장애 관련 그림책을 활용한 장애이해교육 활동이 비장애유아의 장애유아에 대한 인식 및 태도에 미치는 영향

임효종,김자경,강혜진 한국특수아동학회 2022 특수아동교육연구 Vol.24 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of disability understanding education activities using disability-related picture books on the perceptions and attitudes of preschool children without disabilities toward those with disabilities. Method: The subjects of this study were 48 4-year-old preschoolers without disabilities from a general class belonging to J Kindergarten located in P city. The experimental group consisted of 24 children in class A, and the control group consisted of 24 children in class B. Disability understanding education activities using disability-related picture books were provided to the experimental group in 10 sessions for 10 weeks, once a week. Pre- and post-tests were conducted on the experimental group and the control group to investigate the effect of the activities. Results: First, it showed a significant difference in the change of perception of preschoolers without disabilities toward those with disabilities. Through disability understanding education activities using disability-related picture books. Second, there was a significant difference in the attitude change of preschoolers with disabilities toward those with disabilities through disability understanding education activities using disability-related picture books. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that systematic and continuous disability understanding education is necessary so that preschool children without disabilities can have positive perceptions and attitudes about disabilities. 연구목적: 본 연구는 장애 관련 그림책을 활용한 장애이해교육 활동이 비장애유아의 장애유아에 대한 인식 및 태도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 본 연구의 대상은 P시에 위치한 J 유치원에 소속된 일반학급의 만 4세 유아 48명으로, 실험집단은 A반 비장애유아 24명, 통제집단은 B반 비장애유아 24명으로 구성했다. 중재는 장애 관련 그림책을 활용한 장애이해교육 프로그램 활동으로 실험집단에게 주 1회씩 10주간 10회기 실시하였다. 장애유아에 대한 인식 및 태도에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 실험집단과 통제집단을 대상으로 사전·사후검사를 실시했다. 연구결과: 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 장애 관련 그림책을 활용한 장애이해교육 프로그램 활동으로 비장애유아의 장애유아에 대한 인식 변화에 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 둘째, 장애 관련 그림책을 활용한 장애이해교육 활동으로 비장애유아의 장애유아에 대한 태도 변화에 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 결론: 본 연구의 결과는 비장애 유아들이 장애에 대한 긍정적인 인식과 태도를 지닐 수 있도록 체계적이고 지속적인 장애이해교육이 필요함을 시사한다.

