교육에서 복잡성 이론의 함의

배재학 ( Jae Hak Bae ) 한국교육철학회 2015 교육철학 Vol.55 No.-

The purpose of this paper explores the complexity theory as a philosophy of education is to look at the possibility of applying sought. In this paper I show how complexity theory has challenged the idea of representation and we explore possibilities for an alternative understanding of knowledge in its relationship to reality. The start of modern science in Europe, has been developed on the basis of mechanistic thinking. According to the Descartes, the operation of bodies, ranging from the grass that grows all the phenomena of the Universe can be expressed in exact formulas, and mathematics to indicate that a given phenomenon to check the analytical methodology is needed. The knowledge gained from the mechanistic view of the world predictions were possible for the unknown. Its core is determinism and reductionism. What is determinism, all that happens in the world can be changed from the beginning so determined and selected according to the laws of dynamics, so undoubtedly goes inevitably evolves. I considers questions of continuity and change in education from the perspective of complexity theory, introducing the field to educationists who might not be familiar with it. Given a significant degree of complexity in a particular environment (or "dynamical system````), new properties and behaviours, which are not necessarily contained in the essence of the constituent elements or able to be predicted from a knowledge of initial conditions, will emerge. This turn derives from developments over the past two decades or so within physics, biology, mathematics, ecology, chemistry and economics, from the revival of neo-vitalism in social thought et a1.and from the emergence of a more general ````complex structure of feeling" that challenges some everyday notions of social order. Within these scientific disciplines, an array of transformations took place, loosely known as chaos, complexity, non-linearity and dynamical systems analysis. There is a shift from reductionist analyses to those that involve the study of complex adaptive matter that shows ordering but which remains on the edge of chaos. Developed principally in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry and economics, complexity theory arises in some senses out of chaos theory, and before that, catastrophe theory, in that it shares chaos theory`s focus on the sensitivity of phenomena to initial conditions that may result in unexpected and apparently random subsequent properties and behaviours. Jones points out that the term <``complexity" is frequently used in a manner which suggests that it is a unified concept, which may contribute to a neglect of tl1e range of different theories that deal with the implications of complexity. The concepts of complex systems include multi-scale hierarchical organisation, emergent patterning, agent-based modelling, dynamical tractors and repellors, information flows and constraints, system-environment interaction, developmental trajectories, selectional ratchets, fitness landscapes, interaction across timescales, and varieties of self-organisation. I suggests that the language, concepts and principles of complexity are central to the development of "a new science of qualities" to complement "the science of quantities" that has shaped our understanding of the physical and social worlds. Complexity offers a theoretical framework for acknowledging and helping to sustain the self-organising capacity of fully embodied systems that are realised through the intra- and inter-actions of agents within the boundary that those activities help to generate and sustain. For educators, complexity thinking points to structural conditions that one can implement to help students become aware of how self-consciousness does not precede or follow pedagogical encounters.

