Rural Community Development through People’s Participation: A Situational Analysis in the Context of Bangladesh and South Korea

주나에드 라힘(Junaed Rahim) 영남대학교 박정희새마을연구원 2019 새마을학연구 Vol.4 No.1

방글라데시처럼 인구의 다수가 농촌 지역에 살고 있는 개도국의 경우 농촌 지역의 발전이 국가 전체의 발전을 좌우하는 법이다. 그동안 방글라데시에서는 정부 또는 비정부 부문이 주도한 여러 가지 우수한 농촌개발의 시도가 있었다. ‘농촌개발의 코밀라(Comilla) 모델’도 이런 주목할 만한 시도들 중의 하나로 이는 방글라데시의 녹색혁명과 1960년대의 농촌 지역 개발에 크게 기여했다. 그럼에도 불구하고 농촌 지역의 빈곤은 여전히 이 나라의 심각한 사회문제로 남아 있다. 주민 참여는 농촌개발을 위한 필수적 도구다. 방글라데시의 대부분 개발 사업에서 농촌 주민의 자조적 참여는 핵심 요소로 간주되고 있다. 한편 지속 가능한 농촌 발전 모델인 새마을운동은 한국의 농촌개발에 혁명적 변화를 가져왔다. 주민 참여는 새마을개발 모델에서나 코밀라 모델에서나 모두 핵심적 요소다. 이 연구는 일차 자료와 이차 자료의 분석을 통해 방글라데시의 지방 정부 기관(Union Parishad)이 효과적인 주민 참여를 유도하지 못하고 지방에서 개발 계획을 추진하는 데 그리 효율적이지 못하다는 것을 확인했다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 연구는 효과적인 주민 참여를 유도할 방법을 제시하고 새마을운동의 좋은 실천 사례를 공유하고자 한다. The development of rural community determines the development of a country, especially for developing countries like Bangladesh where majority of the people live in the rural areas. There are quite remarkable rural development initiatives taken by both government and non government sector in Bangladesh. Comilla Model of Rural Development was amongst the remarkable initiatives that brought Green Revolution in Bangladesh and subsequently led to rural community development during 1960s. But still rural poverty has been a vital issue for development thinkers of the country. Community participation is considered as a vital tool for rural development. Therefore, in most of the development interventions in Bangladesh, participation of rural people for their self help is kept as a major component. On the other hand, Saemaul Undong, as a sustainable rural development model, has brought revolutionary change in the scenario of Korean Rural development. In both the models of rural development, community participation was seen prominent. The study intends to highlight the new innovations in the field of rural development and a plethora for the problems in community participation in Bangladesh. The study methods include analysis of both secondary and primary data. It was seen in this study that local government institution (Union Parishad) in Bangladesh could not ensure effective people’s participation and lack efficiency to foster develop- ment plans at the local level. Against this backdrop, the study high- lights the possible ways of effective rural people’s participation in com- munity development and shares the best practices of Saemaul Undong.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT INDEX: THE CASE OF VIETNAM

( Kim Taehwa ),( Yang Seungryong ) 한국농촌경제연구원 2016 농촌경제 Vol.39 No.S

The objective of this research is to analyze the current status and process of Vietnam`s rural development to draw lessons for improving the quality of rural life and achieving sustainable rural development in Vietnam. The research was carried out by the following methods. First, the paper reviews previous studies on concepts and theoretical perspectives on rural development and comes up with a concrete definition of the term `rural development` for this research to build a Rural Development Index (RDI). Second, the RDI is developed as a tool to evaluate the current status and process of rural development. Third, the paper examines the current status and development process of Vietnam`s rural development using the RDI. The scope of this study covered 63 regions (58 provinces and 5 municipalities) in Vietnam. This research can be used to establish midand long-term visions and strategies of rural development policies in Vietnam.

