한국어 수량 구성의 유형과 특성

신호철 ( Ho Cheol Shin ),이현희 ( Hyun Hee Lee ) 한국문법교육학회 2009 문법 교육 Vol.11 No.-

The purpose of this paper is considering types and features of Quantified Construction in Korean. For this purpose, we studied about a fundamental notions and scope of Quantifier. Quantifier is a language form expressed number or quantity of a thing as language. Then, We restricted Quantifier within numerals and Korean pre-noun. There are two types in Quantified Construction. One is a noun-numerals type, another is numerals-noun type. A noun-numerals type includes `Noun + Quantifier` structure and `Noun + Quantifier + (Classifier)` structure. A numerals-noun type includes `Quantifier + Noun` structure and `Quantifier + (Classifier+`ui`) + Noun` structure. Quantified Construction have three features. First feature is a structural difference, namely, noun-numerals type is complex construction(`[[여자] [셋]]`), and numerals-noun type is prenominal construction(`[[세] 여자]`). Second feature is double case phenomenon. That is, noun-numerals type permits that it is added subject marker and object marker to noun and quantifier. But, numerals-noun type permits that it is added cases maker to the latter noun only. Final feature is an difference of indicating object. `The three of women(`여자 셋`)` indicates the latter Quantifier, namely `three number(`셋`)`. But, `Three women(`세 여자`)` indicates the latter noun, namely `woman(`여자`)`.

≪좌전(左傳)≫ 치사성(致使性) 겸어구문의 분류 및 구문론적 해석

박원기 ( Park Wonki ) 중국어문연구회 2018 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.87

The causative pivotal cxn of Chinese has existed since the age of inscriptions on bones and tortoise carapaces. It has come to the period of Zuozhuan and has continued to change and expand. At first, it was formed through constructionalization, and through constructional changes, it became the current figure. At first it was formed in ‘command/dispatch/summons’ type, where it expanded to other forms such as ‘causative’ type, ‘title’ type and ‘appointment’ type. ‘Causative’ type was formed through metaphorical expansion. In this course, the causative pivotal cxn was established in a definite construction, since then, more verbs have joined it. At first, the overt causative verbs are mainstream, later, the implicit causative verbs became involved in this too. Butwithin the causative pivotal cxn of Zouzhuan, there is not implicit causative verbs, and only four types of causative verb type, goal type, result type, goal-result type exist. They became a sort of sub-schema within a larger schema - the causative pivotal cxn of Chinese. Lunyu is contemporary with Zouzhuan, so we compared it to Zouzhuan and concluded the following conclusions. Fist of all, the participating verbs of two literatures were nearly alike. ‘Shi1’, ‘Shi2’, ‘Qing’ have high token frequency rates in these two literatures, and neither were implicit causative verb type. Its existence implies the maturity of the causative pivotal cxn. Through the construction coercion, the thematic role of a atypical verbs change, eventually they became members of this construction. The implicit causative verb type of Chinese has been born for centuries since Zuozhuan. We can discover the development process of an implicit causative verb type by studying the literatures of the Age of the Warring states.

≪사기(史記)≫ 치사성(致使性) 겸어구문의 구문론적 해석

박원기 ( Park Wonki ) 중국어문연구회 2017 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.83

The causative pivotal cxn of Chinese has existed since the age of inscriptions on bones and tortoise carapaces. It has come to the period of Shiji and has continued to change and expand. At first, it was formed through constructionalization, and through constructional changes, it became the current figure. At first it was formed in ‘command/dispatch/summons’ type, where it expanded to other forms such as ‘causative’ type, ‘title’ type and ‘appointment’ type. ‘Causative’ type was formed through metaphorical expansion, and these are all formed through constructional changes. In this course, the causative pivotal cxn was established in a definite construction, since then, more verbs have joined it. At first, the overt causative verbs are mainstream, later, the implicit causative verbs became involved in this too. therefore, within the causative pivotal cxn of Shiji, there were five types of causative verb type, goal type, result type, goal-result type, and the implicit causative verb type. They became a sort of sub-schema within a larger schema ― the causative pivotal cxn of Chinese. In the Shiji, the participant role of causative verbs and the overt causative verbs harmonize with a thematic roles of the constructions in each type of constructions. This is a good adherence to the rules fusion of Goldberg. However, the implicit causative verbs have caused a discrepancy with the thematic roles of the constructions, and it caused a ‘coercion’, resulting in a creation of new thematic roles. All these phenomena demonstrate that analyzing the language using the constructional point of view conforms to the actual aspect of the languages.

