The Semantics of Semantic Annotation

( Harry Bunt ) 한국언어정보학회 2007 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

This is a speculative paper, describing a recently started effort to give a formal semantics to semantic annotation schemes. Semantic annotations are intended to capture certain semantic information in a text, which means that it only makes sense to use semantic annotations if these have a well-defined semantics. In practice, however, semantic annotation schemes are used that lack any formal semantics. In this paper we outline how existing approaches to the annotation of temporal information, semantic roles, and reference relations can be integrated in a single XML-based format and can be given a formal semantics by translating them into second-order logic. This is argued to offer an incremental aproach to the incorporation of semantic information in natural language processing that does not suffer from the problems of ambiguity and lack of robustness that are common to traditional approaches to computational semantics.

의미간의 유사도 연구의 패러다임 변화의 필요성-인지 의미론적 관점에서의 고찰

최영석(Youngseok Choi),박진수(Jinsoo Park) 한국지능정보시스템학회 2013 지능정보연구 Vol.19 No.1

Semantic similarity/relatedness measure between two concepts plays an important role in research on system integration and database integration. Moreover, current research on keyword recommendation or tag clustering strongly depends on this kind of semantic measure. For this reason, many researchers in various fields including computer science and computational linguistics have tried to improve methods to calculating semantic similarity/relatedness measure. This study of similarity between concepts is meant to discover how a computational process can model the action of a human to determine the relationship between two concepts. Most research on calculating semantic similarity usually uses ready-made reference knowledge such as semantic network and dictionary to measure concept similarity. The topological method is used to calculated relatedness or similarity between concepts based on various forms of a semantic network including a hierarchical taxonomy. This approach assumes that the semantic network reflects the human knowledge well. The nodes in a network represent concepts, and way to measure the conceptual similarity between two nodes are also regarded as ways to determine the conceptual similarity of two words(i.e,. two nodes in a network). Topological method can be categorized as node-based or edge-based, which are also called the information content approach and the conceptual distance approach, respectively. The node-based approach is used to calculate similarity between concepts based on how much information the two concepts share in terms of a semantic network or taxonomy while edge-based approach estimates the distance between the nodes that correspond to the concepts being compared. Both of two approaches have assumed that the semantic network is static. That means topological approach has not considered the change of semantic relation between concepts in semantic network. However, as information communication technologies make advantage in sharing knowledge among people, semantic relation between concepts in semantic network may change. To explain the change in semantic relation, we adopt the cognitive semantics. The basic assumption of cognitive semantics is that humans judge the semantic relation based on their cognition and understanding of concepts. This cognition and understanding is called ‘World Knowledge.’ World knowledge can be categorized as personal knowledge and cultural knowledge. Personal knowledge means the knowledge from personal experience. Everyone can have different Personal Knowledge of same concept. Cultural Knowledge is the knowledge shared by people who are living in the same culture or using the same language. People in the same culture have common understanding of specific concepts. Cultural knowledge can be the starting point of discussion about the change of semantic relation. If the culture shared by people changes for some reasons, the human’s cultural knowledge may also change. Today’s society and culture are changing at a past face, and the change of cultural knowledge is not negligible issues in the research on semantic relationship between concepts. In this paper, we propose the future directions of research on semantic similarity. In other words, we discuss that how the research on semantic similarity can reflect the change of semantic relation caused by the change of cultural knowledge. We suggest three direction of future research on semantic similarity. First, the research should include the versioning and update methodology for semantic network. Second, semantic network which is dynamically generated can be used for the calculation of semantic similarity between concepts. If the researcher can develop the methodology to extract the semantic network from given knowledge base in real time, this approach can solve many problems related to the change of semantic relation. Third, the statistical approach based on corpus analysis can be an alternative for the metho