농촌개발 이론:

임형백(Lim, Hyung Baek) 한국지역개발학회 2017 韓國地域開發學會誌 Vol.29 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to review rural development theories in chronological order. After the second World War, there have been much development in theory of economic development. Rural development theory was influenced by theory of economic development. Theory of rural development is not entirely separable from the theory of economic development. Agricultural modernisation(AM) and community development(CD) were developed during the 1950s. Green revolution(GR) and animation rurale(AR) were developed during the 1960s. Integrated rural development(IRD), basic needs approach(BNA) and women in development(WID) were developed during the 1970s. Sector-specific project(SSP), community-based development(CBD), local economic development(LED) and gender and development(GAD) were developed during the 1980s. Sustainable livelihoods(SL), gender mainstreaming(GM) and agricultural sector investment program(ASIP) were developed during the 1990s. Community-driven development(CDD), rural economic and enterprise development(REED), rural territorial development(TRD), promoting gender equality and empower women(PGEAEW) and local and community driven development(LCDD) were developed during the 2000s. Goals of rural development have changed over the past years. Goals of rural development have changed from increasing income to sustainable development. Theories to achieve specific goal such as women in development, gender and development and gender mainstreaming have developed. Rural development theory is often misinterpreted as a one-size-fits-all theory for all country, this is a serious problem.

국제개발협력과 한국 농촌개발의 근대적 기원

임형백(Lim, Hyung Baek) 한국지역개발학회 2016 韓國地域開發學會誌 Vol.28 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to study interaction and effect among the Rural Extension, Community Development, Saemaul Undong in Korean modern rural development. Rural Extension started in Renaissance period. Modern Rural Extension started in Ireland in Great Famine. The term ‘Rural Extension’ was first used in the 1867 in England. Rural Extension developed by Land-Grand College in USA. Community Development developed by England for the purpose of colonial development. Ford Foundation also developed Community Development for the purpose of underdeveloped areas in USA. Community Development was adopted as rural development method in UN. Rural Extension and Community Development spread around the world in the form of International Development Cooperation after the Second World War. UN and USA played an important role in the rapid spread of Rural Extension and Community Development. The main purpose of Rural Extension was agricultural development and rural development. The main purpose of Community Development was community development and development of the community competence. Rural Extension started around the late-Chosun Dynasty. Modern Rural Extension started in 1957. Community Development started in 1958. Community Development has been transferred from the ministry of reconstruction to the ministry of construction in 1961. And Community Development has been transferred again from the ministry of construction to the ministry of agriculture, and integrated into Rural Extension of Rural Development Administration(RDA) in 1962. Rural Extension has been going on ever since in RDA. Saemaul Undong was influenced by Rural Extension and Community. Rural Extension and Community Development were naturalized in Saemaul Undong and bring about good results.