비구조적 과제수행에서 나타나는 개인 지식창출활동의 분석

고진경,강명희 이화여자대학교 사범대학 교육과학연구소 2005 교육과학연구 Vol.36 No.1

본 연구는 비구조적과제수행에서 나타나는 개인 지식창출의 특성을 파악하기 위하여 과제수행시기와 학습자특성, 그리고 과제유형에 따라 변화되는 각 지식창출활동의 빈도를 비교하였다. 이를 위하여 과제 영역에 대한 지식수준이 다른 연구참여자들이 비구조적 형태의 협력 및 개별과제를 수행하는 30개의 사례를 선정하고, 과제수행 과정을 관찰하였다. 연구참여자들의 내적, 외적 활동의 관찰을 위해서 성찰저널, 인터뷰, 설문, 학습시스템의 게시판메시지 등 다양한 형태의 질적자료를 수집하고 내용분석을 통해 빈도자료로 변환하였다. 도출된 양적자료는 ANOVA, Mann-Whitey 검정, Kruskal-Wallis 검정을 시행하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 30개 사례의 과제수행시기 간 지식창출활동 빈도에는 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 중기의 활동 빈도가 가장 높았다. 또한, 4개의 지식창출활동 유형 간에는 유의한 빈도차가 나타났고, 그 중에서 의미화 및 지식창출 유형의 빈도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 과제수행시기와 지식창출활동 유형 간 상호작용 효과도 있었다. 학습자의 지식수준에 따른 지식창출활동 분석결과, 초심자 집단이 전체 지식창출활용 빈도가 더 높았던 반면 경험자집단에서는 시기와 유형에 따른 빈도변화의 폭이 컸다. 마지막으로 과제유형에 따른 지식창출활동 분석 결과 협력과제를 수행할 때 학습자들에게서 보다 많은 활동이 관찰되었으며 협력과제와 개별과제 모두에서 지식창출활동의 빈도에는 유의한 차이가 있었다. This study aims to understand the individual knowledge construction phenomenon in activity-based learning environment by identifying specific activities composing the knowledge construction process and analyzing how they work differently according to participant' knowledge levels, the types of tasks, and time periods. The concrete research questions according to research purposes we as follows. When performing ill-structured task : Do the times, Participants' prior knowledge and the task types affect the utilization of activities for the individual knowledge construction? 1) Do the times affect the utilization of activities for the individual knowledge construction? 2) Do the times and participants'prior knowledge affect the utilization of activities for the individual knowledge construction? 3) Do the times and the task types affect the utilization of activities for the individual knowledge construction? In order to investigate the above questions, I selected 30 cases in which collaborative/independent tasks were performed by the participants with different levels of knowledge in educational technology, respectively. While they performed the tasks, I observed their inside knowledge construction activities. To observe knowledge construction activities, diverse kinds of data were collected, such as interviews, reflective journals, surveys, and messages on the bulletin board in the learning system. They were converted to the frequency data according to category by content analysis method. Based on the frequency data, the utilization for knowledge construction activities were analyzed by using ANOVA, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test. The results of this study were summarized as follows. As for the results of the study; First, there was a significant difference in the utilization of knowledge construction activities according to the periods of time. There was also a significant difference in the utilization of knowledge construction activities according to the knowledge levels of participants and the periods of time. The Beginners Group showed a higher utilization in the sum of activity types. On the other hand, the Experience Group recorded radical change in utilization of knowledge construction activities with laps of time. There was a significant difference in the utilization in knowledge construction activities according to task type: the Collaborative Task showed higher utilization than Individual Task In both Tasks. There was significant difference in the utilization between knowledge construction activities.