사회구성주의 이론의 소개 및 사회구성주의 관점을 통한 장애의 고찰

강종구 한국시각장애교육&재활학회 2009 시각장애연구 Vol.25 No.1

People's perception about disability has been greatly improved compared to the past. In particular, there are movement to see students with disabilities as those with various abilities like non-disabled students rather than those with limitations or problems. However, many people still have negative perception about disability. People's negative perception about disability makes students with disabilities experience difficulty in inclusion in non-disabled centered society as well as their education. Therefore, we need to make an effort to change negative thought about students with disabilities. One of the ways to improve the negative perceptions about disability is to approach disability through a theory. The understanding of disability through various theoretical perspectives helps rethink the beliefs which we accept disability without doubt. This study first explored a perspective on disability which people believe without doubt, and then discussed the issues about this perspective. The researcher introduced social constructionism as a theoretical approach which could interpret disability. Social constructionist perspectives usually 1) critiques conventional belief about a reality and 2) emphasizes the consideration of a reality as a constructed one within context. The two characteristics of the lens of social constructionism can be applied to people's perception of disability. First, people often approach disability through the medical approach which assumes the cause of disability as problems and attempts to treat these problems. The medical approach can cause negative perceptions about disability, because it emphasize the difficulties of students with disabilities rather than disabled students' abilities and potentials. However, when we approach disability through a social constructionist perspective, we can also see students with disabilities from abilities and potentials. Second, a social constructionist approach shows that people's current knowledge about disability is created by people who live in a specific context and time. In other words, the inquiry through social constructionist perspectives helps think that disability is not a realty which has the same definition and explanation but can change according to specific contexts and time. Since many South Koreans still have negative perceptions about disability more than positive ones, it is important to develop the perspectives to better accept disability. Therefore, social constructionist perspectives, which pursue to critique the current belief of disability and encourage to have new perspectives, need to have consistent development in our country. 장애에 대한 인식은 예전과 비교하여 크게 개선되었다. 특히, 장애학생을 한계나 문제를 가진 학생으로 바라보기보다 비장애학생과 마찬가지로 다양한 능력을 가진 학생으로 바라보는 관점이 확산되고 있다. 하지만, 장애에 대하여 부정적인 인식은 여전히 만연해 있다. 장애에 대한 부정적인 인식은 장애학생의 교육뿐만 아니라 비장애인 중심의 사회로의 완전한 통합을 어렵게 한다. 따라서 장애학생에 대한 부정적인 생각을 변화시키기 위한 노력이 필요하다. 장애에 대한 인식을 개선하기 위한 방법 가운데 한 가지는 이론을 통해 장애를 접근하는 것이다. 다양한 이론적 관점을 통한 장애의 이해는 장애에 대하여 당연하게 생각하는 믿음을 다시 생각하도록 도와준다.본 논문에서는 먼저 장애에 대하여 사람들이 당연하게 생각하고 있는 관점은 어떠한 것인지를 살펴보고 이러한 관점은 어떠한 문제가 있는지 논의하였다. 연구자는 장애를 해석하고 이해하기 위한 한 가지 방법으로 사회구성주의(social constructionism) 이론을 소개하였다. 사회구성주의 관점은 주로 1) 실체(reality)에 대하여 가지고 있는 관습적 믿음을 비판하고 2) 실체를 상황(context) 속에서 구성되는 것을 강조한다. 사회구성주의의 두 가지 관점은 장애에 적용될 수 있다. 첫째, 많은 사람들은 장애란 문제가 있기 때문에 생긴 것이며 이러한 문제는 치료가 필요하다는 의학적 접근을 통해 바라본다. 의학적 접근은 장애학생이 가진 능력이나 가능성 보다는 장애학생이 경험하는 어려움이나 한계들을 강조하기 때문에 사람들이 장애학생에 대하여 부정적인 인식을 가지게 할 수 있다. 하지만, 사회구성주의관점을 통해 접근했을 때, 장애학생을 능력과 잠재력으로부터 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 사회구성주의 관점은 장애에 대한 지식은 특정한 상황과 시간 속에 살아가고 있는 사람들에 의해서 만들어졌음을 보여준다. 즉, 사회구성주의 관점을 통해 고찰하였을 때 장애란 늘 동일하게 정의되고 설명되어지는 실체가 아닌 특정 상황이나 시간에 따라 변할 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 국내에는 여전히 장애학생에 대하여 긍정적인 관점보다는 부정적인 관점이 많은 편이기 때문에 장애에 대하여 보다 포용할 수 있는 관점을 발전시키는 것이 중요하다. 따라서 장애에 대하여 기존의 믿음을 비판하고 새로운 시각을 가질 것을 추구하는 사회구성주의 관점은 지속적인 발전이 필요하다.

