생존자료분석에서 성향 점수를 이용한 treatment delay effect 추정법에 대한 연구

정주이,송현진,한승봉 한국통계학회 2023 응용통계연구 Vol.36 No.5

생존 자료에서 Hade 등 (2020) 은 시간-의존 교란 변수가 환자의 처치 시점에 영향을 미칠 때, 해당 효과를 보정하여 treatment delay effect를 올바르게 추정하기 위해 성향 점수 매칭 방법을 이용하였다. 이 때, treatment delay effect란 환자가 관심 있는 지연 시점만큼 늦게 처치를 받는 경우 제 때 받는 경우에 비해 사건 발생 위험에 미치는 영향을 의미한다. 본 연구에서는 또 다른 성향 점수 기반 모형인 Cox-MSM 모형 또한 해당 효과를 올바르게 추정할 수 있는지 모의 실험을 통해 확인 및 기존 매칭 모형과 비교하였다. 모의실험 결과, 세 가지 모형 모두 다양한 시나리오 내에서 treatment delay effect를 올바르게 추정함을 확인하였다. 특히 모든 시나리오 내에서 Cox-MSM의 제곱근평균제곱오차의 값이 가장 낮았으며, restricted Cox matching 모형에서 가장 큰 값을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 성향 점수에 기반하나 매칭이 아닌 방법 또한 treatment delay effect 적용이 가능하다는 결과를 제공한다. 추후 G-formula과 같이 성향 점수 기반이 아닌 모형에서도 적용이 가능한지에 대한 상세 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다. Oftentimes, the time dependent treatment covariate and the time dependent confounders exist in observation studies. It is an important problem to correctly adjust for the time dependent confounders in the propensity score analysis. Recently, In the survival data, Hade et al. (2020) used a propensity score matching method to correctly estimate the treatment delay effect when the time dependent confounder affects time to the treatment time, where the treatment delay effects is defined to the delay in treatment reception. In this paper, we proposed the Cox model based marginal structural model (Cox-MSM) framework to estimate the treatment delay effect and conducted extensive simulation studies to compare our proposed Cox-MSM with the propensity score matching method proposed by Hade et al. (2020). Our simulation results showed that the Cox-MSM leads to more exact estimate for the treatment delay effect compared with two sequential matching schemes based on propensity scores. Example from study in treatment discontinuation in conjunction with simulated data illustrates the practical advantages of the proposed Cox-MSM.

공황 장애의 인지-행동 집단 치료 : The Effectiveness of the Treatment and Curative Factors 치료 효과와 치유 인자

김영신,임기영 大韓神經精神醫學會 1995 신경정신의학 Vol.34 No.1

A cognitive-behavioral group treatment program is being applied for patients with panic disorder since October 1991. The four main components of the treatment are 1) education of patient, 2) somatic control exercise, 3) cognitive restructuring, 4) interoceptive reconditioning and exposure. Authors examined the effectiveness of the treatment by comparing the scores of Patient Rated Anxiety Scale of before and after the treatment and by using Yalom's Curative Factor Questionnaire to find the curative factors of the treatment. The results were as follows. 1) Among the total of 24 subjects, 4 were female and 20 were male. The mean age of subjects was 37.29 years old, 87.50% of subjects married and average education was 14 years. Ages of onset varied from 17 to 49 and mean age of onset was 34.79 years old. 75.00% of subjects were accompained by agoraphobia. 2) Total score of Patient Rated Anxiety Scale before treatment program was 86.63, of which the scores of endogenous anxiety and exogenous anxiety or phobia were 68.83 and 17.79. After 12 weeks of treatment program, the total score decreased to 48.71 and scores for endogenous anxiety and exogenous anxiety to 39.21 and 48.71 and scores for endogenous anxiety and exogenous anxiety decreased to 39.21 and 9.50 that are statistically significant. 3) Although all the scores of the questions in Patient Rated Anxiety Scale showed statistically significant improvement after the treatment program, physical symptoms of respiratory system and cognitive symptoms particularly fear of dying or losing control showed higher improvement. 4) Among Yalom's curative factors, universality, group cohesiveness and existential factors showed high scores ; 26.37, 24.24 and 24.11. The subjects who showed much improvement with our program scored high in altruism compared to those who did not show much improvement. 5) Within the treatment program, education about medication, physiology of anxiety and panic and cognitive restructuring were scored high by patients as therapeutic factors. The authors concluded that cognitive-behavioral treatment as an effective treatment modality for the treatment of panic disorder.