신제품개발 과정에서의 복잡성에 대한 관리방안

김종배(Jong Bae Kim) 한국경영사학회 2008 經營史學 Vol.48 No.-

복잡성(complexity)은 신제품개발에 있어서 주목받는 중요한 속성이다. 이는 신제품 개발이 점차 복잡해지고 있으며 또한 이의 미흡한 대처로 인해 유발되는 부정적 영향이 적지 않기 때문이다. 따라서 신제품개발 과정에서 당면하는 복잡성을 좀 더 체계적으로 이해하고 이에 대한 적절한 관리방안을 마련하는 것은 신제품개발의 성과를 위해 중요시 된다. 본고는 신제품개발 과정에서 당면하는 복잡성에 대처하는 제반 방안들을 고찰하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 우선 복잡성의 속성을 살펴보고, 그런 다음 복잡성의 관리 방안들로 어떠한 것들이 있는지를 정리한다. 그리고 이를 토대로 제반 복잡성 관리방안들을 유기적으로 묶을 가능성에 대해 살펴보고, 마지막으로 복잡성 관리와 연관된 주요 이슈들을 정리하겠다. 신제품개발 과정의 복잡성 관리에 대한 이러한 고찰은 점차 증대되는 복잡성의 문제에 대처하는데 있어서뿐 아니라 향후 이 분야의 학문적 발전에 있어서도 토대가 될 것으로 기대된다. New product development(NPD) programs are increasingly complex and difficult to manage. The consequences of poorly managed development complexity can be highly visible and even lead to project failure. To effectively screen new product proposals and manage NPD projects more efficiently, NPD teams need to be equipped with the capacity to identify development complexity and possess the knowledge to manage it. Unfortunately, there have been few studies which specifically illuminate the challenges and experiences product developers face in dealing with complexity. The study focuses on examining methods for handling complexity NPD teams encounter. Based upon the previous studies, this study examines the nature and importance of complexity in developing new products and then identifies several approaches for managing complexity. Though it cannot maintain that the research illustrates all of the methods used to manage complexity, it suggests that the methods reported here are important and frequently used. Finally, the study examines whether a company s development process is helpful in integrating diverse approaches for managing complexity in NPD projects. The work is exploratory and the purpose is to identify several methods for managing complexity. While findings from an exploratory study need further, more rigorous verification, this exploratory study will provide a platform for new studies. Complexity is worthy of additional attention from researchers and practitioners alike. Those organizations that can accurately identify, assess, and manage the complexity inherent in projects are likely to gain important competitive advantages.

Suppressed neural complexity during ketamine- and propofol-induced unconsciousness

Wang, Jisung,Noh, Gyu-Jeong,Choi, Byung-Moon,Ku, Seung-Woo,Joo, Pangyu,Jung, Woo-Sung,Kim, Seunghwan,Lee, Heonsoo Elsevier 2017 Neuroscience Letters Vol.653 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Ketamine and propofol have distinctively different molecular mechanisms of action and neurophysiological features, although both induce loss of consciousness. Therefore, identifying a common feature of ketamine- and propofol-induced unconsciousness would provide insight into the underlying mechanism of losing consciousness. In this study we search for a common feature by applying the concept of type-II complexity, and argue that neural complexity is essential for a brain to maintain consciousness. To test this hypothesis, we show that complexity is suppressed during loss of consciousness induced by ketamine or propofol. We analyzed the randomness (type-I complexity) and complexity (type-II complexity) of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals before and after bolus injection of ketamine or propofol. For the analysis, we use Mean Information Gain (MIG) and Fluctuation Complexity (FC), which are information-theory-based measures that quantify disorder and complexity of dynamics respectively. Both ketamine and propofol reduced the complexity of the EEG signal, but ketamine increased the randomness of the signal and propofol decreased it. The finding supports our claim and suggests EEG complexity as a candidate for a consciousness indicator.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A reduction of complexity may be a common feature of unconscious state. </LI> <LI> Complexity-randomness analysis was performed on the electroencephalogram. </LI> <LI> Ketamine (propofol) increased (decreased) the randomness of neural dynamics. </LI> <LI> Complexity decreased in both ketamine- and propofol-induced unconsciousness. </LI> </UL> </P>

Noun Phrase Complexity in EFL Academic Writing : A Corpus-based Study of Postgraduate Academic Writing

Liming Liu,Lan Li 아시아영어교육학회 2016 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.13 No.1

Noun phrase (NP) centered structures are distinctive syntactic devices in academic discourse. The commonly employed subordination-based complexity measures cannot adequately capture the development of syntactic complexity of noun phrases expected of advanced student academic writing (Biber, Gray, & Poonpon, 2011). Following the call for more research in this area (e.g. Lu, 2011, p. 57), the current study compared noun phrase complexity in two corpora: one is a corpus of MA dissertations written by Chinese EFL students and the other comprises published research articles in applied linguistics journals. The study examined overall noun phrase complexity using an automatic syntactic complexity analyzer and specifically identified features of one aspect of NP complexity: NP postmodification. The quantitative results were further contextualized in a textual analysis of excerpts from the two corpora for demonstrating the significance of NP complexity to the establishment of discourse coherence. Results of the analyses showed significant underdevelopment of NP postmodification complexity in student writing relative to published texts, meanwhile explicating the circumstances under which the difference is meaningful. Implications of the findings for the teaching of EFL academic writing were also discussed.

