“The Outside Is Also Inside”: Reclaiming Intertwined Relationship in the Formation of a Hybrid Subjectivity as a Chinese-Canadian in Wayson Choy’s The Jade Peony

( Hye Ran Jung ) 미국소설학회 2020 미국소설 Vol.27 No.2

This paper explores hybrid Canadian in-betweens in contemporary Asian Canadian fiction by focusing on Wayson Choy (1939-2019) and his first novel The Jade Peony (1995). Choy himself is a cross-cultural writer who was born in Vancouver and spent his childhood in the city’s large Chinatown area. And Choy’s generation of Canadian-born Chinese resisted choosing one side of their double identities as Chinese Canadian subjects, but sought out negotiable possibilities for the hybrid integration of two distinctive positions. In The Jade Peony, Choy’s aim is thus to convey how three Canadian-born children of his generation―Jook-Liang, Jung-Sum, and Sek-Lung―negotiate to integrate contradictory subject positions in between the Canadian way and the Chinese way in the process of their construction of hybrid subjectivity. Moreover, Choy’s generation lived through the hard times of the 1930s and 40s amid the historical events of the Great Depression and the Second Sino-Japanese War, in addition to the racist discrimination that resulted from the Chinese Exclusions Act. Through the three Chinese Canadians’ retrospective first-person narrative of their childhood, organized in a coherent chronological manner from 1933 to 1941, Choy thus offers Chinese Canadian history from a different angle. However, even though the geopolitical and cultural territory in which the three narrators’ lives are interwoven is the same, their stories present different aspects of identity formation and distinctive historiography. This paper examines how the three Chinese Canadian subjects construct their unique cross-cultural subjectivity and revive the same historiography from different viewpoints.

한국근대회화에 표상된 향토경의 혼종성 연구

김인숙 한국기초조형학회 2016 기초조형학연구 Vol.17 No.2

향토경은 일제 강점기 한국 근대회화에서 탄생한 공간으로서 민족을 환기시키는 서정성과 더불어 목가적이고 전근대적인 공간으로 표상된다. 이에 관한 선행연구는 주로 오리엔탈리즘적 관점에서 민족주의와 식민주의가 충돌하는 공간으로논의되어 왔으나 본고에서는 호미 바바의 ‘혼종성’ 개념을 원용하여 식민주체의 분열성에 초점을 맞추어 논의를 진행한다. 바바는 에드워드 사이드의 오리엔탈리즘 담론에 라캉의 동일시와 응시이론을 접목하여 식민 지배자와 피지배자의‘식민적 무의식’내부에서 발생하는 양가적이고 모순적인 혼종성을 담론화 한다. 이 ‘식민적 무의식’은 제국의 식민지에대한 정형화로부터 비롯된 일종의 환상공간으로서 이곳에서 식민주체들은 서로 환상과 욕망의 대상이 되면서 혼종화 된다. 향토경 역시 이 공간에서 탄생되는 혼종적 공간이다. 본고는 이와 같은 향토경의 이론적 배경으로서 1.혼종성의 정의를 통하여 향토경을 추동하는 양가적이고 모순된 식민권력이데올로기로서 정형화의 구조를 살핀다. 2. 정형화의 구조로인하여 분열된 주체에서 향토경을 구성하는 식민주체들의 식민적 무의식에 서식하는 환상과 욕망에 관하여 조망한 후 3. 향토경의 혼종성에 관하여 분석한다. 이상의 이론적 배경을 토대로 <모연>, <시골소녀>, <경주의 산곡에서>를 분석한 결과로서 ‘향토경’이 식민주체의 혼종적 환상임을 밝힌다. Hyangtogung is represented as a premodern and pastoral space among with lyricism which ventilates people in Japanese colonial era. Although an advanced research about this, mainly discussed it as a space in which nationalism and colonialism collided in orientalism perspective, this paper is to progress the discussion focusing on the separation of colonial subjectivity by using the notion of Homi Bhabha’s ‘hybridity'. Bhabha discusses ambivalent and contradictory hybridity occurring inside the colonial unconscious of colony rulers and subordinates by combining identification and gaze of Jacques Lacan in perception system of orientalism discussion of Edward W Said. This ‘colonial unconscious’ is kind of a fantasy space stemmed from stereotype about empire’s colony, and colony ruler and subordinate become hybrid as both become subjectivity of fantasy and desire. Hyangtogung also expresses hybridity as fantasy and desire of colony Chosun and Japanese Empire are intersected. This paper as a theoretical background of this kind of Hyangtogung 1.looks into structure of stereotype as an ambivalent and contradictory colony power ideology which drives Hyangtogung through definition of hybridity. 2. after specifically prospecting about fantasy and desire inhabiting in colony subjectivity’s colonial unconscious which constitutes Hyangtogung in the separated subjectivity, it 3. analyzes specific hybridity of Hyangtogung. Based on the above theoretical background, after analyzing <Mo Youn>, <Country Girl>, <In the Valley of Kyung Ju>, Hyangtogung is the colonial subjectivity's hybrid fantasy.