피부레이저 인식 및 치료현황에 대한 설문조사

이예진 ( Ye Jin Lee ),이상형 ( Sang Hyung Lee ),최지호 ( Jee Ho Choi ),박천욱 ( Chun Wook Park ),박영립 ( Young Lip Park ),김유찬 ( You Chan Kim ),조상현 ( Sang Hyun Cho ),이동윤 ( Dong Youn Lee ),강훈 ( Hoon Kang ),손상욱 ( Sang 대한피부과학회 2017 대한피부과학회지 Vol.55 No.1

Background: Skin laser treatment has improved significantly and has become an effective treatment approach for many skin diseases while also having applications for beauty treatments. However, since skin laser transfers energy directly to the skin, the misuse of such treatment may result in permanent damage to skin tissues. Objective: This survey of Korean adults, conducted to obtain their perspectives on and their treatment experience with skin laser treatment, will be used to determine the current status of skin laser treatment and to identify necessary changes to ensure proper and safe conduct of skin laser treatment. Methods: From April 5^th to April 12^th, 2016, a survey was conducted to obtain information regarding the perspectives and the treatment experience of adults aged 20∼59 years. Results: Approximately 50% of the participants had experience with skin laser treatment, and among these, 24.7% had not received treatment at a dermatology clinic. Compared to treatment at a dermatology clinic, the danger of side effects was 1.7 times higher at a non-dermatology clinic, 2 times higher at a skin care shop, and 5.3 times higher at an Oriental medical clinic. Among patients who received skin laser treatment, 16.1% experienced side effects, and among these, 1 out of 4 patients visited a non-dermatologist for treatment of these side effects. Conclusion: The results of the survey showed that in order for the public to receive safe and effective skin laser treatment based on professional diagnosis, there is a definitive need to provide correct information to the public and to implement changes to ensure proper understanding of skin laser treatment among this population. (Korean J Dermatol 2017;55(1):8∼19)

원형탈모증의 임상양상 및 기술역학적 연구

이용호,하헌용,이동초,김미경,서필승,김남송 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 2008 圓光醫科學 Vol.23 No.2

본 연구는 2004년 1월부터 2008년 10월까지 원광대학교 병원 피부과에 내원한 원형 탈모증 환자 126명중 치료 결과를 확인 할 수 있었던 95명을 대상으로 인구학적 특성 및 치료 방법에 따른 치료 효과의 차이를 알아보고자 빈도 분석 및 교차분석을 통하여 유의성을 검정하였다. 탈모반면적은 성별에서 남자와 여자가 각각 26-50%일 때 53.5%, 71.4%로 가장 많았으나 유의한 차이는 없었고, 연령별로는 20대 이하와 30대, 40대 이상이 각각 26-50%일 때 54.1%, 51.9%, 58.6%로 가장 많았으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 치료방법은 성별에서 남자와 여자 각각 부신피질호르몬 국소방법을 94.3%, 85.7%로 가장 많았으나 유의한 차이는 없었고, 연령별로는 20대 이하, 30대, 40대 이상이 각각 스테로이드 국소 주사요법을 89.7%, 100%, 93.1%로 가장 많았으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 치료효과는 성별에서 남자와 여자 각각 완치하였다가 64.8%, 71.4%로 가장 많았으나 유의한 차이가 없었고, 연령별로는 20대 이하와 30대의 경우 완치되는 경우가 각각 71.8%, 85.2%로 가장 많았고, 40대 이상은 부분반응 하는 경우가 58.6%로 가장 많았으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05) 치료방법에 따른 치료효과에는 유의한 차이가 있었다(p=0.003). 스테로이드 pulse therapy를 사용한 경우 완치가 100%, DPCP 요법은 완치가 77.8%, minoxidil 국소요법은 완치가 73.8%, 스테로이드 pulse therapy의 경우 완치가 100%로 가장 많았다. Background: We embarked on this research in order to gain fundamental information and knowledge on the key differences in the effectiveness of various treatments and factors, such as key clinical conditions and demographic traits through the descriptive research-based procedures, on patients with alopecia areata. Methods: Based on the comprehensive data of 95 patients with verifiable treatment records out of 126 alopecia areata patients who have visited the department of dermatology of Wonkwang University Hospital from January 2004 to October 2008, We examined the significance tests through the analysis of frequency and range of the differences in the effectiveness of various treatments using demographic traits and medical treatments. Results: In terms of the treatment effectiveness, 64.8% of the male patients and 71.4% of the female patients showed the full recovery, with virtually no significant clinical data difference. In terms of the age group variations, 71.8% of the patients in 20's and under and 85.2% of the patients in 30's showed the full recovery, and 58.6% of 40's showed only partial recovery, rendering this difference quite significant.(p<0.05). There was a noticeable difference in effectiveness of various treatments.(p<0.01). Through the steroid pulse therapy, 100% of the patients fully recovered, 77.8% through the DPCP(Diphencyprone) method, 73.8% through the minoxidil application treatment, 65.2% through the steroid injection treatment, and finally 33.3% of the steroid application treatment fully recovering from the hair loss. Conclusion: In terms of the effectiveness, the steroid pulse therapy were most dominant and clear treatment, followed by DPCP treatment, the minoxidil application treatment, the steroid injection treatment, and the steroid application treatment in this order. In terms of the distribution of the gender factor of the observed patients, the number of female patients was far smaller than that of male patients, and tremendous barriers and challenges lie in the quest to make a conclusive finding through the use of the raw data of hospital patients. As such, a variety of rigorous and dynamic clinical research endeavors and the large sample of patients are necessary and strongly recommended at this point.