상징어의 의미 영역 분류 연구 2 : 사람과 관련하여 쓰이는 의태어를 중심으로

김홍범(Kim Hong-beom),이영주(Lee Young-ju) 한국사전학회 2011 한국사전학 Vol.- No.18

This study addresses the question of how we can understand errors and suggest an alternative. It analysis mimetic words relating human in the previous Classification Dictionary of semantic field and get errors' cause. Finally purpose of this paper is to suggest an alternative of systematic criterion in Classification Dictionary of semantic field. Using semantic description model deconstruct mimetic word's meaning relating human and point out dispute of classification system. This combines residual meaning of compartmentalisation items for the purpose of establishing systematic criterion in Classification Dictionary of semantic field. It utilizes the Microsoft Excel to make semantic description model. Using semantic description model deconstruct meaning to apply the previous dictionary's contents. This paper appears semantic description about Mimetic Words registered in 「Classification Dictionary of Korean Onomatopoeic and Mimetic Words」 by researching subject(N1, N2), object(N3, N4), adverb(N5), predicate(V). This paper reclassify previous classification system to establish consistency, relating this predication items classify 5types. Type I is Mimetic Words about physical motion. Type 2 is also Mimetic Words about the motion of whole human body, however it emphasizes certain parts of human body. Type 3 is associated with the motion of whole human body. However there is not 'mom(paldari)' in N2, N4. Type 4 is associated with the motion of partial human body. In this case, particular part of the body like eyes, head, nose and mouth predicate N2 or N4. Type 5 is as 4 type associated with the motion of partial human body. However this type mainly associated with activities of eyes, nose, mouth, body with purpose. The analysis results for symbolic words based on the methodology of this paper remain to be studied.

상징어의 의미 영역 분류 연구(2) -사람과 관련하여 쓰이는 의태어를 중심으로-

김홍범,이영주 한국사전학회 2011 한국사전학 Vol.- No.18

This study addresses the question of how we can understand errors and suggest an alternative. It analysis mimetic words relating human in the previous Classification Dictionary of semantic field and get errors’ cause. Finally purpose of this paper is to suggest an alternative of systematic criterion in Classification Dictionary of semantic field. Using semantic description model deconstruct mimetic word’s meaning relating human and point out dispute of classification system. This combines residual meaning of compartmentalisation items for the purpose of establishing systematic criterion in Classification Dictionary of semantic field. It utilizes the Microsoft Excel to make semantic description model. Using semantic description model deconstruct meaning to apply the previous dictionary’s contents. This paper appears semantic description about Mimetic Words registered in 「Classification Dictionary of Korean Onomatopoeic and Mimetic Words」 by researching subject(N1, N2), object(N3, N4), adverb(N5), predicate(V). This paper reclassify previous classification system to establish consistency, relating this predication items classify 5types. Type 1 is Mimetic Words about physical motion. Type 2 is also Mimetic Words about the motion of whole human body, however it emphasizes certain parts of human body. Type 3 is associated with the motion of whole human body. However there is not ‘mom(paldari)’ in N2, N4. Type 4 is associated with the motion of partial human body. In this case, particular part of the body like eyes, head, nose and mouth predicate N2 or N4. Type 5 is as 4 type associated with the motion of partial human body. However this type mainly associated with activities of eyes,nose, mouth, body with purpose. The analysis results for symbolic words based on the methodology of this paper remain to be studied.

한국어 다기능 문법형식 ‘에게’의 의미지도

양소열 ( Yang Suyue ),구본관 ( Koo Bonkwan ) 한국문법교육학회 2018 문법 교육 Vol.33 No.-

In Korean, ‘ege’ is a multifunctional grams with various semantic functions indicating ‘recipient’, ‘beneficiary’, ‘human goal’, etc. Semantic map is a useful method for analyzing the pattern of multifunctional grams and the relationship between the semantics. Compared with the comparative analysis method, Semantic maps have many advantages on showing the internal relation and the affinity relationship between each function of the multifunctional grams. This paper is based on the semantic map presented in linguistic typology and based on the conceptual space of typical dative functions which was constructed by Haspelmath in 2003 and cross-domain thematic role which was constructed by Zhang Min in 2013, reanalyzed the semantic functions of ‘ege’. The semantic functions of ‘ege’ include ‘recipient’, ‘beneficiary’, ‘human goal’, ‘human source’, ‘experiencer’, ‘possessor’, ‘causee’, ‘passive agent’. In addition, according to the Semantic Map Connectivity Hypothesis and semantic analysis this paper added functional items to the conceptual space of Zhang Min(2013) and mapped out the semantic map of ‘ege’. These discussions can also be applied to language comparison and second language teaching and acquisition.