지능형 로봇의 형법주체성 - 준주체로서의 전자인(e-person)에 관한 소고 -

박희수 이화여자대학교 법학연구소 2023 法學論集 Vol.27 No.3

The emergence of intelligent robots raises fundamental questions about the conventional criminal law system and concept: a meaning of person, criminal responsibility and punishment, etc. In this regard, this paper reviewed the criminal law subjectivity of intelligent robots. Intelligent robots have different origins and characteristics from natural person subjects. Therefore, it is difficult to approach it in the same way as the natural person subject. However, if an intelligent robot is just viewed as an object, its learning ability or social effect can be ignored. So I thought of a way to grant a different legal personality from the natural person subject: electronic person. Through the concept of “quasi-object,” Latour has established the possibility of accommodating hybrids that are difficult to belong to both the subject and the object. By this methodology, this paper attempted to understand the nature of intelligent robots as hybrids and to construct a legal personality distinct from natural person subjects by defining the electronic person as a quasi-subject. It does not mechanize natural person subjects or humanize intelligent robots. In the case of intelligent robots, it is appropriate to construct another form of legal personality suitable for the way of existence or form of life as an artificial being. 지능형 로봇의 등장은 종래의 형법적 체계와 개념에 근본적인 물음을 제기하고 있다. 인간이란 무엇인지, 형법상의 책임과 형벌이란 것이 무엇인지 다시 생각해보게 한다. 본고는 그와 관련하여 지능형 로봇의 형법주체성을 검토하였다. 지능형 로봇의 형법주체성을 인정할 정책적 필요성과 이론적 가능성을 긍정하는 견해도 있지만, 형법주체라는 것이 결국 책임과 형벌과 긴밀한 연관이 있는 것이니만큼, 인정하기 어렵다는 견해들도 다수 있었다. 지능형 로봇이 생물학적 기원을 가진 자연인 주체와는 다른 기원과 특성을 갖는 것임에도 자연인 주체와 동일한 방식으로 접근하는 것은 다소 무리라고 생각된다. 그렇다고 지능형 로봇을 단순한 대상ㆍ객체로만 보기에는 그것이 갖는 학습능력이나 사회적 파급력을 무시할 수는 없다. 따라서 자연인 주체와는 다른 방식으로 지능형 로봇의 법리를 구성하기 위한 시도를 해보았다. 즉 전자인이라는 별도의 법인격을 부여하는 것이다. 이는 자연인 주체와 동일한 성격의 법인격이라기보다, 오히려 라투르의 준대상과 유사한 어떤 것으로서 이해되어야 한다. 라투르는 ‘준대상’이라는 개념을 통해 주체와 대상만이 존재했던 2차원의 선형성을 3차원으로 확장하면서, 주체와 대상 그 어느 쪽에도 속하기 어려운 하이브리드들을 수용할 수 있는 가능성을 마련했다. 본고는 그러한 방법론을 접목하여, 주체와 대상의 선형적 이원론의 너머로 차원을 확장함으로써, 하이브리드로서의 지능형 로봇의 본질을 이해하고, 전자인을 준주체로 성격규정함으로써 자연인 주체와 구별되는 법인격을 구성하고자 시도하였다. 이는 자연인을 기계화하지도, 지능형 로봇과 같은 인공지능을 인간화하지도 않으면서 각각의 존재방식과 삶의 형식을 존중하는 방식으로 위치시키려는 시도이다. 우리 형법상의 책임과 형벌이 오랜 역사를 거쳐 생물학적 기원을 가진 인간을 중심으로 구성되고 발전되어 왔음을 고려할 때, 인공적 존재인 지능형 로봇의 경우 그 존재방식이나 삶의 형식에 걸맞은 다른 형태의 법인격을 구성하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다.