GATT/WTO 협정상 내국민대우 원칙과 투자협정상 내국민대우 원칙

이영희 연세대학교 법학연구원 2010 法學硏究 Vol.20 No.1

일반적으로 외국인 투자자가 투자를 할 때 우려하는 것 중 하나는 투자유치국으로부터 유치국의 자국민 투자자 혹은 제3국의 투자자에 비해 불리한 대우를 받을 수 있다는 점이다. 이러한 우려를 반영하여 대부분의 투자협정에서는 내국민대우(National Treatment)원칙과 최혜국대우(Most-Favored-Nation Treatment)원칙을 명문화하고 있다. 내국인 투자자와 외국인 투자자의 차별, 즉 ‘종적 차별’을금지하는 내국민대우 원칙은 국제무역에 관한 규범인 GATT/WTO에 비해 투자협정에서 일관된 법리가 상대적으로 덜 축적되어 있다. 투자협정과 무역규범은 그 용어, 대상, 적용측면에서 많은 차이를 보인다. 그러나 상대적으로 일관된 법리가 축적되어 있는 GATT/WTO 내국민대우의 법리를 분석하고 투자협정의 내국민대우원칙 규정과 관련 판례를 살펴봄으로써 GATT/WTO의 내국민대우 법리를 투자협정과 비교분석하고자 하였다. 투자협정상 내국민대우 위반을 판정하기 위한 1단계는 비교대상인 국내투자자/투자와 외국인투자자/투자가 ‘동일 상황’에 있는가이다. 2단계는 ‘불리한 대우’(less favorable treatment)의 존재이며 3단계는 내국민대우 위반인 투자유치국의 조치를 정당화할 수 있는 예외의 존재여부에 대한 검토이다. 투자협정상 내국민대우 위반과 관련된 중재판례의 태도가 상이하게 나타나나, 대략적인 공통점을 찾아보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 내국민대우 위반 판정의핵심인 ‘동일 상황’(like circumstances)의 판단에 있어 가장 많이 이용되는 방법은 ‘동일 사업 혹은 산업’기준(the same business or economic sector)이다. 그러나 같은 사업을 영위하더라도 동일 상황에 있지 않다고 판정한 사례가 존재함은 앞서 살펴본 바와 같다. 둘째, 불리한 대우(less favorable treatment)의존재 검토단계에서 다수 중재판례의 입장은 ‘법적 차별’ 뿐만 아니라 ‘사실상 차별’도 포함하는 것이다. ‘차별적 의도’가 내국민대우 위반의 독립적인 검토요건인가에 대해 대다수의 판례는 조치의 ‘의도’가 아닌 ‘영향 혹은 결과’(impact or result)가 결정적인 요건이라는 입장인 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 내국민대우 위반을정당화하는 요건에 대한 검토에 있어서는 협정에서 명시적으로 언급된 예외에해당하는 경우, 투자유치국의 차별적 조치는 정당화 될 수 있다. 주목할 부분은 일부 중재판례에서는 정부의 정당한 정책 목표를 ‘like circumstances’단계에서 고려하여 정당한 정책 목표가 존재할 경우, 동일한 산업에 있는 내외국인 투자자/투자인 경우라도 like circumstances에 있지 않는 것으로 간주하여내국민대우 위반이 성립하지 않는 것으로 판시하였다는 점이다. 이는 GATT/WTO의 내국민대우 위반 판정 시 동종상품 판정단계에서 ‘조치목적설’을 연상하게 한다. ‘정부의 정당한 정책적 목적’은 투자유치국의 조치가 일응 내국민대우 위반을 구성하는 것으로 간주되는 경우 그러한 위반을 정당화하기 위한 단계에서 고려될 수도 있다. GATT/WTO분쟁에서 패널과 상소기구는 ‘조치목적설’이 GATT 제XX조를 형해화 할 수 있다는 점 등을 들어 주로 BTA Approach에따라 ‘사안별 원칙’에 입각하여 ‘동종상품’을 판단하고, ‘정부의 정당한 목적’은주로 제XX조의 일반적 예외에서 판단해 왔다. GATT/WTO협정과 투자협정은 조약기초자들의 의도, 협정문의 문언, 조약의객체와 목적면에 비추어 볼 때 구별되며, 따라서 GATT/WTO 법리를 그대로투자협정에 적용하기... What many foreign investors are highly concerned about is the risks of being given less favorable treatment than national investors of host state. Mindful of this concern, therefore, most international investment agreements (IIA) stipulate National Treatment Clause under which member states shall not give less favorable treatment to foreign investors or investments in like situations(or circumstances) than domestic investors or investments. Stipulated in the GATT Art. III, National Treatment constitutes one of the core non-discrimination principle along with Most-Favored-Nation Treatment and has coherent and consistent jurisprudence cumulated by Panel and Appellate Body reports. On the contrary, lack of coherent national treatment jurisprudence in IIA is likely to lead to investment disputes between foreign investors and host state. Therefore, a study on GATT/WTO Panel and Appellate Body reports and practices relating to national treatment disputes will help to prevent possible disputes concerning national treatment between foreign investors and host state. True, IIAs are quite different from international trade agreements in many respects including their wordings, subjects and application. In order to examine whether the host state violates national treatment clause in investment treaty, above all, it is necessary to identify whether domestic investors/investments and foreign investors/investments concerned are situated in ‘like circumstances.’ Second, the existence of less favorable treatment should be established by the claimant. Third, if there are legitimate non-protectionist rationales, the host state should justify differences in treatment. First, in examining like circumstances, many IIA tribunals have frequently relied on the element of ‘the same business or economic sector’. However,the tribunals have taken inconsistent approaches in determining the appropriate comparator for the purposes of the national treatment analysis. Some national treatment cases generally illustrates a tendency to narrowly define the comparator (i.e. in Methanex case, the tribunal like in all relevant aspects), while other tribunals compares investments in very different economic sectors that are not in a competitive relationship. Second, when it comes to the analysis of less favorable treatment, most tribunals state that both de jure and de facto discrimination are prohibited. Moreover, it is said that proof of protectionist or discriminatory intent is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for a finding that there has been a breach of national treatment. The analysis focuses on the objective effect of the treatment in question. Third, an assessment of the host state`s legitimate policy rationale is relevant to the first step of analysis in determining like circumstances and the third step in assessing whether it is possible to justify the host state`s different treatment between foreign and domestic investors/investments. Considering host state`s regulatory purpose of treatment in the first step in determining like circumstances, which is mostly rejected by many IIA tribunals, is similar to “Aim-and-Effect” approach in assessing ‘likeness’ of domestic and imported goods under GATT Art. III. Given differences in texts, wording, objects and purposes of GATT and IIAs, it is clear that GATT jurisprudnece should not be uncritically transported into international investment law. In several IIA national treatment cases, however, claimants have relied on Article III, GATT,national treatment and like products jurisprudence to support arguments that investments are in like circumstances. The possibility cannot be excluded completely that there might be cases where ‘like product’ test is one of the important factors to consider in determining ‘like circumstances’. In that case, GATT national treatment jurisprudence might be useful for a tribunal in assessing whether the goods produced by foreign and domestic investo...