EU의 농촌개발사업 평가체계와 시사점농촌마을사업 선정,평가를 중심으로-

이민수 ( Min Soo Lee ) 한국농촌지도학회 2014 농촌지도와 개발 Vol.21 No.3

경제 침체로 인한 예산부족으로 공공정책이 증거(evidence)에 기반해야 한다는 요구는 점점 증대되고 있다. 선진국 특히 EU의 경우 농촌개발사업의 석명성(accountability)을 확보하기 위해 1980년대부터 체계적인 평가체계를 구축하여 왔다. 그러나 국내 농촌개발사업 평가체계는 대부분 전문가의 의견을 중심으로 한 평가에 의존하는 초보적인 수준에 머물고 있다. 이에 따라 농촌개발 정책들에 대해 회의적인 시각을 가지고 있는 예산결정기구(의회, 정부부처 등) 담당자들에게 해당 정책사업의 수행실적이나 성과에 대한 객관적인 정량적 지표를 제시하지 못하고 있어 사업이 자주 축소 혹은 변경되는 문제가 발생하고 있다. 농촌개발분야 공공예산 집행에 대한 석명성과 사업수행과정에서의 시행착오를 통한 학습효과를 극대화하기 위해서는 체계적인 사업계획의 수립과 함께, 사실과 증거에 근거한 사업수행 및 수정을 위한 신뢰성 있는 모니터링 및 평가체계구축이 필요하다. 첫째, 경제개발과 함께 사회개발을 주요 목표로 설정하고 평가지표를 구성할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 평가의 사후 목적이 상벌보다는 교육적 목적이 우선되도록 설계될 필요가 있다. 이를 위해서는 농촌마을사업이 ‘선택과 집중모델’에서 ‘확산 모델’로 정책방향을 변경해야 한다. 셋째, 사업선정과 평가에 지역주민참여를 통한 민주성을 강화할 필요성이 있다. 넸째, EU의 공통모니터링 및 평가틀(CMEF)와 같은 농촌개발 모니터링 및 평가시스템 구축이 필요하다. There is an inescapable requirement in public policy to provide evidence. For the evaluation of the EU Rural Development Policy, the European Commission has designed a Common Monitoring and Evaluation Framework(CMEF). The principal objectives of evaluations are to improve decision-making, resource allocation and accountability. In Korea, howerver, the opinion-based policy by expert is still rural development evaluation system. It does not provide the objective quantitative indicators for impact of rural development project. According to this, the budget-making body (parliament, government, etc.) have questioned the effectiveness of rural development projects, rural development projects often reduced or changed. To improve the accountability of rural development policy, it is necessary to build a reliable monitoring and evaluation system based on the evidence. First, rural development evaluation indicators should be considered the multipul goal of rural development, namely economic development, social development. Second, the purpose of the evaluation is necessary to be designed for the learning rather than reward. Third, the participation by local residents should be strengthened in evaluation process. Finally, it is necessary to establish rural development monitoring and evaluation system, such as CMEF of the EU (CMEF).