‘장애’ 레이블링에 대한 특수교육학적 담론

조홍중,김미경 조선대학교 국제문화연구원 2022 국제문화연구 Vol.15 No.1

Labelling refers to meaning-building activity of deviating an object by putting a negative tag on a person, action, or event. Labeling in special education is a diagnosis name to select persons with special education needs and has the advantage of briefly explaining the same characteristics in the administrative aspect. However, it is worried that the term, ‘intellectual disability’ or ‘persons with disabilities’ may be perceived as ‘labelling’ or ‘stigma’. This study analyzed a case of ‘intellectual disability’ labelling in AAIDD and the meaning of disability labelling written in ‘World(世界)’, Japanese magazine, ‘Pinocchio’, a novel for children, and ‘Unmanned Police’, SF novel. For the case of ‘intellectual disability’ labelling in AAIDD, this study examined twelve-time changes of the term, ‘intellectual disability’ for 100 years from the first edition of 1912 to the 12th edition of 2021 and the meaning of special education in ‘intellectual disability’ labelling inherent in the other side of changes in the definition of intellectual disability. For the case of ‘disability’ labelling case in Japan, debate on ‘disability’ labelling of ‘World’ and the meaning of ‘visible discrimination’ and ‘invisible discrimination’ of ‘disability’ labelling inherent in ‘Pinocchio’, a novel for children, and ‘Unmanned Police’, SF novel was analyzed in the view of special education. These two cases suggest that discrimination caused by disability labelling begins with a failure to perceive in our society that does not treat different things differently. It means that the cause for discrimination is not in individual’s ‘disability’ but in all kinds of regulations and cultural limitations. It is because ‘disability’ is not a simple phenomenon that can be viewed accurately and clearly. The ‘classification’, ‘categorization’, and ‘typicalization’ of disability without sufficient reflection can be unfair and careless behavior.

「장애인차별금지 및 권리구제 등에 관한 법률」의 ‘장애’의 정의에 대한 입법론 연구 — 비교법적 분석ㆍ검토를 통한 논증적 접근을 중심으로 —

조임영 한국비교노동법학회 2018 노동법논총 Vol.44 No.-

The Anti-Discrimination Against and Remedies for Persons with Disabilities has been enforced since 2008 in Korea. This Act defines person with disability as a person who has a disability(art.2(2)). In the Act, disability means an impairment or loss of physical or mental functions that substantially limits an individual’s personal or social activities for an extended period(art.2(1)). The definition of disability in this Act represents the medical model, focusing as it does on the functional limitations of a person. Such a definition could screens out many disabled person who are victims of discrimination but do not match the “"truly disabled"” label. The purpose of this article is to provide a basic research on the legislative change of the definition of disability in the Act by studying the definition of disability in UN, EU and foreign discrimination law. Discrimination Law has the purpose to prevent unequal treatment which is rooted in stereotypes and stigma. The definition of disability in disability discrimination laws should not describe the group protected under the law, but rather define the act declared prohibited. Thus, a disability definition is necessary but only with respect to the act of discrimination. Disability- based prejudice and stigma are always related to an actual or presumed abnormality called impairment. The definition should be related to impairment, chronic illness or malfunctions and should not be based on a certain severity of disability.

Disability-Inclusive Development: RI's Competing Agenda

김형식(Kim, Hyung Shik) 한국장애인재활협회 2012 재활복지 Vol.16 No.4

본 논문은 장애포괄개발(DID)을 RI가 향후 추구해야 할 안건 중 하나로 삼을 것을 제안하고자 한다. 본 논문은 RI가 오랜 세계적 캠페인의 역사에도 불구하고, 장애 빈곤의 문제를 등한시했다고 주장한다. UN 장애인권리협약(CRPD)의 비준 및 새천년개발목표(MDGS)의 장애포괄개발사업을 다루는 첫 시도를 둘러싼 논란과 더불어, 장애빈곤의 문제는 그 어느 때보다 더 시급해졌다. 본 논문은 장애포괄개발사업이 장애인권리협약의 32조(국제 협력)의 구체적 이행을 통해 추구 될 수 있다고 제안한다. 본 논문은 두 주요 이슈를 다룰 것이다. 첫째, 선진국이 이끈 국제적 협력은 대체로 개도국에 살고 있는 장애인들의 권리와 필요를 고려하지 못했다. 둘째, 장애와 개발의 이슈는 전반적인 RI의 글로벌 활동에 고려되지 않았고 장애연구문건에도 거의 등장하지 않는다. 본 논문이 제기한 주장은 국제개발원조프로그램이 장애인을 포함시키지 못한 것이 장애인을 개발노력으로부터 제외시키고 결과적으로 그들의 ‘개발에 대한 권리’를 부인하게 될 거라는 것이다. 본 논문은 다음의 권고를 결론으로 끝맺는다 : - 장애인을 각 나라의 개발 전략에 핵심 참여자로 인식하라 - 장애인의 개발 프로세스 소유를 보장하라 - 후원국들이 그들의 원조 정책 및 프로그램에 있어 장애인 권리 영향 평가를 수행하도록 촉구 하라. This paper aims to present‘Disability Inclusive Development’hereinafter (DID) as one of the agendas RI should pursue in the coming years. This paper argues that RI, despite its long history of global campaign, has neglected the issues of disability poverty. With the ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the controversy surrounding MDGS for it's initial to address DID, the issue of disability poverty has become ever more pressing. This paper suggests that DID can be pursued by specifically implement Article 32 (International Cooperation) of the CRPD. Two major issues will be highlighted in this paper. The first is that international cooperation as led by advanced nations has to a large extent failed to take into account the rights and needs of persons with disabilities living in developing countries. The second is that the issues of disability and development has not been considered in the overall RI's global activities and is very seldom apparent in the disability studies literature. The argument which is presented in this paper is that the failure of international development aid programs to include persons with disabilities will result in excluding people with disability from development efforts, and subsequently deny their‘rights to development’The paper concludes with the following recommendations: - recognize persons with disabilities as key-participants in respective nations' development strategies; - assure ownership of development process by persons with disabilities; - urge donor nations to undertake disability rights impact assessments for their aid policies and programs.

