정보통신기기의 위치추적에 대한 헌법적 통제에 관한 소고

이상경 헌법재판연구원 2019 헌법재판연구 Vol.6 No.1

Recently, a so-called Location-Based Service (LBS) has been activated using geographical location information, which can lead to various constitutional problems as well as various beneficial services. In particular, there is a great deal of concern about infringement of fundamental rights in using such location information for investigation purposes. The conflicts occur between the basic rights, especially securing freedom of communication, privacy, protection of personal information, and the investigatory utilization of location information. Therefore, this paper discusses the key issues related to location tracking, which are currently in question, in the following three categories. First, this paper discusses the sorts of location information tracking methods, the second, tracking cell-site location information, and the third, tracking real time GPS location information. In addition to these discussions, this paper examines whether investigatory use of location information infringes search warrant, freedom of communication, and right to self -determination of personal information. Use of location information can be largely classified into tracking of cell-site location information and GPS location tracking. The cell-site location information tracking can be divided into two again. The first is a location tracking method through the use of mobile information and communication equipment, which is related to the request of the communication confirmation fact data in the recent constitutional case. The second is a form in which communication history and location information of all communication subscribers existing in a specific base station are collectively. The following is the tracking of GPS location information. The tracking of such GPS location information can be further divided into two. First, there is a way to continuously track by attaching a location tracking device. Second, there is a method of tracking real time GPS location information using a virtual cell-site location, namely, a cell-site simulator. Since tracking real time GPS location information is directly related to the privacy, freedom of communication, and right to self-determination of personal information, this papers suggests that search warrant issued by courts be strictly needed for investigatory use of real time GPS location information. 최근 개인의 위치정보(Location Information)를 활용하는 소위 “위치기반서비스(Location-Based Service)”가 활성화되었다. 이러한 위치정보의 활용은 다양한 편의를 제공함에도 불구하고 여러 가지 헌법적 문제를 발생시킨다. 특히 국가가 개인의 위치정보를 수사목적으로 활용하는 경우, 정보주체의 통신비밀, 사생활의 비밀 및 개인정보 등의 침해를 야기할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 현재 문제 되고있는 위치추적과 관련된 핵심 쟁점을 다음 3가지로 구분하여 논의한다. 먼저 정보통신기기의 위치추적의 종류를 논의하고, 두 번째로 발신기지국 위치추적, 세 번째로 실시간 GPS위치정보 추적에 관해 순서대로 논의한다. 이러한 논의와 더불어 위치추적의 헌법적 통제문제로서 영장주의, 통신비밀의 보장 및 개인정보자기결정권 등 침해 여부에 관해 검토한다. 위치정보를 수사목적으로 활용하는 방법은 다양하다. 크게는 발신기지국 위치정보 추적과 실시간 GPS위치정보의 추적으로 구별할 수 있다. 발신기지국 위치정보 추적은 다시 2가지로 구별될 수 있다. 첫째는 이동정보통신기기의 사용을 통한 위치추적 방법으로 과거의 발신기지국 접속 정보를 통한 위치추적-우리의 경우 통신확인사실자료의 요청과 관련된 부분-이다. 둘째는 특정한 기지국 내에 존재하는 모든 통신 가입자들에 대한 통신내역과 위치정보를 일괄 제공받는 형태-소위. ‘기지국 수사’-의 위치정보 추적이다. 우리나라 헌법재판소와 미국의 연방법원의 판례를 통해 발신기지국 위치정보의 추적에 관한 헌법적 통제문제를 살펴본다. 다음은 실시간 GPS위치정보의 추적이다. GPS위치정보는 인공위성과 GPS장치 부착 단말기 사이를 신호가 이동하는 시간을 측정하여 단말기의 위치가 파악되는 것으로써, 기술적인 수단이나 추적범위, 추적의 용이성 등의 측면에서 ‘발신기지국 위치정보’와 구별된다. 실시간 GPS위치정보의 추적도 다시 2가지로 구별될 수 있다. 첫째는 GPS위치추적 장치를 부착하여 지속적으로 실시간 추적하는 방법이고, 둘째는 가상기지국을 이용한 실시간 GPS위치정보의 추적방법이다. 실시간 GPS위치정보의 활용은 명문의 근거 법률이 없다는 점에서 법률유보 위반 문제와 사생활의 비밀과 자유 등 침해문제를 야기하므로, 활용에 대한 법적 근거를 마련하되 법원의 영장주의를 요건으로 하는 등 엄격하게 인정되어야 한다. 이와 관련된 미국 연방법원의 판례를 고찰함으로써 우리에게 필요한 시사점을 얻고자 한다.