DOES PRODUCT CONTEXT COMPLEXITY MATTER IN (IN)CONGRUENT SHOP ENVIRONMENTS? THE INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING FLUENCY ON PRODUCT EVALUATION

Manuela Valta,Donata Vianelli 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2017 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2017 No.07

Consumers process and evaluate products every day in an increasing number of diverse presentations of products and brands across shop environments. Although consumers may think to react to attributes of the products and the shop environments, there are many contextual factors that influence consumers’ responses. Both products presentation and shop environments differ in visual complexity and ease of processing. For example, products such as fragrances and eyeglasses considerably diverge depending on the visual presentation across multiple stores. Research on processing fluency (e.g., Reber et al., 2004; Winkelman et al., 2003) shows that the processing of any stimulus can be characterized by a variety of parameters that are nonspecific to its content. This stream of work suggests that any variable that facilitates fluent processing results in increased liking, and other positive evaluations. Recent work on context complexity (Orth and Crouch, 2014) suggests that people process a package more fluently when it is presented in a low rather than high complexity context. Further, research on contextual cues (Zhu and Meyers-Levy, 2009) shows that the extent of feature overlap between a context and a target object determines whether a person interprets the target related or not related to the contextual data. Accumulating research suggests that a deeper understanding of the way consumers process multiple contextual cues promises to shed light on our understanding of many areas of consumer research. Although visual appeal is itself multifaceted (Bloch, 1995), much of the current discussion with respect to visual cues does not consider the interaction of multiple shop environments. Given the importance of processing fluency and context effects, we examine the extent to which consumers positively elaborate cognitive processes in relation to product context complexity. Following research in psychology, fluency is the subjective experience of ease with which a person processes a stimulus (Reber et al. 2004). High fluency elicits a positive reaction. We predict that less complex contexts of the product will be easier to process and produce more favorable evaluations of the product. Further, research on contextual cues (Aggarwal and McGill, 2007; Meyers-Levy and Sternthal, 1993) shows that consumers better overlap contextual cues when cues are moderately congruent rather than low congruent. This suggests that consumers respond more favourably to moderate congruent shop environments. Studies Two studies tested our prediction that product context complexity across shop environments affects consumer’s processing fluency, liking, and product evaluation. In both studies, participants were provided with pictures of real products and shop environments. Images were manipulated to disguise brand names. Participants were recruited online through the platform Prolific Academic. Study 1 tested the hypothesized negative effect of product context complexity on processing fluency, and liking. The final section of the survey asked for personal information, including gender, age, and style of reasoning. These variables had no significant impact on the dependent variables of interest and were excluded from further analysis. In study 1, ninety participants (mean age = 34.20, 63 females) were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions (product context complexity: low vs. high). They viewed one randomly selected picture of cosmetics displayed on counter displays across two different stores. Cosmetics was chosen due to the large variance in products presentation across multiple retailers. In a pretest, 87 participants rated perceived complexity of the display to examine whether the display complexity differs across the two conditions. The manipulation was successful (Mlow = 2.32 vs. Mhigh = 3.68; F(1,85) =24.299, p < 0.001). Running one-way ANOVA with product context complexity as independent variable and processing fluency as dependent variable a significant main effect of the context complexity (M = 5.05 vs. M = 4.37; F (1,87) = 3.913, p < 0.05). To test our prediction that liking is mediated by processing fluency of product context complexity, a mediation analysis was conducted (PROCESS model 4: Hayes, 2014). Bootstrap estimation confirmed that processing fluency mediates the influence of product context complexity on liking (simple slope = 0.44, LLCI = 0.01, ULCI = 0.94). In study 2, our aim was to corroborate and extend study 1 findings by testing product context complexity in