한국어 사동 유형으로서의 ‘(-)시키-’ 사동

김성주 한민족문화학회 2019 한민족문화연구 Vol.67 No.-

‘(-)Siki-’ causative construction is a type of Korean causative construction that fulfills both formal and semantic characteristics of general causative construction. It has been classified as a type of Korean causative construction since Choi(1937). However, it has not been recognized as a type of Korean causative construction in Lee & Im(1983) and Nam & Ko(1985/2014) as well as Nam et al.(2019). In addition, relatively recent Korean grammar books such as Ku et al.(2015) and Yoo et al.(2018) have handled it in a smaller way compared to the ‘-i-’ causative. From the viewpoint of the formal typology of causative construction, the (-)siki- causative construction belongs to the middle category between the morphological and the syntactic causative. When divided into on direct and indirect causation, on one hand in the semantic point of view of the causative construction, the ‘-siki-’ causative construction can be interpreted either in direct or indirect causation, but is closer to the direct causation than the indirect one. From the point of view of manipulative and directive causation, it can be basically interpreted as both of them. The modern Korean causative construction is largely classified according to whether the basic verb is a native or Sino-Korean verb. In most Korean grammar books, the type of Korean causative construction is divided into the morphological and syntactic causative construction. However, ‘-i-’ causative constructions are used in the morphological one of the Korean language, and ‘-siki-’ causative constructions are used in the case of Sino- Korean verbs. ‘(-)시키-’ 구문은 사동문의 형식적 특성과 의미적 특성을 모두 지니고 있는 한국어의 사동문이며, 내용을 완비한 최초의 근대적 한국어 문법서라 할 수 있는 최현배(1937)에서부터 한국어 사동의 유형으로 분류되었다. 그러나 이익섭․임홍빈(1983), 남기심․고영근(1985/2014)과 같이 영향력 있는 한국어 문법서 중에서는 ‘(-)시키-’ 사동을 인정하지 않고 있으며, 이러한 경향은 최근의 남기심 외(2019)에서도 유지되고 있다. 또한 비교적 최근의 한국어 문법서라 할 수 있는 구본관 외(2015), 유현경 외(2018)에서도 ‘(-)시키-’ 사동은 형태적 사동에 비해 상대적으로 소략하게 다루어지고 있다. 범언어의 사동을 어휘적 사동, 형태적 사동, 통사적 사동으로 나눌 때, ‘(-)시키-’ 사동은 형태적 사동과 통사적 사동의 중간 범주에 속한다. 의미의 관점에서 사동을 직접 사동과 간접 사동으로, 또는 조작적 사동과 지시적 사동으로 나눌 때, ‘(-)시키-’ 사동은 주로 직접 사동으로 해석되고, 조작적 사동과 지시적 사동의 관점에서는 조작적 사동과 지시적 사동 양쪽으로 해석된다. 현대 한국어 사동은 원동사가 고유어 동사인가 한자어 동사인가에 따라서 크게 구분되는데, 대부분의 문법서에서 한국어의 사동 유형은 형태적 사동과 통사적 사동으로 분류된다. 그런데 한국어의 사동은 고유어 동사인 경우 형태적 사동문이 사용되고, 한자어 동사인 경우에 ‘(-)시키-’ 사동문이 사용되며, 통사적 사동은 양자에 모두 사용된다. 즉 ‘(-)시키-’ 사동은 주로 ‘한자어+하-’ 동사의 어근을 사동으로 표현하는 데 사용된다.

일제강점기 이후 석탑 보수공사 기록의 특성에 관한 연구- 기록과 기록된 담당자의 종류를 중심으로 -

문승현,안대환 한국문화공간건축학회 2014 한국문화공간건축학회논문집 Vol.- No.48

The purpose of this study was to analyze on changes of repair construction documents of stone pagoda through the time. The target of this study was the types of document and the person in charge of construction from repair construction documents. This study divide the time that is from Japanese colonial period into 5 periods and classify the document into 6 types. Each period can be found different main type of document and different type of person described the document. The document from the Japanese colonial period to early of 1960’s had written in only a few paragraphs about construction and was included in the general collection about the heritage. And there was not written about person who participated in the repair construction. From the late of 1960’s to late of 1990’s, documents were made as professional and technical collection about repair construction of whole heritage in Korea. An there was written about person who participated in the construction like qualified architect’s office, construction company, construction manager and so on. After 2000’s, the document was mads as occasional professional collection and a independent volume about only one repair construction of stone pagoda. And there was written about even person who participated in the detail process of construction and the advisory council. As a result, repair construction of the stone pagoda in Iksan Miruksaji will be one of main model for repair construction and document about it. Because repair construction of the stone pagoda in Iksan Miruksaji will take about 20 years and many person participated in this construction and make many document. Repair construction documents of stone pagoda will be changed more systematic. And, the system of making the repair construction document whill be changed to more accurate.