유비쿼터스 건축공간내에서 적용 가능한 Semantic Location Model에 관한 연구

이일주,이윤길,최진원 디자인융복합학회 2004 디자인융복합연구 Vol.3 No.2

Location-aware application 구축에 있어서, Location Model 이 차지하는 비중은 크다. 이는 건축공간 정보의 토폴로지에 대한 Location 정보 구축이 선행되어야 하고 정의된 Location Model 은 개발된 Location-aware application 의 성능에 전반적인 영향을 미치기 때문이다. 특히 건축 공간을 중심으로 구성되는 유비쿼터스 환경에서의 Location Modeling 의 경우에는 물리공간에 대한 충분한 고려가 중요시 된다. 건축공간 내에서 사용자의 위치는 일련의 좌표수치라기 보다는 물리공간의 상황에 따른 의미있는 상대적 위치이기 때문이다. 건축 공간 정보를 이용 및 관리 가능한 구조화된 정보로 구축하기위해서는 복잡한 물리공간에 대한 간략화, 다양한 변화의 대응에 대한 고려, 그리고 각 공간정보의 관계성에 대한 정의가 필요하다. 이와 같은 연구는 전통적으로 CAAD(Computer Aided Architectural Design) 분야에서 활발한 연구가 진행되어 왔고 유비쿼터스 환경 구축을 위하여 효과적으로 이용될 것으로 예상 된다. 본 연구는 CAAD 이론을 기반으로 유비쿼터스 환경 구축에 적용 가능한 Location Model 을 개발하고 이를 효율적으로 사용하는 방법을 탐구한다. Location modeling, a basis of location-aware applications, is a critical area of research in ubiquetous computing and related applications. In particular, location is a key element of contexts in architectural space. It should be defined through the comprehension of the physical environment, as the locations of users or objects are not merely numerical coordinates; they refer to situations related to the physical contexts of the users or objects. In other words, a location model for architectural space should be based on the simplification of the physical environment, the consideration of various changes, and the particular relationships among spatial data. These issues have been studied experimentally in the fields of CAAD (Computer Aided Architectural Design) research, and the results can be applied to a ubiquitous computing system. This paper draws upon CAAD theory to propose a location model and utilization method for ubiquitous computing in architectural space. At the end of the paper we present the CAAD system "Vitruius", designed to define architectural spaces appropriately and manage them easily for the ubiquitous computing environment.

위치기반 게임에서 위치조작 태도의 선행요인

이규동,이재은 한국비즈니스학회 2023 비즈니스융복합연구 Vol.8 No.1

Pokémon GO is a location-based augmented reality game. The game creates dynamic contents by using location information such as global positioning system. Although many users abide terms of service and the guidelines, other players circumvent the game rules. The well-known cheating behavior in the location-based mobile game is location spoofing. Location-spoofers alter their signals of global positioning system and produce different positions. By this cheating behavior, they easily catch pokémonsters and enhance game experiences. Because other players suffer from this kind of cheating, game service providers try to detect the location spoofers and take actions. Yet, research on the antecedents of attitude towards location spoofing is insufficient. We conducted an online survey to investigate the roles of user’s need for competition, physical activity, attitude towards random rewards, attitudes towards payment policy, and attention switching on attitude towards location spoofing in the Pokémon GO. The results of regression analysis showed that need for competition, attitude towards random rewards, attitudes towards payment policy, and attention switching increased attitude towards location spoofing. Conversely, physical activity decreased attitude towards location spoofing. Implications for researchers and practitioners were discussed. 포켓몬고는 위치정보를 기반으로 증강현실 기술을 적용한 모바일 게임으로서 사용자들의 위치를 기준으로 동적인 콘텐츠를 제공한다. 이 게임에서 다수의 사용자는 위치정보를 조작하는 부정행위 및 게임 약관을 지키면서 위치조작을 하지 않는 다른 사용자에 비해 유리한 조건으로 경쟁한다. 많은 게임 서비스 제공사들이 부정행위탐지 시스템을 활용하여 이미 발생한 부정행위자들을 탐지하고 그 사용자들을 제재하지만, 위치조작에 영향을 미치는 선행요인들에 관한 연구는 매우 부족한 상황이다. 이에 본 연구는 대표적인 위치기반 게임인 포켓몬고 맥락에서 위치조작에 대한 사용자의 태도에 영향을 미치는 변수들을 탐색하고자 한다. 저자들은 선행연구를 토대로 이용과 충족 관점에서 경쟁욕구와 신제활동, 게임의 특성 측면의 확률요소에 대한 태도와 과금방식에 대한 태도, 주의전환 활동을 선정하고 그 변수들이 위치조작 태도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 포켓몬고 이용 경험자를 대상으로 설문을 조사한 결과, 경쟁욕구, 과금방식에 대한 태도와 주의전환 활동은 위치조작에 대한 태도를 높였으며, 신체활동은 위치조작에 대한 태도에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 확률요소에 대한 태도는 위치조작의 태도에 유의미한 영향을 주지 못했다. 본 연구는 포켓몬고에서 위치조작에 관한 사용자의 태도 형성에 미치는 영향 요인을 제시했다. 기업은 게임 서비스 운영을 위해 연구에서 제시한 선행요인들을 반영하여 게임 사용자들의 지속적인 인식을 점검할 필요가 있다.

