이 어렵지만 H.264코덱으로 인코딩된 동영상은 자체적으로 MV정보를 갖고 있기 때문에 이 MV를 FRUC에 적용할 수 있다면 FRUC의 연산량을 줄일 수 있을 것이다. 본 논문에서는 H.264 MV와 FRUC의 MV의 차이를 분석하고 유용성을 판단하는 실험을 통해 H.264로 인코딩 된 비디오의 MV중 상당수가 FRUC에 적합함을 확인했다. Recently, People can use the video streaming services without constraints of space and time because wireless Internet and smart mobile devices are widely spread. However, when network condition is bad, the quality of the video streaming is also decreased. One of the solutions is FRUC (Frame Rate Up Conversion) that can provide better QoS. However, since this technique requires a huge amount of computational resources like ME(Motion Estimation), it is unable to be used in the mobile devices such as smartphone. If Motion Vector in H.264 is applied to FRUC, it could decrease computational resources. This paper analyze difference between H.264 MV(Motion Vector) and FRUC MV. This results implies that a lot of MV in H.264 can apply to FRUC.

이삭물수세미(Myriophyllum spicatum L.) 에탄올 추출물의 항산화와 항염증 효과

김철환,이영경,김민진,최지수,황병수,조표연,김영준,정용태 한국자원식물학회 2023 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.36 No.1

Abstract - Myriophyllum spicatum L. has been used as an ornamental in ponds and aquariums, and as a folk remedy for inflammation and pus. Nevertheless, the biological activity and underlying mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects are unclear. This study is aimed at investigating the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of Myriophyllum spicatum L. (EMS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Antioxidant activity of EMS was assessed by radical-scavenging effects on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. As inflammatory response parameters produced by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were quantified to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of EMS. Our results showed that EMS increased FRAP and DPPH radicalscavenging activity. In EMS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, the production of NO, PGE2, TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly inhibited at the non-cytotoxic concentration. In addition, EMS significantly attenuated LPS-stimulated the toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/myeloid differentiation protein (MyD) 88 signaling pathway, and inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB). Positive correlations were noted between anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, it was indicated that EMS suppresses the transcription of inflammatory factors by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby suppressing LPS-stimulated inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. This study highlights the potential role of EMS against inflammation and associated diseases. 적 요이삭물수세미는 민간에서는 전초를 고름, 염증 등에 약용으로 사용하였으나, 염증에 대한 연구가 미비한 상황이다. 이에본 연구에서는 이삭물수세미 추출물(EMS)의 항산화 효능과 항염증 효능을 분석하였다. 항산화 효능은 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 환원력을 통해 산화적 스트레스를 통해 염증을 유발시킬 수있는 ROS (Hong et al., 2020; Snezhkina et al., 2019)를 억제하는지 확인하였고, 항염증 효능은 염증 발현 인자인 LPS를 이용하여 RAW 264.7 대식세포에 염증을 유도한 뒤pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β)과 염증 매개체(NO, PGE2)의억제 및 TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway 발현 억제를통해 확인하였다. 연구 결과, 항산화 효능에 있어서는 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 Fe3+를 Fe2+로 환원시키는 환원력이 농도 의존적으로 증가함을 확인하였다. 무독성 상태에서 실험하기 위해LPS와 EMS를 처리한 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 90% 이상의 생존율을 나타내는 조건에서 실험을 진행하였다. LPS로 염증이유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에서 EMS는 염증 매개 인자의 발현 및생성 억제(iNOS에 의한 NO 생성 및 COX-2에 의한 PGE2 생성억제)와 pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α및 IL-1β)의 생성 또한 억제하였다. 특이적으로 COX-2에 의한 PGE2 생성 억제에서는 고농도에서 작용함을 확인하였고, IL-1β에서는 약한억제력을 보였다. 이후signaling pathway에서 염증 전사인자경로를 확인하기 위하여 TLR4/MyD88의 활성을 확인하였고, EMS 처리에 따라 농도 의존적으로 억제되는 것을 확인하였다. 이에 따라 염증 초기 단계에서 NF-κB p65가 nuclear로 들어가는 것을 억제하는지 확인하기 위해 early time (LPS 처리 후30, 60 min) 조건으로 nuclear에서 p65 인산화를 확인하였다. 그 결과, LPS 자극으로 인해 증가된 p65 인산화가 EMS에 의해 부분적으로 억제됨을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과를 통해 LPS로 염증이 유도된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 EMS가 COX-2에 의한PGE2 생성 억제와 IL-1β의 생성에 있어 낮은 억제력을 가진 반면, iNOS에 의한 NO과 TNF-α생성 및 TLR4/MyD88 singnaling pathway에 있어 강한 억제력을 가짐을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 EMS가 ROS를 제거하고 TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway를 억제함으로써 염증 인자들의 전사를 억제하고, 염증 인자 부분에서는 iNOS에 의한 NO 생성과 TNF-α생성을 강하게 억제하여 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 LPS로 자극된 염증을억제하는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway를 통한 pro-inflammatory cytokine과염증 매개체와의 연관성에 대한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있는 근거 자료가 될 수있을 것으로 생각된다.

H.264/AVC에서 화면 간 예측 모드의 압축 성능 향상을 위한 적응적인 계수 탐색 방법

백승진(Seung-Jin Baek),박천수(Chun-Su Park),고성제(Sung-Jea Ko) 대한전자공학회 2009 電子工學會論文誌-SP (Signal processing) Vol.46 No.3

H.264/AVC는 높은 압축 성능을 보이는 현존하는 가장 우수한 비디호 부호화 표준이다. H.264/AVC는 양자화된 변환 계수를 부호화하기 위해 지그재그 탐색 방법을 채택하고 있다. 하지만 이 방법은 모든 블록의 양자화된 변환 계수를 블록의 특성을 고려하지 않고 동일한 순서로 탐색하기 때문에 효과적이지 못하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 H.264/AVC의 화면 간 예측에서 압축 효율을 증가시키기 위한 적응적인 계수 탐색 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법에서는, 이전 블록들의 정보를 기반으로 각 화면 간 예측 모드의 계수 탐색 순서를 조절한다. 실험 결과는 제안하는 적응적인 계수 탐색 방법은 고화질의 HD 영상에서 2.29%의 압축 효율 향상을 보여준다. H.264/AVC is the state-of-the-art video compression standard which achieves high coding efficiency compared with the previous standards. H.264/AVC adopts zig-zag scanning in order to encode quantized transform coefficients in a block. However, its performance is not satisfactory because all blocks are scanned in the fixed order without considering the characteristics of blocks. This paper presents an adaptive coefficient scanning method for improving inter coding efficiency in H.264/AVC. In the proposed method, the coefficient scanning order for each prediction mode is adaptively controlled based on the information of previously-coded blocks. The experimental results show that the proposed coefficient scanning method improves the coding efficiency about 2.29% for high-quality HD sequences.