잉카 쇼니바레 작품의 혼종성에 관한 다학제적 연구

김인숙(Kim, In Sook) 한국전시산업융합연구원 2016 한국과학예술융합학회 Vol.23 No.-

본고의 연구배경 및 목적은 다음과 같다. 잉카 쇼니바레는 아프리칸 디아스포라 작가로서 다문화를 대표하는 작가이다. 그의 작품 내용은 호미 바바의 탈 식민 이론인 식민주체의 ‘식민적 무의식(colonial unconscious)’을 이론적 배경으로 하면서 스펙터클한 포스트 모던미술의 시각언어로 표상된다. 따라서 그의 작품은 제국의 식민지에 대한 억압을 토로하기 보다는 억압의 과정에서 분열된 자신의 정체성을 서사함으로써 혼종이 일상화된 우리 시대에 자신이 누구이며, 어떠한 경로로 여기에 있는가하는 자신의 주체적 혼종성을 표현한다. 바바에 의하면 ‘식민적 무의식’은 제국의 식민지에 대한 정형화(stereotype)로 인하여 생성된 환상공간으로서 이곳에서 식민 지배자와 피지배자는 서로 환상과 욕망의 대상이 되는데 쇼니바레의 작품 역시 이 공간에서 분열된 주체의 혼종성을 표상한다. 이와 같은 쇼니바레의 작품은 서구인에 의해 전유되어 온 서구미술사에 ‘개입하기’를 통하여 다문화적 혼종성을 배가하는데 쇼니바레에 관한 선행연구는 영세한 실정이다. 본고에서는 이와 같은 쇼니바레의 작품 연구에 다학제적 담론으로서 혼종성을 적용하여 다음과 같이 연구방법 및 내용, 그 결과를 서술한다. 이론적 배경으로서 바바의 혼종성과 정형화 및 개입하기에 관하여 살핀 후 이상의 담론들이 표상된 쇼니바레의 작품 <어느 빅토리아 댄디의 일기>, <오딜과 오데뜨>, <도리언 그레이>를 통하여 그의 혼종성을 자세히 고찰한다. 이상과 같은 본고의 연구는 향후 다문화의 가속화로 인하여 정체성의 분열과 상실이 일상화된 우리시대의 혼종화 된 인간 주체와 작가주체 그리고 작품에 대한 인식과 성찰에 도움이 되기를 기대한다. This paper"s background and purpose of study are as in the fllowing. Yinka Shonibare is a writer of African diaspora and a writer who represents multiple culture. His work content is expressed as a spectacle post modern art’s visual language with a theoretical background of colonial unconscious of subjectivity of a colony as a post colonial theory of Homi Bhabha. Thus, his work expresses his independent hybridity of who himself is and which route took him here in our routinized era, by describing his separated identity in a process of suppression rather than complaining about depression about empire’s colony. According to Bhabha, colonial unconscious as a fantasy space formed by a stereotype about empire’s colony, colony ruler and subordinate become subjectivitys of fantasy and desire in this place. Shonibare’s work also autobiographically expresses his hybridity separated in the space. This kind of Shonibare’s work multiplies multiple cultures hybridity through interjection to western art history appropriated by westerners. But there are not much of deep talks about Shonibare’s work. This paper is to specifically multidiscilinary study his hybridity through Shonibare’s work, <One Victoria Dandy’s diary>, <Odil and Odett>, <Dorian Grey>, which expressed ideal discussions after looking into Bhabha’s hybridity, stereotype and interjection as a theoretical background to view interdisciplinary discussions included in Shorebare’s hybridity. For the future this study is expected to be a help for hybrid of human subjectivity and writer subjectivity of our routinized era of separation and loss by acceleration of multiple cultures, and perception and introspection about work.