congruent and less congruent shop environments. One hundred seventy-seven participants (mean age = 35,31, 80 females) viewed one randomly selected combination of chocolate shop environments. As in study 1, we chose chocolate due to the large variance in products presentation across multiple retailers. Chocolate was displayed on tower displays (products context complexity: low vs. high), and matched with the overall in-store presentation of three chocolate shop environments (shop environment congruence: low vs. moderate vs. high). After processing the pictures, participants were asked to rate processing fluency, liking, and product evaluation. Similarly to Study 1, the final section of the survey asked for personal information, including gender, age, and shopping goal. Again, these variables had no significant impact on the dependent variables of interest and were excluded from further analysis. Two pretests confirmed that our manipulation of product context complexity (Mlow = 1.96 vs. Mhigh = 4.01, F(1,57) = 23.464, p < 0.001) and store processing fluency (Mlow = 3.50 vs. Mmoderate = 4.14 vs. Mhigh = 5.10, F(1,109) = 10.465, p < 0.005) were successful. Running a factorial ANOVA with processing fluency as dependent variable indicated a nonsignificant main effect of product context complexity. Shop environment congruence had a significant main effect (F(2,171) = 6.561, p < 0.005). Contrasts analysis revealed significant differences between the high congruence/context complexity condition and the low congruence/context complexity condition, and between the moderate congruence/context complexity condition and the low congruence/context complexity condition (all ps < 0.005). We then tested the prediction that processing fluency mediates the effects of shop environment congruence on liking and product evaluation through product context complexity as moderator. We used a moderated mediation analysis with the bootstrap PROCESS model 8: Hayes, 2014). There was a significant conditional indirect effect of shop environment congruence on liking though product context complexity in the high context complexity condition, b = -0.280, LLCI = -0.509, ULCI = -0.120. A similar estimation with product evaluation as the independent variable revealed that processing fluency mediated the relationship between significant shop environment congruence and product evaluation though product context complexity in the high context complexity condition, b = -0.375, LLCI = -0.631, ULCI = -0.153). Discussion Our findings demonstrated the influence of product context complexity on processing fluency and product evaluation. The results showed that less context complexity leads to an ease of processing. Study 1 confirmed the negative relationship between product context complexity and processing fluency. Further, study 1 demonstrates a mediation mechanism of processing fluency on liking. This result confirms prior work on processing fluency (Reber et al., 2004). Further. we extend previous work on visual complexity (Orth and Crouch 2014) by demonstrating that low congruence shop environments may influence consumer processing fluency. In study 2, we looked at how consumers respond to complex and less complex presentation of products in congruent and less congruent shop environments. Our results support research on contextual cues (Zhu and Meyers-Levy, 2009) by showing an interesting path of complex contextual cues. Complex contexts may affect consumer’s evaluation of products. This pattern is more pronounced in low congruent shop environments. Consumers may evaluate much less favorably visually complex contexts in low congruence shop environments than in congruent shop environment. Such behavior is due to the extent to which consumers overlap the shop environment and the target product. This research shed light on how consumers combine retail and product cues. By integrating research on processing fluency and contextual cues, our work allows a better crafting product design and retail strategies. Apart from the theoretical contributions, this research provides marketing manager with insights into how to develop easier to process shop environment for consumers. The results suggest that when products are presented with complex contexts, consumers respond less favorably to the visual appearance of their products. For retail managers, the results provide insight into why it might be especially difficult to process more complex settings of the products. The results suggest that to make a shop environment more favorable, managers have to find solutions to reallocate complex contextual cues of the products. This could be done through developing more congruent areas within the store. Given the growing importance of visual strategies in retailing, our research gives managers suitable solutions to allocate in-store resources.