문제해결형 하이퍼미디어 학습환경에서 의미론적 맵학습과 작동기억이 정신모형 형성에 미치는 영향

진화봉 ( Hwabong Jin ),김회수 ( Hoisoo Kim ) 한국교육공학회 2005 교육공학연구 Vol.21 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of semantic mapping and working memory on mental model construction in hypermedia learning environment. The subjects were 105 sixth graders. They were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups (semantic-mapping only and semantic-mapping with scaffolding) or the control group. The scaffolded semantic-mapping group were given coaching about nodes and links during mapping on the hypermedia. In contrast, the control group was given only hypermedia based learning without mapping practices. The findings from this study were as follows: First, semantic-mapping facilitated learners` mental model construction in hypermedia mediated learning. Especially, the group of semantic-mapping with scaffolding outperformed the semantic-mapping only group in the recall and situation model construction test scores. Second, the high working memory group got higher achievement than the lower in the recall and situation model construction test scores, but subjects` visuo-spatial working memory did not have any effect on the recall test scores. The low working memory group under the semantic-mapping condition achieved higher scores than the higher one of control group in the mental model test. In addition, the low working memory group under the semantic-mapping with scaffolding showed significantly higher performance than high working memory group under the control condition. The results of this study suggest that semantic-mapping and working memory affect positively on mental model construction in the hypermedia based learning. If learners are provided with scaffolded semantic-mapping practices they could be able to overcome limitations of working memory in order to construct mental models of learning tasks.

“NP+好+V”的语义指向和动词限制考察

徐泽方 대한중국학회 2023 중국학 Vol.84 No.-

空范畴(empty category)是在所有人类语言中普遍存在的语言现象,空范畴理论主要研究的语义问题。空范畴是指句法关系中,有语义内容却没有语音表现形式的部分。本文从广义、狭义语义指向分析入手,借助空范畴理论,以及框架理论,对“NP+好+V”构式进行了分析。本文将利用语义指向分析和空范畴等理论,对“NP+好+V”构式的语义指向和动词限制以及理解与语义背景做出考察。 Empty category is a common language phenomenon in all human languages. The semantic problem of empty category is mainly studied, which is a component with semantic content but no phonetic form in a certain syntactic relationship. This paper starts with the analysis of broad sense and narrow sense semantic orientation, and analyzes the NP+好+V construction with the help of empty category theory and frame theory. This paper will use the theory of semantic pointing analysis and empty category to investigate the semantic pointing, verb restriction, understanding and semantic background of the NP+好+V construction.From the point of view of the semantic orientation in a narrow sense, it is the correlation between the two components, that is, the semantic orientation within the NP+好+V construction, which represents different meanings according to different orientations. In a broad sense, semantic orientation refers to the relationship between components and semantics, that is, it may point to the external components of NP+好+V. At this time, the object pointed to by semantics may not appear in the NP+好+V construction due to reasons such as omission. If necessary, you can Complement it, but it does not affect the understanding of its semantics.

어휘 의미 지식 표상의 방법--한국어 '사다/팔다'의 프레임 의미론적 접근--

김현권,김병욱 한글학회 2003 한글 Vol.- No.262

A Method of Representation of the Lexico- semantic Knowledge: Frame-semantics approach toKorean verbs sada(to buy) and palda(to sell)Kim Hyun-Kwon, Kim Byung-UkThis paper presents the frame semantics of Ch. Fillmore as a useful method of representing the lexico-semantic knowledge and discusses the possibility of applicating this frame semantics to Korean verbs sada and palda.The main concern is the composition of the lexicon or the lexical semantic database based on the frame semantics. The lexicon is composed of four parts : frame definition, frame elements, lexical units, syntactic realizations of frame elements or valency pattern. The corpora data in which each sentence is analyzed syntactically and all syntactic components are annotated semantically are used to show the last part. The Korean verbs are described in accordance with this architecture.This paper argues that the frame semantics model of representing lexico-semantic knowledge assumes a formal and rich model of the lexicon relevant to natural language processing.