위치기반서비스 사용자의 지각된 가치와 위험이 보안강화의도와 지속이용의도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 지각된 혜택과 위험을 중심으로

박경아,이대용,구철모 한국경영정보학회 2014 Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems Vol.24 No.3

The reason location based service is drawing attention recently is because smart phones are being supplied increasingly. Smart phone, basically equipped with GPS that can identify location information, has the advantage that it can provide contents and services suitable for the user by identifying user location accurately. Offering such diverse advantages, location based services are increasingly used. In addition, for use of location based services, release of user's personal information and location data is essentially required. Regarding personal information and location data, in addition to IT companies, general companies also are conducting various profitable businesses and sales activities based on personal information, and in particular, personal location data, comprehending high value of use among personal information, are drawing high attentions. Increase in demand of personal information is raising the risk of personal information infringement, and infringements of personal location data also are increasing in frequency and degree. Therefore, infringements of personal information should be minimized through user's action and efforts to reinforce security along with Act on the Protection of Personal Information and Act on the Protection of Location Information. This study aimed to improve the importance of personal information privacy by empirically analyzing the effect of perceived values on the intention to strengthen location information security and continuously use location information for users who received location-based services (LBS) in mobile environments with the privacy calculation model of benefits and risks as a theoretical background. This study regarded situation-based provision, the benefit which users perceived while using location-based services, and the risk related to personal location information, a risk which occurs while using services, as independent variables and investigated the perceived values of the two variables. It also examined whether there were efforts to reduce risks related to personal location information according to the values of location-based services, which consumers perceived through the intention to strengthen security. Furthermore, it presented a study model which intended to investigate the effect of perceived values and intention of strengthening security on the continuous use of location-based services. A survey was conducted for three hundred ten users who had received location-based services via their smartphones to verify study hypotheses. Three hundred four questionnaires except problematic ones were collected. The hypotheses were verified, using a statistical method and a logical basis was presented. An empirical analysis was made on the data collected through the survey with SPSS 12.0 and SmartPLS 2.0 to verify respondents' demographic characteristics, an exploratory factor analysis and the appropriateness of the study model. As a result, it was shown that the users who had received location-based services were significantly influenced by the perceived value of their benefits, but risk related to location information did not have an effect on consumers' perceived values. Even though users perceived the risk related to personal location information while using services, it was viewed that users' perceived value had nothing to do with the use of location-based services. However, it was shown that users significantly responded to the intention of strengthening security in relation to location information risks and tended to use services continuously, strengthening positive efforts for security when their perceived values were high.