농어촌 개발 관련 법제도의 문제점과 그 개선 방안

성중탁 경북대학교 법학연구원 2021 법학논고 Vol.- No.74

In the meantime, the city's maintenance and regeneration projects have received a lot of sympathy, and related research has been actively conducted. However, relatively, in rural areas, the number of neglected vacant houses is increasing, and even if developed, balanced and refined development is not being achieved, as there are many cases where development is proceeding with poor development. At the same time, discussions on the problems and improvement of the legal system related to rural maintenance and regeneration projects There were also hardly any Compared to advanced countries such as the United States, Europe, and Japan, it is true that cities and rural areas have been clearly separated since the 1970s, and growth and development centered on large cities has continued. Even in this case, there are many cases of sloppy development, so it is not based on the overall spatial plan, but is distributed and developed on a small scale whenever necessary, resulting in reduced land use efficiency as well as physical and living environment. In order to rearrange the systematic plan through the hierarchy and linkage of the nationwide rural planning system, a major reorganization of related laws such as the Rural Development Act is necessary. In other words, it is necessary to systematically revise the Rural Development Act, etc. to simplify and systematize each plan made ad hoc according to need. In addition, it is necessary to synthesize the contents of the plan necessary for the development of the rural area because the plan of a complex type is established in a distributed manner. In addition, there is a need to reorganize welfare, education and regional development, improvement of basic living conditions and landscape preservation, which are directly related to the quality of life of rural residents. In summary, for desirable rural development, from a legal policy perspective, local governments and private organizations in rural areas (local governments) through the integration and abolition of rural redevelopment-related laws, decentralization or transfer of central government authority (licensing and licensing rights and finance), introduction of the resident council system, and resident councils. It is necessary to establish a cooperative system between residents, civic groups, local businesses, etc.) and rural areas, and to establish a spatial structure tailored to each region. 그동안 도시의 정비와 재생사업은 상당히 공감을 얻었고, 관련 연구도 활발히 진행되었다. 그러나 상대적으로 농어촌 지역은 갈수록 방치된 빈집이 늘어나고, 개발이 되더라도 난개발로 진행되는 경우가 많아 균형 있고 세련된 발전이 이루어지지 않고 있으며, 덩달아 농어촌정비와 재생사업 관련 법제도의 문제점과 그 개선에 관한 논의도 거의 없었다. 우리나라는 미국과 유럽, 일본 등의 선진국에 비하여 1970년대 이후 도시와 농어촌이 극명하게 구분되어 대도시 위주의 성장과 개발이 지속되었던 것이 사실이고, 그 결과 농어촌은 도시에 비해 상대적으로 여전히 낙후되었는데 그나마 개발이 진행되는 경우에도 난개발되는 경우가 많아 전체적인 공간계획에 바탕을 두지 않고 필요한 때마다 소규모로 분산 개발됨으로써 토지이용 효율성은 물론 물리적, 생활환경도 저하되었다. 전국의 농어촌계획의 위계와 연계를 통해서 체계적인 계획을 정비하기 위해서는 농어촌정비법 등 관련 법률의 대대적인 개편이 필요하다. 즉 농어촌정비법 등을 체계적으로 개정하여 그동안 필요에 따라 임기응변적으로 만들어진 각각의 계획을 단순화, 체계화 할 필요가 있다. 그에 더하여, 농어촌계획은 복잡다단한 형태의 계획이 분산적으로 수립되기 때문에 농어촌지역의 발전에 필요한 계획내용을 종합화 할 필요도 있다. 또한 농어촌 주민의 삶의 질과 직결되는 복지, 교육 및 지역개발, 기초생활여건 개선 및 경관보전 등도 개편할 필요가 있다. 정리하면 바람직한 농어촌 개발을 위해서는 법정책적으로 농어촌정비관련 법제의 통폐합, 중앙정부 권한(인허가권 및 재정)의 지방분권 내지 이양, 주민협의회 제도도입, 주민협의회 등을 통한 지방정부 및 농어촌 민간기구(지역 주민, 시민단체, 지역 기업 등)와 농어촌의 협력체계 구축, 지역별 맞춤형 농어촌 공간구조의 설정 등이 필요하다.

농촌지역개발사업 성과의 차이와 농촌사회 발전에 대한 함의

이해진(Hae Jin Lee) 한국농촌사회학회 2012 農村社會 Vol.22 No.2

이 논문은 농촌개발사업 성과의 차이를 발생시키는 요인을 규명하고 이를 통해 농촌개발사업 및 농촌발전의 방향을 모색하는 목적을 가진다. 농촌개발사업에서 경제적 성과와 더불어 시민공동체적 발전이 함께 모색되어야 한다는 문제의식을 바탕으로 농촌개발사업 성과의 차이에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 중심으로 권역 마을 간의 차이를 비교하고, 그 특성을 분석했다. 이를 위해서 농촌마을종합개발사업에 참여한 4개 마을 권역의 주민을 대상으로 한 설문조사 자료를 바탕으로 경험적 분석을 시도하였다. 분석결과, 사회적 자본, 참여도, 리더십, 민주적 운영, 호혜성 등 사회적 관계 차원에서 권역 마을 간의 차이가 나타났다. 특히 농촌개발사업의 성과에 대한 주민의 평가에 영향을 미치는 핵심 요인들은 경제적 이익, 리더십, 호혜성이었다. 이러한 분석결과들은 농촌개발사업의 성과를 높이기 위해서는 경제적 동기부여와 그것을 호혜적으로 공유할 수 있는 지역주체들의 역량과 노력이 필요하다는 사실을 확인해준다. 끝으로 농촌사회발전을 위한 농촌정책의 방향, 귀농귀촌인의 역할, 사회적 포섭 및 마을민주주의, 농촌사회의 시민공동체적 발전을 과제로 제시하였다. This article aims to investigate the factors that influence the outcomes of rural development projects and to explore alternative ways to develop rural development project in order to contribute to the rural community development. Based on a perspective that civil community development needs to be paired with the level of economic development in rural development projects, this paper examined differences in performance of rural development projects by focusing on the variables which are considered to affect those diverse outcomes. This study analyzed survey data collected on the residents living in four village-level rural communities which took part in "the Rural Village Integrated Development Program" launched by the Korean government from 2005 to 2010. The findings are as follows. The four communities reveal some significant differences in terms of those "social relationship factor" s such as social capital, participation, leadership, democratic communication, and reciprocity. In particular, economic gains, leadership, and reciprocity are found to be significant factors affecting the residents` evaluations for the success of the rural development programs. These findings are valuable since they can be taken to confirm an implication that the rural people`s subjective capacities and efforts to achieve economic mobilization and reciprocal gain-sharing are needed to improve the rural development. The article concludes by suggesting that a redesign of public policies for rural development, roles of those who are returning from urban to rural areas, social inclusion, and civic community development in rural areas are important themes to be pursued for the future of the rural development.