Task Sequencing and Task Complexity Effects on L2 Writing: Does Task Order Really Matter?

Jiyong Lee 아시아영어교육학회 2021 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.18 No.4

While the importance of task sequencing in task-based research and syllabus design has been emphasized, there is a gap in the literature regarding whether the order in which tasks are presented actually has a significant impact on L2 performance. The aim of the study was to investigate whether task sequencing actually had an effect on L2 written performance. A writing task with three levels of task complexity was given to 88 EFL learners, with one group carrying the three task versions out in the order of increasing task complexity (Simple-to-complex), and the other group in the order of decreasing task complexity (Complex-to-simple). It was found that the cognitive load of the task, as well as learners’ syntactic complexity and lexical diversity shown in their L2 writing, were significantly affected by task sequencing and its interaction with task complexity. Pedagogical implications are noted with regard to the differential effects that task sequencing has on L2 writing, as presenting tasks in the order of increasing task complexity resulted in greater syntactic complexity, while presenting tasks in decreasing task complexity led to greater lexical diversity.

지각적 복잡성과 정서가가 IAPS 자극 처리에 미치는 영향: ERP 연구

박수담,박태진 한국인지및생물심리학회 2013 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.25 No.3

This study examined the effects of affective valence and perceptual complexity of the IAPS (International Affective Picture System) pictures on affective picture processing using ERP (event-related potential) component analysis. ERP components as EPN (early posterior negativity) and LPP (late positive potential) have been reported to be modulated by valence, but some recent studies reported that LPP could be modulated by perceptual complexity as well as valence. To elucidate the modulatory effects of perceptual complexity and valence of IAPS pictures on ERPs, we examined the interaction of perceptual and affective modulations at EPN (220-280ms time window), LPP (350-600ms time window) and delta frequency (1-3Hz). Participants were asked to do affective judgement about each of IAPS pictures while ERPs were recorded. Average amplitudes of EPN at occipito-temporal area demonstrated significant effect of valence, perceptual complexity, and interaction of valence and complexity. For neutral and positive pictures, complex pictures showed higher amplitude than simple pictures, but no complexity effect was found for negative pictures. For complex pictures, negative pictures showed lower amplitude than neutral and positive pictures (EPN emotion effect of negative pictures), but no valence effect was found for simple pictures (no EPN emotion effect). Average amplitudes of LPP at parietal area demonstrated significant effect of valence and perceptual complexity. Negative pictures showed higher amplitude than neutral and positive pictures for both complex and simple pictures (LPP emotion effect of negative pictures). For neutral and positive pictures, simple pictures showed higher amplitude than complex pictures, but no complexity effect was found for negative pictures. No hemisphere-related interaction effect was found at both EPN and LPP. Maximum peak-to-peak difference amplitudes of delta at parietal area demonstrated significant effect of valence, but no significant effect of perceptual complexity was found. Negative pictures showed higher amplitude than neutral and positive pictures. The findings suggest that both LPP and EPN components are modulated by perceptual complexity as well as valence of affective pictures, but perceptual complexity effect can be attenuated or eliminated by negative valence. Delta frequency elicited by parietal area seems to be related with LPP, but contributes to only valence effect. Overall results suggest the motivational importance and priority of processing of negative stimuli. 본 연구는 IAPS 사진자극의 정서가와 지각적 복잡성이 정서자극 처리에 미치는 영향을 ERP(event-related potential) 성분 분석 및 진동분석을 통해 밝히고자 하였다. LPP(late positive potential)나 EPN(early posterior negativity)과 같은 ERP 성분들은 정서가 뿐만 아니라 지각적 복잡성의 영향을 받는다고 최근 보고되었다. IAPS 사진자극의 지각적 복잡성(단순/복잡)과 정서가(긍정/중립/부정)를 조작하고 EPN(220-280ms), LPP(350-600ms), 그리고 delta파(1-3Hz) 상에서 두 변인의 효과를 관찰하였다. 참가자들에게 IAPS자극에 대해 정서적 판단을 요구하면서 ERP를 측정 추출하였다. 그 결과, 후두-측두영역의 EPN 평균진폭에 있어 정서가와 지각적 복잡성, 그리고 상호작용의 효과가 모두 관찰되었는데, 긍정자극과 중립자극에서는 복잡조건이 단순조건보다 진폭이 더 컸지만 부정자극에서는 복잡성효과가 관찰되지 않았고, 복잡조건에서는 긍정자극과 중립자극에 비해 부정자극의 진폭이 더 작았지만(부정자극의 EPN 정서효과) 단순조건에서는 정서가조건들간 차이가 관찰되지 않았다(EPN 정서효과가 없었음). 두정영역의 LPP 평균진폭에 있어 정서가와 지각적 복잡성의 효과가 관찰되었는데, 두 복잡성조건 모두에서 긍정자극과 중립자극에 비해 부정자극의 진폭이 더 컸으며(부정자극의 LPP 정서효과), 긍정자극과 중립자극에서는 단순조건이 복잡조건보다 진폭이 더 컸지만 부정자극에서는 복잡성효과가 관찰되지 않았다. LPP와 EPN 모두에서 반구 관련 상호작용효과는 관찰되지 않았다. 두정영역의 delta파에 대해 최대 정점간 진폭을 분석한 결과 복잡성효과는 관찰되지 않았고 정서효과만 관찰되었는데, 긍정자극과 중립자극에 비해 부정자극의 진폭이 더 컸다. 요약하면, LPP와 EPN이 정서가 뿐만 아니라 지각적 복잡성의 영향을 받았지만 부정자극은 긍정자극이나 중립자극과 달리 지각적 복잡성의 영향을 받지 않았고, 두정부위의 delta파는 LPP와 관련되지만 지각적 복잡성에는 기여하지 않고 정서가에만 기여하였다. 이러한 결과는 전반적으로 부정자극 처리의 동기적 중요성과 우선성을 시사한다.