Leveraging Social Media for Enriching Disaster related Location Trustiness

뉘엔반퀴엣,뉘엔양쯔엉,뉘엔신응억,김경백 한국디지털콘텐츠학회 2017 한국디지털콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.18 No.3

Location-based services play an important role in many applications such as disaster warning systems and recommendation systems. These applications often require not only location information (e.g., name, latitude, longitude, etc.) but also the impact of events (e.g., earthquake, typhoon, etc.) on locations. Recently, to provide the impact of an event on a location, how to calculate location trustiness by using multimodal information such as earthquake information and disaster sensor data is researched. In the previous approach, the linear decrement of impact value of an event is applied to obtain the location trustiness of a specific location. In this paper, we propose a new approach to enrich location trustiness, that is, the impact of an event on a location, by using social media information additionally. Firstly, we design a collecting system for earthquake information and social media data. Secondly, we present an approach of location trustiness calculation based on earthquake information. Finally, we propose a new approach to enrich location trustiness by augmenting the trustiness in spatially distributed manner based on social media. Through the extensive evaluation for showing the viability of our approach, promising results depict that (1) location trustiness based disaster resilient network reduces significantly the time of recovering the network; (2) using location trustiness benefits the process of user selection in disaster warning notification system.

지리적 사고력을 위한 위치지식의 개념화와 위치교육의 방안 연구

김다원 한국지리학회 2022 한국지리학회지 Vol.11 No.3

The purpose of this study is to suggest a method of location education for geographical thinking, which is a core competency of a sustainable society. To this end, the contents of location education in previous studies and other countries’ geography curriculums were analyzed and presented, and based on this, the contents and methods of location education necessary to cultivate geographical thinking were presented as follows. First, for location education, ‘education about location’ and ‘education for location application’ should be interconnected. Second, location education should integrate the cognitive domains such as knowledge, understanding, and application, skill domains, and values and attitude domains so that the cognitive, affective, and skill acquisitions must be integrated. Third, location education should take the form of a spiral curriculum from elementary, middle, and high school, and should be structured so that it can be deepened and expanded step by step. To this end, it was suggested that the study of detailed location learning contents to be included in location knowledge as a fact and location knowledge as a concept should be followed. 본 연구에서는 지속가능한 사회, 미래사회의 핵심 역량이라고 할 수 있는 지리적 사고력 함양을 위한 위치교육의 방안을 제시하는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해서 선행 연구 및 국외 지리교육과정의 위치교육 내용을 분석하여 제시하였고, 이에 기반하여 지리적 사고력 함양을 위해 필요한 위치교육의 내용과 방법을 다음과 같이 제시하였다. 첫째, 위치교육은 ‘위치에 대한 교육’과 ‘위치의 적용을 위한 교육’이 상호 연계적으로 이뤄져야 한다. 둘째, 위치교육은 지식・이해・적용 등 인지적 영역, 기능적 영역, 가치와 태도 영역을 통합하여 인지적 측면과 정의적 측면 그리고 기능 습득이 통합적으로 이뤄져야 한다. 셋째, 위치교육은 초, 중, 고등학교에 이르기까지 나선형 교육과정의 형태를 띄면서 단계적으로 심화, 확장될 수 있게 내용을 구성해야 한다. 이를 위해서는 사실로서의 위치지식과 개념으로서의 위치지식에 포함해야 할 세부적인 위치학습 내용에 대한 연구가 후속되어야 함을 제언하였다.

논문 : 코퍼스에 근거한 현대중국어"V+재(在)+장소"구문의 의미 분석 -장소구문의 동사 분포 양상을 중심으로-

이운재,송홍령 중국어문학회 2014 中國語文學誌 Vol.49 No.-

This paper discusses the semantic characteristics regarding distribution and limitation of verbs of ‘Zai-location verb’ sentences and ‘verb-Zai location’ sentences in modern Chinese. Frequency in use of ‘Zai-location verb’ sentences and ‘verb-Zai location’ sentences in modern Chinese is high in actual utterance, but learners of Chinese have difficulty in learning those sentences. The semantic characteristics of these two sentences is generally regarded as occurrence location or arrival location. According to the statistical analysis using corpus, however, these two sentences have a correlation with verb when applied to actual linguistic circumstances and show semantic differences according to it. While ‘Zai-location verb’ sentences emphasize the duration of location, ‘verb-Zai location’ sentences emphasize the position of location. According to the principle of information organization, ‘verb-Zai location’ sentences focus on location. This paper basically agrees to this, however it is noteworthy that in ‘verb-Zai location’ sentences frequency in use of position verbs is considerably high.