关于贵州发展乡村旅游的几点思考

Wu Qian,이숙영,정건섭 한국비교정부학회 2008 한국비교정부학보 Vol.12 No.1

The domestic and international growth of rural tourism is remarkable and it continues to grow steadily. The characteristic of rural and ecological tourism is very different from mass tourism. This paper focuses on the entry point for the development of Guizhou rural tourism in China. First of all, we analyze the advantages of the rural tourism development in Guizhou. Secondly, we descript the existing problems of development. Finally, we made the countermeasures and suggestions with the development of rural tourism in Guizhou; i.e., they are supporting the sound system, improving the level of service value, improving the developing environmental requirements, and brewing the culture of brand equity. In order to achieve rural tourism efficiently, attention and supports by central and local governments are required and local community participation is needed. The domestic and international growth of rural tourism is remarkable and it continues to grow steadily. The characteristic of rural and ecological tourism is very different from mass tourism. This paper focuses on the entry point for the development of Guizhou rural tourism in China. First of all, we analyze the advantages of the rural tourism development in Guizhou. Secondly, we descript the existing problems of development. Finally, we made the countermeasures and suggestions with the development of rural tourism in Guizhou; i.e., they are supporting the sound system, improving the level of service value, improving the developing environmental requirements, and brewing the culture of brand equity. In order to achieve rural tourism efficiently, attention and supports by central and local governments are required and local community participation is needed.