장애인정책의 개선방향에 대한 헌법적 고찰

윤수정 ( Yun Soo Jeong ) 연세법학회 2016 연세법학 Vol.28 No.-

Disability policies have two main objectives. One is to encourage the humane livelihood of people with disabilities, and the other is to make sure that they are not excluded from society. Therefore, it is natural that `Welfare of the people with disabilities` and `Equality of the people with disabilities` are the two main ideas of disability policies. Welfare of the people with disabilities should guarantee vertical and absolute protection, and the concept of Equality of the people with disabilities should be applied to the blind spot that results from this protection. Likewise, welfare and equality of people with disabilities have a complementary relationship both ideologically and functionally. Meanwhile, the current disability legislation can be categorized based on the principles of the disability policy: legislation for the welfare of people with disabilities and legislation on Anti-discrimination. The legislation for the welfare of people with disabilities can be further categorized based on the 「Act on welfare of persons with disabilities」, such as income guarantee, health guarantee, employment promotion, and daily living guarantee. The Anti-discrimination legislation can also be categorized based on the 「Act on the Prohibition of Discrimination Against Disabled Persons, Remedy Against Infringement of their Rights, etc.」, and other laws prohibiting discrimination in certain areas. However, such legislations were not established based on the Constitution of the Republic of Korea or the ideas of disability policies. It was rather built by the specific needs of the society whenever a need arose. In other words, there is no realistic standard that can be used to evaluate the entire disability policy. This caused problem such as the concept of disability does not meet with the purposes and objectives, overlapping penalties which lead to problems of selection and confliction when enforcing enactments. These problems call for the need to set up a substance matter and a system for the disability policy. In order to solve these problems, the Constitution should lay down the normative groundwork for the disability policy and provide guidance for the basic direction. From this reinterpreted constitutional norm on disability, the fundamental principles of disability to enforce a detailed policy on the welfare and equality of people with disabilities can be deducted. Based on this, a few guidelines to improve disability policies can be provided. Firstly, the Constitution should be amended by specifying `disability` as a reason for non-discrimination, or impose a duty on the state to draw up special regulations which actively protect people with disabilities. Second, the regulatory power of the 「Act on welfare of persons with disabilities」 and 「Act on the Prohibition of Discrimination Against Disabled Persons, Remedy Against Infringement of their Rights, etc.」 that function as the general legislation for implementing disability policies should be strengthened and a systematic balance between the legislations in the individual life area should be composed. A specific way of doing this would take a functional and social approach towards the target and modify the concept of disability defined in each laws to coincide with the goals of legislation. Next, the general points about the specific rights of people with disabilities, the remedy procedure, and the objective duties of the central and local government to protect people with disabilities, should be clarified in the 「Act on welfare of persons with disabilities」 and 「Act on the Prohibition of Discrimination Against Disabled Persons, Remedy Against Infringement of their Rights, etc.」 and functional sharing amongst the disability legislation should be carried out so that specific laws of different domains can regulate the details of these points through vertical and horizontal systemization.