발달장애아의 치료 실태와 치료 효과에 영향을 주는 요인

이지현,이태용 대한작업치료학회 2003 대한작업치료학회지 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose : This study is for investigating the factors influencing on treatment effect of devel-opmental disability children under 6-year-old.Methods : This study was investigated March, 2003 from January, 2003 to child fewer than 6 ages and parent each 43 people who is undergoing medical diagnosis from occupational ther-apy of K university hospital, S hospital, C hospital.Results : Obstacle type of 43 disabled children handicap by 50% and language impairment, mental retardation, sight obstacle, difficulties. It is 25.6% that there is no family member that can give help for disabled children’s treatment, is that 1 person is more 69.8%, and that have 3 people 4.7%, and in 25 points full marks that stew of family more than 21 points by 79.1% lazi-ness or family of stew that in general by high thing appear. Disabled children was using aver-age 4.16 places’ treatment institution during a week. Total number of treatment during a week is 5.19 times of treatment per average one child patient. While child’s treatment adaptation degree is that 32.6% well regardless of sentiment or hygienic condition, 37.2% when sentiment or hygienic condition is good well, and 18.6% is usual, 2.3% is different according to sentiment or hygienic condition therapist or treatment institution, and 9.3% is not well in most case. Comparing coefficient of correlation with adaptation degree and cura-tive effect when treat and treatment actual conditions of family’s support, home treatment num-ber of times, medical fee, treatment equipment utilization number of times, treatment number of times etc. and child’s characteristic of child’s age, obstacle grade, duplicated obstacle number and so on, Child’s duplicated obstacle number showed high negative correlation of comparative with curative effect, and child’s obstacle degree showed high negative correlation with curative effect.Conclusion : By result of this study, child’s motor development treatment effect is considered that child’s obstacle degree and duplication number of obstacle is connected. Therefore, it means that efficient and practical treatment to grasp child’s obstacle and state more closely and more interests and efforts of parent and therapist are in need.

Numerical analysis of wave energy dissipation by damping treatments in a plate with acoustic black holes

김선용,이두호 대한기계학회 2018 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.32 No.8

The reduction of vibration by acoustic black holes (ABHs) with damping treatments can be achieved in two stages: energy focalization and energy dissipation. The energy focalization is mainly due to changes of the local thickness by slowing down the flexural wave speed and energy dissipation can be achieved by using viscoelastic damping materials. In structures with embedded ABHs, the damping effectiveness can depend significantly on the types of damping treatments. In this paper, 4 different damping treatments according to the types of attached region are considered in order to estimate the effectiveness of damping treatments as 1) a fully-covered unconstrained damping treatment, 2) a fully-covered constrained damping treatment, 3) a partially-covered unconstrained damping treatment and 4) a partially-covered constrained damping treatment as well as no damping treatment as reference data. In this study, the performance of damping treatments is explored using numerical simulations of three-dimensional thin plate embedded truncated ABH(s). The wave energy in the ABH, the normalized total energy and the focalization ratio are introduced to compare the effectiveness of the damping treatments. The numerical results show that the fully-covered constrained damping treatment provides the most effective configuration in terms of the wave energy in ABH and the normalized total energy.

