발생부하원단위와 수치표고모형을 이용한 하천유역 오염부하량 산정

양홍모,김혁,Yang, Hong-Mo,Kim, Hyuk 한국조경학회 2001 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.29 No.1

The purpose of this study is to compare calculated pollutant loadings using pollutant load unit factors and vector type coverage, and expected mean concentration(EMC) and raster type of digital elevation model(DEM). This study is also focusing on comparison of the advantages and the disadvantages of the two methods, and seeking for a method of calculation of pollutant loadings using DEM. Estimation of pollutant inputs using pollutant load unit factors has limitations in identifying seasonal variations of pollutant loadings. Seasonal changes of runoffs should be considered in the calculation of pollutant loadings from catchments into reservoirs. Evaluation of pollutant inputs using runoff-coefficient and EMC can overcome these drawbacks. Proper EMC and runoff-coefficient values for the Koeup stream catchments of the Koheung estuarine lake were drawn from review of related papers. Arc/Info was employed to establish database of spatial and attribute data of point and non-point pollutant sources and characteristics of the catchments. ArcView was used to calculate point and non-point pollutant loadings. Pollutant loads estimated with either unit factors-coverages, i.e., pollutant load unit factors and vector coverages f point sources and land use, or EMC and digital elevation mode(DEM) were compared with stream monitoring loads. We have found that some differences were shown between monitoring results and estimated loads by Unit Factors-Coverage and EMC-DEM. Monthly variations of pollutant loads evaluated with EMC-DEM were similar to those with monitoring result. The method using EMC-DEM can calculate accumulated flows and pollutant loads and can be utilized to identify stream networks. A future research on correcting the difference between vector type stream using flow direction grid and digitalizing vector type should be conducted in order to obtain more exact calculation of pollutant loadings.

광양만 유역 오염원 및 오염부하량 경년 변동

이대인(Dae In Lee),조현서(Hyeon Seo Cho),조천래(Chon Rae Cho),이정훈(Jeong Hoon Lee),강조해(Jo Hae Kang),최민호(Min Ho Choi),김도희(Do Hee Kim),윤진숙(Jin Suk Yoon) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2004 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.-

Temporal and spatial characteristics of pollutant loads from the various pollution sources in Kwangyang Bay were evaluated. Total discharging loadings of BOD, TN, and TP by unit loading estimation were 11,524㎏/day, 11,536㎏/day, and 827㎏/day, respectively, and were mainly affected by the industrial and population sources. The Yeosu and Kwangyang cities as administrative district had the highest pollutant loads. Flow rate ranges from about 30-4,406,400㎡/day in December to 240-35,337,600㎡/day in August with a flow rate of PS27(the Seomjin River} as the highest one. Total COD, TN, and TP loadings in August were about 89,915㎏/day, 2,077,845㎏/day, and 50,123㎏/day, respectively, which exceeded those of December. Especially, of input sources, the Seomjin river had the most pollutant loads. Wastewater discharging loads from the water treatment facilities was the greatest contributors to pollutant loads in the inner part of Kwangyang Bay. Point sources located in south-western part of the bay showed high concentration in heavey metals distribution. Seasonal variations of pollutant loads were related to the changes of flow rate, those were increased rapidly on August, 2004. For the improvement of water quality in this area, pollutant loads were reduced within the limits of the environmental capacity.

연구보문 : 수질환경 ; 영농방법에 따른 논에서의 배출부하량 모의

송정헌 ( Jung Hun Song ),강문성 ( Moon Seong Kang ),송인홍 ( In Hong Song ),장정렬 ( Jeong Ryeol Jang ) 한국환경농학회 2012 한국환경농학회지 Vol.31 No.4

BACKGROUND: For Non-Point Source(NPS) loads reduction, pollutant loads need to be quantified for major farming methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate impacts of farming methods on NPS pollutant loads from a paddy rice field during the growing season. METHODS AND RESULTS: The height of drainage outlet, amount of fertilizer, irrigation water quality were considered as farming factors for scenarios development. The control was derived from conventional farming methods and four different scenarios were developed based combination of farming factors. A field scale model, CREAMS-PADDY(Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems for PADDY), was used to calculate pollutant nutrient loads. The data collected from an experimental plot located downstream of the Idong reservoir were used for model calibration and validation. The simulation results agreed well with observed values during the calibration and validation periods. The calibrated model was used to evaluate farming scenarios in terms of NPS loads. Pollutant loads for T-N, T-P were reduced by 5 ∼62%, 8∼37% with increasing the height of drainage outlet from 100 mm of 100 mm, respectively. When amount of fertilizer was changed from standard to conventional, T-N, T-P pollutant loads were reduced by 0∼22%, 0∼ 24%. Irrigation water quality below water criteria Ⅳ of reservoir increased T-N of 9∼65%, T-P of 9∼47% in comparison with conventional. CONCLUSION(S): The results indicated that applying increased the height of drainage after midsummer drainage, standard fertilization level during non-rainy seasons, irrigation water quality below water criteria Ⅳ of reservoir were effective farming methods to reduce NPS pollutant loads from paddy in Korea.