A longitudinal study on the stability and causal relationships between disability acceptance, self‐efficacy, and interpersonal ability among Koreans with disability

Kim Eun Hye,Cui Li Na,Nho Choong Rai 한국사회복지학회 2022 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.16 No.3

The purpose of this study was to explore the longitudinal, reciprocal effects between disability acceptance, self-efficacy, and interpersonal ability and to discuss implications for persons with disability. For this purpose, we used the third (2018–2020) raw data of the second Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled (PSED), implemented by the Korea Employment Agency for Persons with Disability. We used an autoregressive cross-lagged model to test reciprocal effects, and 4420 persons with disability responded to the three above-mentioned waves of the PSED. The findings were as follows. First, disability acceptance, self-efficacy, and interpersonal ability had significant effects on disability acceptance, self-efficacy, and interpersonal ability in the third, fourth, and fifth waves. Second, there was a statistically significant longitudinal, reciprocal relationship between disability acceptance and self-efficacy. In addition, self-efficacy had a significant longitudinal, reciprocal relationship with interpersonal ability. However, interpersonal ability had a statistically significant longitudinal effect on disability acceptance, but not vice versa. Based on these results, we provided suggestions regarding how to improve disability acceptance, self-efficacy, and interpersonal ability among persons with disability.

영국 장애차별금지법과 ‘장애’의 개념

조임영(Jo, Im-Young) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2015 東亞法學 Vol.- No.66

2008년 4월부터 시행되고 있는 장애인차별금지법에서는 법률의 보호대상인 장애인을 장애가 있는 자로 정의하고 장애를 “신체적·정신적 손상 또는 기능상실이 장기간에 걸쳐 개인의 일상 또는 사회생활에 상당한 제약을 초래하는 상태를 말한다”고 정의하고 있다. 이 연구는 장애인차별금지법상의 추상적인 장애 정의의 구체적 해석·적용을 위한 기초연구로서 영국의 2010년 평등법상 장애 정의 규정의 운용을 분석?검토하였다. 영국의 2010년 평등법에서는 장애를 ‘신체적 또는 정신적 손상이 있고 그 손상이 통상적인 일상생활 수행능력에 상당하고 장기간의 부정적인 영향을 미치는 경우’로 정의하고 있다. 영국에서는 보칙, 장애규칙, 장애정의지침, 고용준칙 등을 통해 장애 정의규정의 구체적인 내용을 체계적으로 보충하여 그 해석·적용의 실효성을 확보하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 영국의 장애 정의의 네요건인 ‘신체적 또는 정신적 손상’, ‘통상적인 일상생활 수행능력’, ‘상당한 부정적인 영향’, ‘장기간의 부정적인 영향’ 에 대해 장애 정의 관련 규정들과 판결례를 분석을 통하여 각 요건의 주요 내용과 쟁점을 도출하고 영국의 장애차별금지법의 운용의 특징과 기본방향을 검토했다. 영국의 장애정의 규정의 운용에 있어 주요 특징은 손상의 의미를 넓게 보고 그 증명을 완화하고 있는 점, 통상적인 일상활동을 주로 일반적인 대부분의 사람들의 일상생활 활동으로 해석하고 있는 점, 상당한의 의미에 대해 법률에서 명시하고 그와 관련된 판단시 당사자의 할 수 없는 또는 단지 어렵게 할 수 있는 것을 강조하고 있는 점, 장기간의 의미에 대해 법률에서 명시하고 있는 점 등이다. 영국에서는 의료적 모델의 장애 정의 규정을 채택하고 있음에도 불구하고 위와 같은 해석을 통해 차별금지법의 원리를 가능한 한 반영하는 방향으로 운용하고 있는 것으로 보인다. The Anti-Discriminatio n Against and Remedies for Persons with Disabilities has been enforced since 2008 in Korea. This Act defines person with disability as a person who has a disability(art.2(2)). In the Act, disability means an impairment or loss of physical or mental functions that substantially limits an individual’s personal or social activities for an extended period(art.2(1)). The purpose of this article is to provide a basic research on the interpretation and application of the definition of disability in the Act by studying the concept of disability in UK. In the Equality Act 2010(EqA), a person has a disability if he or she has "a physical or mental impairment" which has a "substantial and long-term adverse effect on ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities"(S.6(1)). The supplementary provisions for determining whether a person has a disability are found in Schedule 1 to the EqA, Regulations, Guidance and Code of Practice. Within the contours of the definition of disability in EqA, four criteria need to be satisfied to establish the existence of a disability: there must be a) a physical or mental impairment, b) which must affect the ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities, c) in a long-term and d) substantial manner. This article studies each of four different conditions and draws issues. The main characteristics in implementation of the definition of disability is as in the following. The term "mental or physical impairment" should be given its ordinary meaning. It is not necessary for the cause of the impairment to be established. Whether a person is disabled for the purposes of the Act is generally determined by reference to the effect that an impairment has on that person’s ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. A "substantial" adverse effect simply means an effect which is something more than minor or trivial(EqA S.212(1)). Courts and Guidance emphasis that it is important to focus on what an individual cannot do, or can only do with difficulty, rather than on the things that he or she can do. "Normal day-to-day activities" means activities that are carried out by most men or women on a fairly regular and frequent basis. The Schedule1 to the EqA provides the meaning of long-term. The statutory definition of disability in EqA represents the medical model, focusing as it does on the functional limitations of a person. However, the definition of disability interpreted and applied so as to not frustrate the principle of non-discrimination as far as possible.