Location Trigger System for the Application of Context-Awareness based Location services

Yon-Sik Lee(이연식),Min-Seok Jang(장민석) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2019 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.24 No.10

본 논문은 지능형 위치추적을 위한 위치트리거와 이동에이전트 시스템 기술을 적용하여, 상황인식 기반 위치서비스를 위한 위치트리거 시스템을 설계 및 구현한다. 또한, 트리거 및 조치 서비스 프로토콜 구현과 능동규칙 탑재 이동에이전트에 대한 실험을 통하여, 제안 시스템이 상황인식 기반 위치서비스의 특성에 따른 시스템 최적화 및 위치 기반 서비스 응용들에 대한 확장성과 유효성이 있음을 검증한다. 제안 시스템은 전력 사용자의 소비 패턴 및 행위 변화에 대한 시스템의 능동적 특성을 통한 자원 활용의 최적화 시스템 구축을 위한 예비 연구로써, 객체 위치 기반의 지능적 경고와 조치를 통한 환경 및 자원 활용 최적화와 다양한 위치서비스 응용 시스템 구축에 효과적으로 적용할 수 있다. Recent research has been actively carried out on systems that want to optimize resource utilization by analyzing the intended behavior and pattern of behavior of objects (users, consumers). A service system that applies information about an object"s location or behavior must include a location trigger processing system for tracking an object"s real-time location. In this paper, we analyze design problems for the implementation of a context-awareness based location trigger system, and present system models based on analysis details. For this purpose, this paper introduces the concept of location trigger for intelligent location tracking techniques about moving situations of objects, and suggests a mobile agent system with active rules that can perform monitoring and appropriate actions based on sensing information and location context information, and uses them to design and implement the location trigger system for context-awareness based location services. The proposed system is verified by implementing location trigger processing scenarios and trigger service and action service protocols. In addition, through experiments on mobile agents with active rules, it is suggested that the proposed system can optimize the role and function of the application system by using rules appropriate to the service characteristics and that it is scalable and effective for location-based service systems. This paper is a preliminary study for the establishment of an optimization system for utilizing resources (equipment, power, manpower, etc.) through the active characteristics of systems such as real-time remote autonomous control and exception handling over consumption patterns and behavior changes of power users. The proposed system can be used in system configurations that induce optimization of resource utilization through intelligent warning and action based on location of objects, and can be effectively applied to the development of various location service systems.

Indoor Semantic Location Models for Location-Based Services

Xin Wang,Jianga Shang,Fangwen Yu,Jinjin Yan 보안공학연구지원센터 2013 International Journal of Smart Home Vol.7 No.4

연암 박지원의 장소의 발견

박수밀 ( Park Su-mil ) 한국언어문화학회(구 한양어문학회) 2012 한국언어문화 Vol.0 No.49

This thesis is to research for the meaning of space and location in classical literature, in terms of the theory of space and location in anthropogeography. Especially, it reveals, through Yeon Am, Park, Ji Won`s location experience, how space is to be localized by one man`s experience and what really means the location experience. Yeon Am looked at China with a point of view of an watcher. On the basis of it, this study focuses on three main spaces of representing his location experience, among spaces of diplomatic journey. The first space is Hwang Keum Dae. Hwang Keum Dae was a historical and ritual space of adoration by the nobles of Chosun Dynasty. However, for Yeon Am, it was just a location of criticizing the old dogmatism of Confucians of Chosun. He claimed and criticized the emptiness of Confucians that Hwang Keum Dae was just a ruined soil dummy, and the gold (Hwang Keum) sought by the nobles of Chosun was a symbol of revenge. The second is Liulichang of Peking. It was a space like market full of materialism and desire. Liulichang was considered as a Persian market for the travelers of Chosun. They were emotionally fascinated by the superficial aspects of Liulichang and intentionally turned away from it. However, Yeon Am felt lonely in the middle of Liulichang. His lonliness is a urban sensibility, a solitude among thong, an anonymity. The third is Ko Buk Ku, an unprecedented space. Ko Buk Ku was a place of revealing Yeon Am`s affection to the location. Ko Buk Ku, a physical space, became a personal location for Yeon Am, by making the marks on the wall of the castle. Only by Yeon Am, Ko Buk Ku became known to the people of Chosun, a meaningful `location` from the simple physical space. On the basis of this, this study reveals the meaning of location experience of Yeon Am. By his case, this study considers location experience in literature and the real meaning of location experience. Yeon Am`s spatial imagination and location experience is a kind of `rhizome`, freely spreading out unto each space of experience.