설문조사를 활용한 신용보증의 처리효과분석

박재성(Jaesung James Park),오종석(Jongseok Oh) 한국산업경제학회 2018 산업경제연구 Vol.31 No.3

본 논문은 설문조사를 활용하여 소상공인에 대한 신용보증공급의 정책효과를 처리효과분석(treatment effect analysis) 방법으로 추정한다. 소상공인은 종사자수 10인 미만 사업체로서, 소상공인의 사업 활동에 관한 체계적 자료는 거의 존재하지 않는다. 따라서 이들에 대한 정책효과 분석은 설문조사에 의존하는 것이 불가피하다. 설문조사에 처리효과 방법을 적용함으로써 소상공인과 같이 정량적 자료 확보가 힘든 대상에 대해서도 인과적 정책효과 분석이 가능하다. 이 논문에서는 정책효과를 4가지 측면, 즉 인지적 정책효과, 강화된 인지적 정책효과, 가정적 정책효과, 실제적 정책효과로 구분하여 추정하였다. 또한, 설문조사 과정에서 설문 응답자가 양적 척도가 없이 불명확한 과거의 기억에 의존하여 응답하고 있는 점을 고려하여, 회귀분석 모형에 추가하여 순서로지스틱 모형을 적용하였다. 그 결과 인지적 정책효과와 실제적 정책효과에서 보증지원의 결과 금리가 하락한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 보증과 병행하여 융자를 지원한 효과는 대체로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 보증지원이 매출액, 순이익, 종사자수 변동에 미치는 효과도 모형에 따라 유의하지 않았다. 이 결과는 강건성 검증을 위한 순서로지스틱 분석에서 도 대부분 일치하였다. We estimate the policy effect of credit guarantee for small business owners by applying treatment effect analysis method using survey. There are few systematic data on business activities of small business owners. Therefore, it is inevitable to rely on the questionnaire to analyze the policy effects. By applying the treatment effect method to the questionnaire, it is possible to analyze the causal policy effect even for those who can not provide quantitative data. In this paper, the policy effect is divided into four aspects: cognitive policy effect, enhanced cognitive policy effect, hypothetical policy effect, and actual policy effect. Also, considering the fact that the questionnaire respondents do not command a quantitative scale but relies on faint past memories, Ordered-logistic model was applied in addition to the regression analysis model. As a result, the interest rate fell as a result of the credit guarantee assistance in the cognitive policy effect and the actual policy effect. However, the effect of the credit guarantee combined with the loan was generally not significant. Also, the effect of credit guarantee assistance on sales, net profit, and number of employees is not significant depending on the model. This result is consistent with the ordered-logistic analysis for robustness check.

‘퇴직후대우 조항’에 관한 단체협약의 법적 효력

정명현 서울대학교 법학연구소 2012 서울대학교 法學 Vol.53 No.4

A treatment clause after retirement defines the rights and the obligations of an individual employer and a retiree. The treatment clause after retirement is distinguished from the general individual labor contract being applied during the labor contract period. The treatment clause after retirement can be established by an individual contract of employment according to the principle of freedom of contract. the treatment clause after retirement can be also established by a individual contract of employment, work rules, a Labor-Management Council or a collective agreement. The one established on those norm can be different from the other on those norm in terms of the legal effect. In case of the collective agreement, a treatment clause after retirement belongs to the a normative part of the collective agreement. The normative part of the collective agreement goes into the normative effect and the normative part is converted into the individual contract of employment when the collective agreement is terminated. In that case, of which the treatment clause after retirement of the collective agreement does not belongs to the normative part, it belongs to the obligational part of the agreement which has no the normative effect. It can regulate only the collective parties to the agreement and it can not regulate the rights and the obligation of an individual employer and employees. A retiree enjoys the rights as a result of fulfillment of the agreement but he cannot assert his rights of the treatment clause after retirement to the employer directly. When the collective agreement is changed, the retiree’s rights of the treatment clause after retirement is influenced by whether the clause belongs to the normative part of the agreement or the obligational part. 단체협약으로 근로자의 퇴직후대우에 관한 사항(이하 ‘퇴직후대우 조항’이라고 한다.)을 정하는 경우가 있을 수 있다. 이 경우 동 규정에 근거한 퇴직자의 ‘퇴직후대우’에 관한 권리의 법적 효력은 어떻게 되는지 살펴본다. 단체협약의 내용은 규범적 부분과 채무적 부분으로 나누어진다. 규범적 부분에 대해서는 법규범과 같이 당사자를 구속하는 규범적 효력이 발생하고 채무적 부분은 단체협약 체결당사자인 노동조합과 사용자 사이에 채무이행의 의무가 발생한다. 규범적 부분은 근로조건 기타 근로자의 대우에 관한 기준을 말하는데, 단체협약상의 ‘퇴직후대우 조항’이 규범적 부분에 해당하는가에 대한 검토가 필요하다. ‘퇴직후대우 조항’이 규범적 부분에 해당한다고 할 경우 단체협약이 종료되더라도 단체협약상의 규범적 부분은 여전히 재직근로자의 근로조건을 규율하게 된다. 그러나 재직근로자가 아닌 퇴직자의 경우에는 어떻게 될 것인가? 재직근로자가 아닌 퇴직자의 경우에도 단체협약이 종료될 경우 퇴직자는 여전히 ‘퇴직후대우 조항’에 근거하여 퇴직후대우를 누릴 수 있을 것이라고 본다. 왜냐하면 퇴직후대우 조항은 단체협약의 규범적 부분에 해당한다고 보아야 하고 퇴직시점에 단체협약의 종료와 동시에 단체협약의 규범적 부분은 근로계약의 내용으로 화체되기 때문이다. 또 단체협약의 ‘퇴직후대우 조항’에 관한 내용이 변경되는 경우 재직근로자에 대한 퇴직후대우 내용이 달라진다는 점에 대해서는 이견이 없다. 그렇다면 이때 기퇴직자의 퇴직후대우 내용은 어떻게 될 것인가? 기퇴직자는 더 이상 단체협약의 적용당사자가 아니므로 퇴직 후 단체협약의 갱신의 효력이 미치지 않는다고 보아야 할 것이다. 만일 노사간에 ‘퇴직후대우 조항’을 채무적 부분으로 정하기로 합의할 경우 기퇴직자의 퇴직후대우 내용은 변경된다고 본다. 왜냐하면 퇴직자가 퇴직후대우 조항에 근거하여 누리는 혜택은 노동조합과 사용자 간에 합의한 채무적 부분의 이행의 결과로 인한 간접적 이익을 누리는 것에 불과하기 때문이다.