Disability Income Support Law in South Korea: Codifying a Hierarchy of Disability?

Adriaenssens Thomas Cornelis 한국법제연구원 2022 KLRI journal of law and legislation Vol.12 No.2

Like many other jurisdictions, South Korea’s disability welfare law implicitly contains a hierarchy of disabilities that categorizes people based on the cause of their disability. This hierarchy is not only visible in differences in benefit levels, but also in the priority with which certain disability welfare legislation was enacted for certain groups. Disability legal studies tend to focus on anti-discrimination legislation. However, discrimination and a lack of social support are two sides of the same problem that can keep people disabled. Disability legal studies furthermore mainly concern itself with AngloAmerican jurisdictions. Therefore, an analysis of the development of disability welfare law in an Asian jurisdiction would be a welcome addition. This paper takes a historical approach to outline how and under what circumstances disability welfare law has developed along hierarchical lines in South Korea. In chronological order, this paper discusses Disability Income Support during early modernity (before 1948), post-colonial Korea (1948-1987), the era of Democratization (1987-2000), and the post-2000s when the disability rights movement began to campaign for general disability income support. This research concludes that disability income support law in South Korea reflects a hierarchy of disability dependent on a person’s perceived contribution to Korea’s political and economic independence, with ‘people of national merit’ and those formally employed by large firms on top. This research also concludes that the continuous expansion of the scope of ‘people of national merit’ as a welfare recipient category, combined with the paradigm of ‘productive welfare’ or ‘workfare,’ has delayed the introduction of disability welfare law for the general disabled population, especially for people with mental disabilities.