주민주도 마을 만들기를 위한 농촌현장포럼 프로세스 개선

김두순(Kim, Doo Soon),배성의(Bae, Sung Eui) 한국지역사회학회 2018 지역사회연구 Vol.26 No.3

농촌현장포럼은 주민 주도 마을 만들기의 핵심 장치이다. 주민들이 마을의 발전 방향과 과제를 스스로 결정하도록 돕는 새로운 방식의 마을 개발 기법이다. 그러나 주민 주도성 증진의 결과를 낼 것 같은 농촌현장포럼이 상위 단계의 지역개발 절차와 연계되면서 본래의 취지를 잃어가고 있다. 이에 주민 주도 마을 만들기의 의미가 퇴색하지 않도록 농촌현장포럼의 프로세스를 개선하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 연구방법은 면담을 통한 질적 연구로 하였다. 농촌현장포럼 프로세스에 대한 분석을 통해 문제점을 도출하고, 농촌현장포럼 프로세스를 제시 하였다. 연구결과, 주민 주도 마을 만들기의 달성을 도와줄 농촌현장포럼 제도를 잘 활용하기 위해서는 농촌현장포럼 본래 취지를 잃지 않도록 과정의 질적 수준의 확보가 진행되어야 한다. 또한 협력 체계 구축을 위한 지역개발 전문가의 참여가 필요하다. 주민 교육 강사 및 퍼실리테이터의 꾸준한 역량 강화가 필요하고, 선진지 견학에 대해서는 주민들의 올바른 인식이 필요하다. 컨설턴트를 농촌현장포럼 진행에 참여시킴으로 인해서 아이디어 도출이나 마을 발전 계획 검토 등에서 전문성을 활용할 수 있다. 상위 단계를 위한 예비계획서 작성 시 충분한 주민 협의를 거치고, 농촌현장포럼의 결과를 반영하도록 해야 한다. 이를 통해 주민 참여 회의 결과에 전문가의 전문 지식과 경험을 더해 보다 체계적인 계획을 만들어낼 수 있도록 농촌현장포럼 프로세스는 개선되어야 한다. 학술적으로는 농촌현장포럼 프로세스에 대해 면담을 통한 질적 분석을 하였다. 정책적으로는 농촌현장포럼에 농어촌개발컨설턴트의 컨설팅이나 자문 분야의 활용에 대해 제안을 하였다. 실무적으로는 주민 참여 회의 과정과 농촌 계획의 사전 조사과정이 융합하였고, 컨설팅 과정을 추가하여 구성하였다. 한계점으로는 농촌현장포럼 프로세스에 참여하는 전문가들의 역할만 고려했을 뿐, 농촌현장포럼 프로세스에 참여하는 전문 인력들의 수준이나 역량은 고려하지 않았다는 점이 있다. A rural field forum is the key device of residents-driven community development. It is a new way of community development technique that helps residents themselves decide development directions and tasks of the community. And yet, as the rural field forum that would be likely to result in residents-driven improvement comes to lose its original intent as it is linked to the procedures of higher-level regional development. Thus, the purpose of this study is to improve the process of the rural field forum so that the meaning of the residents-driven community development would not be vitiated. The research method was qualitative research through an interview. This study drew problems through an analysis of the rural field forum process and proposed a rural field forum process. As a result of the study, in order to make good use of the rural field forum system that could help achieve residents-driven community development, it is necessary to secure the qualitative level of the process so that the original intent of the rural field forum would not be lost. In addition, the participation of local development experts to build a cooperation system is required. It is necessary to continue to strengthen the competence of the instructor of resident education and the facilitator, and concerning a visit to an advanced area, it is necessary to recognize the residents, properly. Expertise can be utilized in deriving ideas or reviewing a plan for community development by letting a consultant participate in the progress of the rural field forum. In preparing a preliminary plan for a higher stage, it is necessary to have enough consultation with the residents and reflect the result of the rural field forum. Through this, the rural field forum process should improve so that a more systematic plan could be made by adding experts’ expertise and experience to the result of the resident participatory meeting. Academically, this study conducted a qualitative analysis of rural field forum process through an interview. In terms of policy, this study proposed the consulting of the rural development consultant or the utilization of that in the field of consultation in the rural field forum. In terms of practice, this study integrated the resident participatory meeting process with the preliminary survey process of rural planning and added the consulting process. As a limitation, this study only considered the roles of experts who participate in the rural field forum process but did not consider the level or competence of professional workers who participate in the rural field forum process.

농촌개발정책의 한일간 바교연구

박진도 한일경상학회 2005 韓日經商論集 Vol.31 No.-

It is one of the most difficult problems to solve regional disparities between urban and rural areas in most countries. In broad terms, two contrasting strategies have led the rural development policies in developed countries. Exogenous model(driven from outside) was very popular until 1970s, but it was falling into disrepute by the late 1970s. Since the 1980s, so-called endogenous model(driven from within) to rural development has become the major strategy in its sustainable development. The level or stage of the endogenous rural development, however, is very different over the countries. This paper examines, first, the changing process from exogenous model to endogenous model in rural development policies of two countries, Korea and Japan. It then considers the difference of the stages of endogenous development, analysing the cases of rural development in two countries. The final section looks at the importance to rural endogenous development of local autonomy and capacity-building.