생활폐기물 민간위탁수준이 폐기물처리 효과에 미치는 영향 : 충청지역 26개 시ㆍ군을 중심으로

이태희(Tae-Hee Lee),배기수(Khee-Su Bae) 한국창업학회 2021 한국창업학회지 Vol.16 No.5

본 연구는 폐기물처리에서 민간위탁수준이 증가함에 따라 위탁처리 비율의 증가와 폐기물처리 효과와의 관계를 분석하고자 하였다. 분석을 위해 충청지역 26개 시·군의 위탁처리량, 위탁인원, 위탁예산, 위탁장비 비율을 독립변수로 선정하고 폐기물처리 효과는 폐기물 총처리량, 재활용량, 오염물질 배출량을 종속변수로 하여 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 자료는 2008~2018년 충청지역의 폐기물처리 및 오염물질배출량으로 SPSS를 이용한 분석에 쓰인 데이터 수는 2,860개이다. 분석 결과와 그에 따른 3가지 개선안을 제시하였다. 특히, 폐기물의 민간위탁처리량은 모든 종속변수와 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났고, 오염물질 배출량과 위탁수준 간의 관계에서 민간위탁수준이 오염물질 배출량과는 관계가 없음을 실증분석하였다. 생활폐기물 처리에 대한 민간위탁 수준에 대한 효율성을 비교하여 효과를 분석한 것이 아니라 위탁처리 수준을 나타내는 지표들을 폐기물처리 효과와 관련한 지표들과의 관계성을 비교·분석하였다. 또한, 민간위탁수준과 오염물질배출량과는 관계가 없는 것으로 나타나 위탁처리와 환경오염의 연관성 연구에도 의의가 있다. This study tried to analyze the relationship between the increase in the rate of Contracting-out treatment level and the effect of household waste treatment as the private consignment treatment increased in household waste treatment. For the analysis, the Contracting-out of throughput, number of Contracting-out of people, entrusted budget, and Contracting-out of equipment ratio of 26 local wards in the Chungcheong province were selected as independent variables. And the effect of waste treatment was analyzed by regression analysis with the total waste treatment amount, recycling amount, and pollutant emission as dependent variables. The data is the amount of waste treatment and pollutant emissions in the Chungcheong region from 2008 to 2018, and the number of data used for analysis using SPSS is 2,860. As a result of the analysis, three improvement plans were suggested. In particular, it was found that the amount of household waste Contracting-out of private sector had no relationship with all dependent variables, and in the relationship between pollutant emissions and level of Contracting-out, an empirical analysis was conducted that the level of private Contracting-out had no relationship with pollutant emissions. This study is meaningful in that it does not analyze the effect by comparing the efficiency of the level of private Contracting-out for household waste treatment, but compares the indicators indicating the level of private Contracting-out treatment by analyzing the relationship with the indicators. In addition, there is no relationship between the level of private consignment and the amount of pollutant emissions, so it is meaningful in research on the relationship between consignment treatment and environmental pollution.