고속도로 노면 강우유출 오염부하 원단위 산정

강희만,이두진,배우근 대한상하수도학회 2012 상하수도학회지 Vol.26 No.1

Impervious surface increase due to urbanization, one of the leading causes of pavement increased the runoff coefficient, peak flow,and reducing the infiltration flow and thereby causing flooding and river erosion is occurring in aquatic ecosystems are known to impair. This study aimed to classify use type of detailed land into the road, reststop, tollgates and etc. focused on major domestic highways, to understand the characteristics of rainfall runoff pollutants and to calculate applicable unit pollution load. Because of high runoff coefficient and short travel time to drainage. first flush occurred clearly. Average EMCs of runoff in the highway was investigated as TSS 108.47 ㎎ / L, COD 28.16 ㎎ / L, BOD 13.61 ㎎ / L, TN 6.38 ㎎ / L, TP 0.03 ㎎ / L, Cu 118.17 ㎍ / L, Pb 345.3 ㎍ / L, Zn 349.47 ㎍ / L. Unit pollution loads calculated by detailed land use area of highways based on average annual rainfall, EMCs, applicable basin areas and etc. were 46.6 kg/km2/day of BOD, 1.4 kg/km2/day of TP, 8.81 kg / km2/day of TN and these were BOD 50.8%, TP 66.7%,TN 64.4%in comparison of the unit pollution loads which applies fallow land standards of the TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Load). It was considered that discharged loads can be excessively calculated in case highway non-point management plans based on unit pollution load of the current land standard. Impervious surface increase due to urbanization, one of the leading causes of pavement increased the runoff coefficient, peak flow,and reducing the infiltration flow and thereby causing flooding and river erosion is occurring in aquatic ecosystems are known to impair. This study aimed to classify use type of detailed land into the road, reststop, tollgates and etc. focused on major domestic highways, to understand the characteristics of rainfall runoff pollutants and to calculate applicable unit pollution load. Because of high runoff coefficient and short travel time to drainage. first flush occurred clearly. Average EMCs of runoff in the highway was investigated as TSS 108.47 ㎎ / L, COD 28.16 ㎎ / L, BOD 13.61 ㎎ / L, TN 6.38 ㎎ / L, TP 0.03 ㎎ / L, Cu 118.17 ㎍ / L, Pb 345.3 ㎍ / L, Zn 349.47 ㎍ / L. Unit pollution loads calculated by detailed land use area of highways based on average annual rainfall, EMCs, applicable basin areas and etc. were 46.6 kg/km2/day of BOD, 1.4 kg/km2/day of TP, 8.81 kg / km2/day of TN and these were BOD 50.8%, TP 66.7%,TN 64.4%in comparison of the unit pollution loads which applies fallow land standards of the TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Load). It was considered that discharged loads can be excessively calculated in case highway non-point management plans based on unit pollution load of the current land standard.

L THIA 2012 유출 및 수질 자동 보정 모듈을 이용한 유출/비점부하량 산정 및 비점오염 부하량 포텐셜 등급화

장춘화 ( Chun Hwa Jang ),금동혁 ( Dong Hyuk Kum ),하준수 ( Jun Soo Ha ),김경순 ( Kyong Soon Kim ),강동한 ( Dong Han Kang ),김극태 ( Keuk Tai Kim ),신동석 ( Dong Suk Shin ),임경재 ( Kyoung Jae Lim ) 한국물환경학회 2013 한국물환경학회지 Vol.29 No.2

Urbanization from agricultural/ forest areas has been causing increased runoff and pollutant loads from it. Thus, numerous models have been developed to estimate NPS loading from urban area and Long Term Hydrologic Impact Analysis L THIA model has been used to evaluate effects of landuse changes on runoff and pollutant loads. However, the L THIA model could not consider rainfall intensity in runoff evaluation. There fore, the L THIA model, capable of simulating runoff using 10 minute rainfall data, was applied to the study areas for evaluation of estimated runoff and NPS. The estimated Nash Sutcliffe coefficient NSE values were over 0.6 for runoff, BOD, TN, and TP for most sites and watershed. The calibrated model was further extended to other counties for pollutant load potential evaluation. Pollutant load potential maps were developed and target areas were identified. As shown in this study, the L THIA 2012 can be used for evaluation runoff and pollutant loads with limited data sets and its estimation could be used in identifying pollutant load hot spot areas for implementation of site specific Best Management Practices.