집단 전체의 인지복합성의 선행요인과 집단성과에 미치는 영향

권정숙(Jung sook Kwon),최규상(Kyoo sang Choi) 한국인사조직학회 2011 인사조직연구 Vol.19 No.4

본 연구는 Hackman(1987)의 투입-과정-산출 모델에 기초하여 집단구성원들의 인지복합성 조합(투입)이 집단구성원의 상호작용을 반영하는 집단인지복합성 (과정)에 미치는 영향과, 집단인지복합성이 집단의사결정의 효과성(산출)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지에 대한 이론적 모델과 가설을 설정하고, 실증분석을 통해 검증하였다. 투입요소로서 집단구성원들의 인지복합성 조합은 집단구성관점(group compositional perspective)에서 분석하고, 과정요소로서의 집단인지복합성은 집단 전체관점(group-as-a-whole perspective)에서 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 집단구성원들의 개인 인지복합성과 집단인지복합성 간의 관계를 조사하기 위해 집단구성관점 연구에서 널리 사용되는 평균과 분산을 조합방법으로 활용하였고, 집단구성원의 인지복합성 조합이 집단인지복합성에 미치는 영향에 있어 집단 내정보공유의 조절효과도 검증하였다. 실증분석을 위해 본 연구는 미국 북동부의 A대학 학부생을 대상으로 B&B Enterprise 경영모의 게임을 실시하였으며, 106개 집단(376명)이 최종 연구결과 분석에 사용되었다. 분석결과, 집단구성원들의 인지복합성 평균은 집단 전체의 인지복합성에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 집단구성원들의 인지복합성 분산이 집단 전체의 인지복합성에 미치는 영향은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 한편, 집단 내 정보공유는 집단구성원들의 인지복합성 분산과 집단 전체의 인지복합성의 관계에 정(+)의 조절효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 집단 구성원들의 인지복합성 평균과 집단 전체의 인지복합성 간의 관계에 미치는 조절효과는 유의하지 않았다. 또한, 집단 전체의 인지복합성은 집단의사결정의 효과성에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 추가분석에서 집단 전체의 인지복합성은 집단 내 구성원들의 인지복합성 평균과 집단의사결정의 효과성 간의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 연구의 의의, 한계 및 추후 연구과제에 대하여 논의하였다. This study attempts to integrate two different perspectives on group-level cognition : a compositional and a group-as-a-whole perspective. Drawing on the input-process-output model (Hackman 1987), The study proposed the research model incorporating the compositional aspects of group members’ cognitive complexities (input) and emergent properties of group cognitive complexity (process), and group decision-making effectiveness (output). Using the concept of cognitive complexity, this study explores some aspects of group compositions as a cause for an emergent property of group cognitive complexity, which in turn affects group decision-making effectiveness. Additionally this study investigates the moderating effects of information sharing in groups on the relationships between the combinations of group members’ cognitive complexities and group cognitive complexity. To explore the linkages between individual member cognitive complexities and the emergent group cognitive complexity, this study draws on the analytical frameworks developed by the group composition studies : the mean and the variance. The study hypotheses are as follow : H1 : The average of the cognitive complexities of individual members in a group will be positively related to the cognitive complexity of the whole group. H2 : The variability in the individual cognitive complexity of group members will be positively related to the cognitive complexity of the whole group. H3-1 : Information sharing in groups will positively moderate the relationships between the average of the cognitive complexities of individual members in a group and the cognitive complexity of the whole group. H3-2 : Information sharing in groups will positively moderate the relationships between the variability in the individual cognitive complexity of group members and the cognitive complexity of the whole group. H4 : The cognitive complexity of a whole group will be positively related to group decisionmaking effectiveness. This study employed a business simulation game (the B&B Enterprises Management Flight simulator, Langley, Paich, & Sterman, 1998; Sterman, 2003). 376 undergraduate students at a large university in the Northeast United States were randomly assigned to three- or four-person groups. The total sample size was 106 groups. The findings of this study suggest that the average of member cognitive complexities was positively related to the cognitive complexity of a whole group. However, the variability in member cognitive complexities was not significantly related to the cognitive complexity of a whole group. On the other hand, the moderating effect of information sharing in groups on the relationship between the average of member cognitive complexities and the cognitive complexity of a whole group was not signifiant, whereas the moderating effect of information sharing in groups on the relationship between the variability in member cognitive complexities and the cognitive complexity of a whole group was signifiant. As anticipated, in addition, the cognitive complexity of a whole group was significantly related to group decision-making effectiveness. Finally, supplemental analyses suggested that the cognitive complexity of a whole group significantly mediated the effects of the average of member cognitive complexities on group decision-making effectiveness. The implications, future directions, and limitations of this study were also discussed.