Approximate Cost Estimating Model of Eco-type Trade for River Facility Construction Using Case-Based Reasoning and Genetic Algorithms

이시욱,진영민,우성권,신도형 대한토목학회 2013 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.17 No.2

Cost estimation in the construction industry is a critical process for the successful execution of construction. In particular, the total cost for a construction project is determined at the planning stage, and its estimation is very important because the decision making of the construction project owner regarding the project size, budget, and construction time depends on the total cost estimation. However, research concerned with the cost estimation for river facility construction has focused on research applicable in the early design stages rather than at the planning stage, which is the initial stage of a construction project. In addition, mainstream research has concentrated on the development of models centered on the estimation techniques being used currently in actual design engineering fields. For this reason, this study has developed an approximate construction cost estimating model for the eco-type river facility construction trade by applying Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs), which can be used at the planning stage. In order to develop the model, historical data was collected and analyzed; in order to overcome the limitations of the data collection, virtual data were also created and used. The model was developed in such a manner that it can estimate the construction cost with only eight and eleven attributes for the two eco-type trades used in the model, which can be applied at the planning stage. The results of the verification of the proposed model indicate that the model is satisfactory when applied in the approximate cost estimation of eco-type trade for river facility construction at the planning stage. It is expected that the proposed model will be applied easily and conveniently to the estimation of the approximate construction cost of eco-type trade for river facility construction at the planning stage.

고속도로 건설현장에서 드론 활용을 위한 표준공종 개발

이석배(Lee, Suk Bae),정민(Jeong, Min),어수창(Auh, Su Chang),김종전(Kim, Jong Jeon) 대한토목학회 2021 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.41 No.4

모든 생애주기에서 건설현장을 3D 데이터로 관리하게 되는 스마트건설에 있어서 드론의 역할은 날로 증대하고 있다. 드론을 통하여 건설현장에 대하여 얻게 되는 수치표면모델과 정사영상이 모두 포인트 클라우드 데이터로 이루어지기 때문이다. 본 연구는 고속도로 건설현장에서 드론 활용을 보다 체계적으로 하기 위하여 드론 활용을 위한 표준공종을 개발하는 것이다. 연구를 위하여 우리나라 고속도로 건설현장 두 곳을 테스트베드로 설정하고 드론 촬영 시범사업을 통하여 드론 적용이 가능한 공종을 도출하고 검증하였다. 연구결과 도로계획, 도로설계 및 유지관리부분에 각각 세 개의 공종을 개발하였고, 도로시공에 있어서는 다섯개의 공종에 21개의 세부공종을 개발할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 ‘고속도로 건설현장 드론활용 표준공종’을 활용한다면 고속도로 건설현장뿐 아니라 다른 도로 건설현장에서도 드론을 활용하여 보다 체계적으로 건설현장을 관리할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The role of drones is increasing day by day in smart construction that manages construction sites with 3D data in every life cycles. This is because both the digital surface model (DSM) and the orthoimage obtained for the construction site through the drone are made of point cloud data. This study aims to develop standard work types for drone use in order to systematically utilize drones in expressway construction sites. For the study, two expressway construction sites in Korea were set as test beds, and construction types applicable to drones were derived and verified through a pilot project. As a result of the study, three construction work types were developed for road planning, road design and maintenance, respectively, and in road construction, twenty-one detailed construction types were developed for five construction work types. It is expected that drones can be used more systematically not only at expressway construction sites, but also at other road construction sites by utilizing the “standard work type at expressway construction site for drone use” developed in this study.