하천유역에서의 기저유출 분석을 통한 총질소 하천오염부하량 연구

최윤호 ( Youn Ho Choi ),금동혁 ( Dong Huyk Kum ),류지철 ( Ji Chul Ryu ),정영훈 ( Young Hun Jung ),김용석 ( Yong Seok Kim ),전지홍 ( Ji Hong Jeon ),김기성 ( Ki Sung Kim ),임경재 ( Kyoung Jae Lim ) 한국물환경학회 2015 한국물환경학회지 Vol.31 No.1

It has been well known that it is not easy to quantify pollutant loads driven by non-point source pollution due to various factors affecting generation and transport mechanism of it. Especially pollutant loads through baseflow have been investigated by limited number of researchers. Thus in this study, the Web-based WAPLE (WHAT-Pollutant Load Estimation) system was developed and applied at study watersheds to quantify baseflow contribution of pollutant. In YbB watershed, baseflow contribution with WWTP discharge is responsible for 49.5% of total pollutant loads at the watershed. Among these, pollutant loads through baseflow (excluding any WWTP discharge) is responsible for 61.7% of it. In GbA watershed, it was found that 58.4% is contributed by baseflow with WWTP discharge 2.9% and 97.1% is by baseflow. For NbB watershed (without WWTP discharge), 52.3% of pollutant load is transported through baseflow. As shown in this study, it was found that over 50.0% of TN (Total Nitrogen) pollutant loads are contributed by non-direct runoff. Thus pollutant loads contributed by baseflow and WWTP discharge as well as direct runoff contribution should be quantified to develop and implement watershed-specific Best Management Practices during dry period.

토지피복도 자료원에 따른 대청댐유역 수질특성 비교

이근상,박진혁,최연웅 대한공간정보학회 2012 Spatial Information Research Vol.20 No.5

This study compared the influence of water quality according to the data sources of spatial information. Firstly, land cover map was constructed through image classification of Daecheong-dam basin and the accuracy of image classification from satellite image showed high as 88.76% in comparison with the large-scaled land cover map in Ministry of Environment, to calculate Event Mean Concentration (EMC) by land cover that impact on the evaluation of nonpoint source pollutant loads. Also curve number and direct runoff were calculated by spatial overlay with soil map and land cover map from image classification. And Seokcheon and Daecheong- Dam basin showed high in the analysis of curve number and direct runoff. Samgacheon-Joint and Sokcheon-Downstream basin showed high in the nonpoint source pollutant loads of BOD from direct runoff and EMC. And Samgacheon-Joint and Bonghwangcheon- Downstream basin showed high in the nonpoint source pollutant loads of TN and TP. Nonpoint source pollutant loads from image classification were compared with those by the land cover map from Ministry of Environment to present the effectivity of nonpoint source pollutant loads from satellite image. And Daecheong-Dam Upstream basin showed high as 10.64%, 11.70% and 20.00% respectively in the errors of nonpoint source pollutant loads of BOD, TN, and TP. Therefore, it is desirable that spatial information including with paddy and dry field is applied to the evaluation of nonpoint source pollutant loads in order to simulate water quality of basin effectively. 본 연구에서는 공간정보 자료원에 따른 수질특성의 영향을 비교하였다. 먼저, 비점오염부하량 평가에 영향을 미치는 토지피복별 기대평균농도(EMC)를 효과적으로 계산하기 위해, 영상분류를 통해 대청댐유역의 토지피복도를 구축하였으며, 이를 환경부 대분류 자료와 비교한 결과 88.76%의 높은 정확도를 확보하였다. 또한 토양도와 영상분류에 의한 토지피복도를 공간 중첩하여 유출곡선지수와 직접유출을 계산하였으며, 분석 결과 석천과 대청댐 유역이 가장 높게 나타났다. 그리고 직접유출과 기대평균농도를 조합하여 계산한 BOD에 대한 비점오염부하량은 삼가천합류점과 소옥천하류 유역이 높게 나타났으며, TN과 TP에 대한 비점오염부하량에서는 삼가천합류점과 봉황천하류 유역이 높게 나타났다. 영상분류에 의한 비점오염부하량의 효용성 평가를 위해 환경부 토지피복도에 의한 비점오염부하량과 상호 비교한 결과, 대청댐상류 유역에서 BOD, TN, TP에 대한 오염부하량의 오차가 각각 10.64%, 11.70%, 20.00%로 가장 크게 나타났다. 따라서 유역내 수질특성을 효과적으로 모의하기 위해서는 논과 밭이 포함된 공간정보를 활용하는 것이 비점오염부하량 평가에 바람직하다고 본다.