프랙탈 이미지의 복잡성, 색의 유무와 아름다움 지각의 관계

정우현,엄지 한국자료분석학회 2015 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.17 No.6

이미지의 복잡성은 아름다움에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있으나 복잡성을 어떻게 정의할 것인지에 대해서는 합의된 기준이 존재하지 않는다. 본 연구에서는 주관적 복잡성과 이미지의 물리적 복잡성을 구분하여 아름다움 지각과의 관련성을 살펴보았다. 주관적 복잡성은 이미지에 대한 참가자들의 복잡도 평정값으로 정의하였으며 이미지의 물리적 복잡성은 이미지 압축 파일 형식에서의 압축률의 역수로 정의하였다. 또한 아름다움 지각과 복잡성 지각에 미치는 색의 효과를 추정하기 위해 컬러이미지와 흑백이미지에 대한 아름다움 지각과 복잡성 지각의 차이를 비교하였다. 연구 결과 참가자들의 아름다움 지각은 물리적 복잡성보다 주관적 복잡성과 더 높은 상관을 보였다. 이는 아름다움 지각에 있어 주관적 복잡성이 물리적 복잡성보다 더 유용한 추정치로 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다. 컬러 프랙탈 이미지에서의 아름다움 지각과 주관적 복잡성은 역 ‘U’자형 관계를 보였으며 흑백 이미지에서는 복잡한 자극일수록 덜 아름답게 지각되었다. 흑백 이미지뿐만 아니라 컬러 이미지에 대한 주관적 복잡성도 컬러 이미지의 물리적 복잡성보다 흑백 이미지의 물리적 복잡성과 더 높은 상관을 보였다. 이는 색의 유무에 따라 아름다움과 복잡성의 관계가 달라질 수 있음을 보여주며 복잡성을 판단할 때는 색 정보보다 형태 및 패턴 정보가 더 많이 사용된다는 것을 의미하는 것으로 해석될 수 있다. To clarify the effects of complexity on beauty perception, the relation among subjective complexity, physical complexity, beauty perception of color fractal images and gray-scaled fractal images were examined. Subjective complexity was defined as rating scores for fractal images, while physical complexity was defined as the reciprocal of compression ratio for compressed image file format. The results showed subjective complexity was more related with beauty perception than physical complexity. These results suggest that subjective complexity could be a better estimate than physical complexity in beauty perception. The relationship between perceived beauty and subjective complexity for colored fractal images was described by an inverted U-shaped function. As gray-scaled images was complex, participants perceived the images more beautifully. The perceived complexity for colored images as well as gray-scaled images had higher correlation with the physical complexity for gray-scaled images than the physical complexity. This result imply that form and pattern information should have more used for complexity judgment than color information and color could affect the relation between beauty and complexity.