종료 유의동사가 갖는 명사연어의 의미범주코퍼스기반 연구

김준기 ( Joon Ki Kim ) 한국현대언어학회 2015 언어연구 Vol.31 No.3

The purpose of this study is to investigate the semantic domains of the noun collocations of the synonymous verbs finish, end, complete, stop, quit, cease, halt, and terminate through the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA). This paper demonstrates how semantic domains are obtainable by using a systematic semantic-tagging tool rather than judgments based only on theoretical analysis, and how they are thus reflected, to judge the semantic characteristics of termination verbs. In order to explore the semantic domains of noun collocations of termination verbs, we used the corpus analysis tool Wmatrix. Our findings are as follows: (1) the semantic characteristics of each termination verb suggested by Freed (1979) and Givon (1972) are more clearly explained and understood when the semantic tagging procedure is applied through Wmatrix to the noun collocates; (2) the frequency of the collocation of termination verbs has, according to their semantic domains, increased over time, especially since the 1900s. (Dongseo University)

의미적 점화가 단순언어장애 아동의 낱말찾기에 미치는 효과

이윤경(Yoon Kyoung Lee),김영태(Young Tae Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2003 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.8 No.3

점화는 목표자극이 제시되기 전에 관련 자극을 미리 제시하는 것으로, 이름대기 또는 낱말찾기 연구에서 낱말의 구조화와 어휘접근(lexical access) 절차를 파악하는 주요 절차로 활용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 의미적 점화 효과를 중심으로 단순언어장애(SLI) 아동의 낱말찾기 문제를 어휘처리과정을 중심으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 언어연령이 4;6-6;6세 사이의 SLI 아동 15명과 생활연령 일치 일반아동 15명, 그리고 언어연령 일치 일반아동 15명, 총 45명으로 하였다. 이름대기 과제를 실험과제로 하였으며, 목표낱말 36개와 점화낱말 72개(의미적 점화낱말 36개, 무관련 점화낱말 36개), 총 108개의 낱말을 실험자료로 사용하였다. 결과는 오반응 빈도와 오류유형의 두 가지 측면에서 분석하였다. 연구결과, SLI 집단은 두 일반아동 집단과 마찬가지로 무관련 점화조건에 비해 의미적 점화조건에서 오반응률을 적게 산출하였으나 상대적으로 그 차이는 적었다. 점화조건에 따른 오류유형의 경우도 SLI 아동들은 두 일반아동 집단에 비해 점화조건 간에 기타 오류는 거의 차이가 없었으며, 의미적 오류도 차이가 적어 의미적 점화에 의한 촉진효과가 상대적으로 적었다. 이러한 결과는 SLI의 낱말찾기 문제가 어휘처리과정 중 의미처리과정과 밀접하게 관련됨을 보여준다. Word finding deficit is one of the language characteristics of children with specific language impairment(SLI). The present study was designed to compare word-finding abilities between children with SLI and normal children and to account for the word-finding problem in terms of lexical processing. Forty-five children participated in this study: 15 children with specific language impairment(SLI group) whose language age were 4;6-6;6, 15 normal children chronological-age matched with the SLI children(CA controls), and 15 normal children matched on a composite index of language age with the SLI children(LA controls). Pictures-naming task was used in two conditions to account for the lexical processing of children with SLI. The presentation of the pictures was preceded by a semantic-related priming in one condition, and a non-related priming in the other condition. Frequency and type of errors in picture naming task were analysed. The principal findings of the study were as follows: (1) The SLI group, the CA controls, and the LA controls produced less errors with semantic-related priming than non-related priming. This means that word- finding is improved by the semantic priming. (2) Error type analysis showed that in the SLI group the number of semantic errors changed less with semantic-related priming than the CA controls and the LA controls. The CA controls and the LA controls produced many more semantic errors and fewer of other of errors with semantic-related priming than non-related priming. The results of the study imply that children with SLI have difficulty in lexical processing on the semantic level.