장애와 역량적 접근 그리고 공공성의 변증법

김동규(Kim, Dong-Gyu) 한국문학회 2018 韓國文學論叢 Vol.79 No.-

이 논문은 아마티아 센과 마사 누스바움의 역량적 접근에 입각하여 장애의 문제를 살펴본다. 하지만 이 논문은 센이나 누스바움과 달리 장애를 역량적 접근의 하위 범주로 넣지 않는다. 이 논문은 역량을 확보할수 없는 모든 상황을 장애(disability)로 보고, 역량적 접근을 장애에 대한 보편적 성찰로 확장한다. 역량의 장애를 보편적 장애로 보고자 하는 이유는 장애를 특수한 문제로 놓고 비장애의 세계와 분리하는 기존의 이분법을 극복하기 위함이다. 다시 말해 장애와 비장애 사이에 놓인 경계, 즉 우리와 그들의 사이에 놓인 경계를 허물기 위한 정치적 실천이다. 이는 비장애인이 언제든 장애인이 될 수 있으며, 현재 비장애인이라 생각하는 자신 역시 다양한 장애를 안고 있음을 인식하는 데서 출발한다. 센과 누스바움은 역량적 접근을 실현하기 위한 정치적 수단으로 심의 민주주의에 의존하고 있다. 그런데 센이나 누스바움은 정작 심의 민주주 의가 역량적 접근을 실현할 수 있는 근거나 과정에 대해 구체적으로 설명하지 않는다. 이 논문은 심의민주주의 이론가 중 한 명인 하버마스의 공론장 이론을 역량적 접근이 요구하는 심의민주주의와 연결시킨다. 하지만 이 과정에서 공론장 개념의 명확한 한계(disability)가 드러나게 될것이며, 그리고 이 한계를 공론장들 사이의 변증법적 긴장관계로 해소하 려고 한다. 동시에 장애에 대한 역량적 접근의 이론적, 실천적, 정치적 한계도 극복할 것이다. 이런 목표를 성취하기 위해 상처 받을 수 있음 (vulnerability)이라는 개념이 도입될 것이고, 상처 받을 수 있음의 두 층위인 일반화된 취약성과 특이한 취약성 개념을 가지고 세 가지 공공성 개념을 설명할 것이다. 합리적 합의의 공공성, 연대적 공감의 공공성, 임계적 공공성이 그것이다. 물론 이 공공성은 크게 대칭적 공공성과 비대 칭성 공공성으로 묶이며, 이 둘 사이는 극복할 수 없는 모순적 긴장관계가 있다. 바로 이 모순적 긴장관계가 기존의 공공성을 메울 수 없는 균열이 있는 정치적 장소로 규정하게 될 것이다. 이 모든 과정을 통해 이논문은 기존의 공공성의 무능(disability)에서 공공성의 역량(capability) 이 출현한다는 것을 보여주고자 한다. This paper examines the issue of disability based on the capabilities approach of Amartya Sen and Martha C. Nussbaum. However, this paper does not classify disability by a subcategory of capabilities approach, unlike Sen and Nussbaum. This paper considers all situations that can not capabilities as disability and tries to expand capabilities approach to universal reflection on disability. The reason for trying to survey the disability as a universal disability is to overcome the existing dichotomy that separates the disability from the non-disability. In other words, it is an attempt to break down the boundary between disability and non-disability, that is, the boundary between the term of ‘us’ and the term of ‘them’. It starts to recognize the fact that the non-disabled can be the disabled at any time and that the non-disabled has always disabilities. Sen and Nussbaum rely on deliberative democracy as a political means to realize a capabilities approach. However, Sen and Nussbaum do not explain how does deliberative democracy achieve a capabilities approach. Thus, this paper links Habermas s theory of public sphere or the theory of deliberative democracy with a capabilities approach. In this process, this paper will reveal the apparent disability of public sphere, and try to resolve this disability by means of dialectical tension between public spheres. The concept of vulnerability will be introduced for this purpose. Vulnerability has two levels. It is generalized vulnerability and singular vulnerability. This vulnerabilities has three publicness, that is, 1) The publicness of rational consensus, 2) the publicness of solidarity, 3) the critical publicness. These publicness are largely tied to symmetrical publicness and asymmetric publicness, and there is contradictory tension between them. These contradictory relationship always product the crack in the existing public sphere. Through all this process, this paper will demonstrate that the capabilities of deliberative democracy are emerged from the disability of existing publicness