영상에서 시지각적 주의를 이끄는 복잡성 요인 연구 -뉴스 프로그램 로고를 중심으로-

김인경 ( Kim In Kyung ),이현주 ( Lee Hyunju ) 커뮤니케이션디자인학회 2024 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.86 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 영상에서 대상이 선택적으로 시지각적 주의를 가질 수 있는 조건 중 하나로 복잡성이 관련한다는 것을 증명하고 이와 관련한 복잡성의 특성을 규명하는 것이다. 실험을 위하여 지상파 방송 3개사(KBS, MBC, SBS)와 종합편성 4개사(TV조선, JTBC, MBN, Channel A)에서 나타난 뉴스 프로그램 로고들로 로고 셈플들을 수집하였다. 수집된 셈플 분석을 통하여 복잡성이 서로 다른 4가지 유형의 로고를 디자인하였으며 로고의 배경 영상으로 2023년 1월 1일부터 2023년 6월 30일까지 텔레비전에서 송출된 광고에서 가장 익숙하게 본 광고의 유형 중 시각적 표현 방식이 다르며 복잡성에 차이를 가진 3가지를 선정하였다. 실험을 위하여 4가지 유형의 로고 디자인을 각각 3가지 유형의 광고 위에 각각 위치시켜 12가지 유형의 표본을 디자인하였다. 디자인 된 표본들은 정량적 분석과 정성적 평가를 통해 영상에서 선택적으로 시지각적 주의를 가질 수 있도록 만드는 복잡성 요인을 실험하였다. 분석 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1) 배경이 된 영상보다 프로그램 로고에 대한 주의는 상대적으로 낮지만 시각적 복잡성은 로고에 주의를 갖게 만드는 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. 복잡성은 그 자체로 혼란스러워 보이지만 복잡성을 구성하는 물리적 요인들의 상호작용을 통해 인간의 주의 지각에 영향을 주었다. 2) 상대적으로 복잡성의 수준이 중간단계 일 때의 광고 위에 복잡성의 수준이 중간단계(Medium Low Level)인 로고 유형을 위치시켰을 때 로고에 대한 시지각적 주의가 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 자극이 너무 단순하거나 혹은 너무 복잡해도 시지각적 주의를 갖기 힘들며 자극이 중간 정도의 각성상태일 때 만족을 얻는다는 베를린(Berlyne, 1974)의 이론을 뒷받침 해주었다. 본 연구는 영상에서 대상이 시지각적 주의를 얻기 위한 복잡성의 적절한 자극 수준을 예측할 수 있게 해주었다. 또한 시각적 주의를 일으키는 지각적 특성으로 복잡성이 관련한다는 베를린의 이론을 증명하였다. 따라서 인간의 시지각적 주의가 고려되는 다양한 시각 커뮤니케이션 디자인 연구에서 앞으로 복잡성의 요인이 적극적으로 고려될 수 있기를 기대한다. The purpose of this study is to prove that complexity is one of the conditions that cause subjects to selectively pay visual perceptive attention in moving image and to identify the characteristics of complexity related to this. For the experiment, logo samples were collected using news program logos from three terrestrial broadcasting companies (KBS, MBC, SBS) and four General Service Program Provider companies(TV Chosun, JTBC, MBN, Channel). Through analysis of the collected samples, four types of logos with different complexity were designed, and the background videos of the logos were the most familiar advertisements on television from January 1, 2023 to June 30, 2023. Among the advertisements, three were selected with different visual expression methods and differences in complexity. For the experiment, 12 types of samples were designed by overlapping 4 types of logo designs on 3 types of advertisements each. The designed samples were tested for complexity factors that enable selective visual perceptive attention in moving images through quantitative analysis and qualitative evaluation. The analysis results are summarized as follows. 1) Although the attention on the program logo was relatively lower than the background moving image, visual complexity appeared to be an important factor to cause attention to the logo. Complexity itself seems chaotic, but it affects human perception of attention through the interaction of the physical factors that make up complexity. 2) When the logo type with a medium level of complexity was placed on top of an advertisement with a relatively medium level of complexity, visual perceptive attention to the logo appeared. These results supported the theory of Berlin (Berlyne, 1974) that it is difficult to have visual perceptual attention even if the stimulus is too simple or too complex, and satisfaction is obtained when the stimulus is in a state of moderate arousal. This study allowed us to predict the appropriate stimulus level of complexity for subjects to gain visual perceptive attention in moving image. It also proved Berlin's theory that complexity is a perceptual characteristic that causes visual attention. Therefore, it is hoped that the factor of complexity will be actively considered in the future in various visual communication design studies that take human visual and perceptual attention into consideration.