중고중국어 치사성(致使性) 겸어구문의 구문론적 해석

朴元基 ( Park Wonki ) 중국어문연구회 2021 中國語文論叢 Vol.- No.105

The causative pivotal cxn of Chinese divided into three categories: causative verb type; overt causative verb type; implicit causative verb type. The biggest feature of overt causative verb type is that VP₁ is closed. On the other hand, implicit causative verb type is VP₁ open. The openness of implicit causative verb type led to expansion of the causative pivotal constructions. So in the Middle Chinese, “permission type” was constructionalized. Its subject has some intentionality for VP₁, and allow NP₂ to do VP₂. But here NP₂ also has a intentionality for VP₂, this is a typical feature that is different from other types. The participatory verbs of “permission type” are: 許, 聽, 放, 縱, 任, 恣 etc. In the Middle Chinese, the implicit causative verb type also developed more, and the participatory verbs diversified. Some verbs are purposeful, some are difficult to predict its VP₂, and some have little purpose. These features are very closely related to the permission type very much. The Middle Chinese was a time when the causative pivotal construction was very advanced. And this is also closely related to the verb-complement cxns, which have become the two important pillars of the Chinese causative cxns, thus playing an important role.

진로 구성 상담에 참여한 성인 내담자들의 진로 설계 유형 연구

유우경 한국직업교육학회 2020 職業 敎育 硏究 Vol.39 No.1

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for effective intervention in coming career construction counseling and adult career guidance by analyzing the career design types of adult clients who participated in it. The participants were seven adults who were working or looking for a job after college, and each of them participated in counseling to solve the problem of career transition. The counselor used six questions of career composition interviews to draw out the small stories of the clients, and they created an biographical grand career story called life portraits through the process of construction, deconstruction, re-construction and co-construction of them. In this counseling, clients became clear about their career path and became convinced that they should pursue their life as the main character of their life story. The research questions were set as what types of career design in the clients can be classified in this counseling process. For this purpose, the grounded theory method was applied and the client's change design type was derived as a part of revealing the substantive theory of the change process. As a result, the client types of ‘self-expansion design type’, ‘internal defense design type’ and ‘others consciousness design type’ were identified. Based on these results, the characteristics of the client types facing the career field were discussed in various ways from the perspective of career adaptability. And, the benefits of career design services and the importance of storytelling with the reflection and reflexivity in the process were also discussed. The implications include the specific measures for differentiated approach according to client’s types, the need for preventive measures of career design services, and the use of storytelling intervention with the reflection and reflexivity in career practice. 본 연구의 목적은 진로 구성 상담에 참여한 성인 내담자의 진로 설계 유형을 분석함으로써 향후 진로 구성 상담과 성인 진로 지도에 효과적인 개입을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는데 있다. 연구 참여자들은 대학 졸업 이후 직장 생활하고 있거나 구직 활동을 하고 있는 성인 7명이다. 이들은 각자 진로 전환의 문제 해결을 위하여 상담에 참여하였다. 상담자는 진로 구성 인터뷰의 6가지 질문을 사용하여 내담자들의 작은 스토리들을 이끌어내고, 내담자와 함께 이들을 구성-해체-재구성-공동구성하여 생애 초상화라는 전기적 거대 진로 스토리를 만들어 내었다. 본 상담 과정을 통하여 내담자들은 자기 진로를 명료화하게 되었고 자기 스토리의 주인공으로서의 삶을 추구해야겠다는 확신을 하게 되었다. 연구 문제는 본 상담 과정에서 내담자들의 진로 설계 변화 과정을 어떠한 유형으로 구분할 수 있는가로 삼았다. 이를 위해 근거이론 방식을 적용하였으며, 변화 과정에 대한 실체적 이론을 밝히는 일환으로 내담자 변화 유형을 도출하고 자 하였다. 그 결과 ‘자기 확장 설계형’, ‘내적 방어 설계형’, 그리고 ‘타인 의식 설계형’ 3가지의 내담자 유형을 밝혀내었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 진로 현장에서 마주하는 내담자 유형들의 특성을 진로 적응가능성(adaptability) 관점에서 다양하게 논의하였고, 또한 진로 설계 서비스의 유익함과 그 과정에서 반성(reflection)과 성찰(reflexivity)을 통한 스토리텔링의 중요성을 함께 논의하였다. 시사점으로는 내담자 유형에 따른 차별화된 접근을 위한 구체적 방안, 진로설계 서비스의 예방적인 차원에서 필요성 제기, 그리고 진로 실무에서 반성과 성찰을 통한 스토리텔링의 개입을 제시하였다.