Evaluation of Applicability of the ESTIMATOR Model for the Analysis of Nutrient Load Characteristics

Shin, Yong-Chul,Heo, Sung-Gu,Lim, Kyoung-Jae,Choi, Joong-Dae The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 2005 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.47 No.7

It has been well-known that the Nonpoint Source (NPS) pollutions are the primary contributors to water quality degradation in the receiving water bodies as well as the Point Source (PS) pollutions. To develop an effective management practice for water quality improvement, pollutant loads must be first estimated. In many studies, the Numeric Integration (NI) method has been used because of its ease of application, irrespective of the total number of samples collected for each storm event. Thus, there have been needs for more accurate pollutant load estimation with a limited number of water quality samples. In this study, NI method and regression method using the USGS ESTIMATOR model were comparatively used to calculate the pollutant loads for the Wolgokri watershed, Gangwon Province. The $NO_{3}$-N, T-N, and T-P loads using NI method and ESTIMATOR model were 13.85 kg/ha, 45.92 kg/ha, and 1.887 kg/ha, and 11.93 kg/ha,43.20 kg/ha, and 1.650 kg/ha, respectively. The estimated loads using ESTIMATOR model were lower than those using NI method by $86\%$, $94\%$, and $87\%$. These discrepancies in the estimated loads using a different load estimation method could be explained in that the total number of samples were not sufficient enough for NI method. Thus, ESTIMATOR model is recommended for the frequently stream discharge and less frequently measured water quality data.

월곡리 유역의 비점원오염부하 산정을 위한 LOADEST 모델의 적용성 평가

신민환 ( Shin Min Hwan ),원철희 ( Won Chul Hee ),최용훈 ( Choi Young Hun ),김기철 ( Kim Ki Chul ),서지연 ( Seo Ji Yeon ),임경재 ( Lim Kyoung Jae ),최중대 ( Choi Joong Dae ) 한국농공학회 2008 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2008 No.-

In many studies, the Numeric Integration(NI) method has been used to calculate the pollutant loads because of its easy to apply. Thus, there have been needed for more accurate pollutant load estimation with a restricted number of water quality samples. And the ESTIMATOR model method has been used to calculate the pollutant loads. However, it requires the user to define the model based on a set of predefined explanatory variables. While similar to the LOADEST model, it is somewhat less flexible. The LOADEST model allows the user to choose between selecting the general form of the regression from among several predefined models and letting the software automatically choose the best model. In this study, stream flow and pollutant loads were analyzed, NI method, ESTIMATOR model method and LOADEST model method were comparatively used to calculate the pollutant loads in the Wolgok-ri watershed, Gangwon Province. Annual loads of T-N and T-P by LOADEST model were 0.49 times and 0.36 times of those by NI method, respectively. And annual loads of T-N and T-P by LOADEST model were 1.45 times and 2.3 times of those by ESTIMATOR model, respectively.

수질샘플빈도에 따른 산림유역의 비점원오염부하특성

신민환 ( Shin Min Hwan ),신용철 ( Shin Yong Chul ),허성구 ( Heo Sung Gu ),임경재 ( Lim Kyoung Jae ),최중대 ( Choi Joong Dae ) 한국농공학회 2008 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.50 No.2

A monsoon season monitoring data from June to September, 2005 of a small forested watershed located at the upstream of the North Han River system in Korea was conducted to analyze the flow variations, the NPS pollutant concentrations, and the pollution load characteristics with respect to sampling frequencies. During the 4- month period, 1,423 mm or 79.2% of annual rainfall(1,797 mm) were occurred and more than 77%, 54% and 68% of annual T-N, NO₃-N and T-P loads discharged. Flow rate was continuously measured with automatic velocity and water level meters and 58 water quality samples were taken and analyzed. It was analyzed that the flow volume by random measurement varied very widely and ranged from 79% to 218% of that of continuous measurement. It was recommended that flow measurement of small forested watersheds should be continuously measured with automated flow meters to precisely measure flow rates. Flow-weighted mean concentrations of T-N, NO₃-N and T-P during the period were 2.114 mg/L, 0.836 mg/L, and 0.136 mg/L, respectively. T-N, NO₃-N and T-P loads were sensitive to the number of samples. And it was analyzed that in order to measure the pollution load within the error of 10% to the true load, the rate of sampling frequency should be higher than 89.7% of the sample numbers that were required to compute the true pollution load. If it is compared to selected foreign research results, about 10 water samples for each rainfall event were needed to compute the pollution load within 10% error. It is unlikely in Korea and recommended that thorough NPS pollution monitoring studies are required to develop the standard monitoring procedures for reliable NPS pollution quantification.