하버드 비즈니스 스쿨과 어시스트 경영대학원의 하이브리드 학습 : 공평성, 협업, 실험, 혁신의 사례연구

박미혜(Mi Hye Park),박정열(Cheong Yeul Park) 피터드러커 소사이어티 2022 창조와 혁신 Vol.15 No.1

COVID-19 팬데믹은 전통적인 비즈니스 스쿨 기관이 수업을 제공하는 방식에 엄청난 혼란을 가져왔다. 계획되지 않은 상태에서 리모트(Remote)로 교육 전달 방식이 전환되었다. 본 연구는 하버드 비지니스 스쿨(Harvard Business School, HBS)과 aSSIST 경영대학원의 하이브리드 학습(Hybrid Learning) 전환 사례를 ser-M 모델 기반으로 분석하여, 학습성과에 영향을 미치는 요인을 도출하고자 하 였다. 연구 결과, HBS는 환경창조 메커니즘(S-E-R)으로, 미래의 학교 경쟁력을 위해서 주체인 학장이 동문의 기금을 확보하여 선제적으로 투자를 진행하였다. HBS는 사례연구 방법에 최적화된 하이브리드 강의실을 구축하여 온라인과 오프 라인 교육의 상호작용에 대한 공평성을 제공하고자 노력하였다. 이를 위해 HBS는 원격 수업에 참여하는 학생들도 교수와 동료 학생 간의 실재감을 느끼는 부분에 초 점을 둔 시스템을 만들었다. 또한 디자인 씽킹의 루틴한 실험을 통해 데이터에 기 반한 프로토타입을 만들어 완성도를 높여가는 프로세스를 구축하고, 태스크포스 팀간의 협업을 진행하였다. 한편 어시스트(aSSIST)는 위기상황에서 경영의 주체 가 자원을 적극적으로 재구성하는 자원혁신 메커니즘(E-S-R)이다. 주체의 비전에 따라 과거부터 축적된 도전적이고, 유연한 젊은 조직문화가 발현되어 교수와 직원 들이 협력하여 빠르게 대처하였다. 또한, 내부환경 요인으로 자기 주도적이고 열의 가 높은 학생들이 교수평가와 피드백을 통하여 교육의 질을 높이는 선순환 구조를 만들었다. 이는 학습자 중심의 경영을 조직구성원이 경영원칙과 가치로 공유해온 결과이다. 본 사례연구의 결과는 하이브리드 학습 방식이 미래의 비지니스 교육 혁 신을 성공적으로 구현하는 데 기초연구가 될 것으로 기대한다. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused tremendous confusion in the way conventional business schools deliver their educational programs. With not much prepared in advance, the way in which education is provided has changed to a remote class overnight. This study derived factors influencing learning outcomes by analyzing the cases of hybrid learning conversion initiated by the Harvard Business School (HBS) and the aSSIST Graduate School of Business based on the ser-M model. The results revealed that HBS can be seen as a convergent mechanism based on the subject, environment, and resource elements (S-E-R), and for improving future school competitiveness, the dean, who was the subject, secured alumni funds and preemptively invested them in the school. HBS tried to maintain equity in the interaction between online and offline education by establishing a hybrid classroom optimized for its trademark case study methods. To this end, HBS developed a system that places emphasis on the areas where students participating in remote classes also feel a sense of presence between instructors and fellow students. In addition, through routine experiments of design thinking, a data-based prototype was created to increase the completeness, and collaboration between task force teams was conducted. Meanwhile, aSSIST can be construed as a resource innovation mechanism amid the environment, subject, and resource elements (E-S-R) in which the subject actively rebuilds resources in a crisis situation. In sync with the subject’s vision, a challenging and flexible young organizational culture accumulated from the past was expressed and accordingly, instructors and administrators worked together to respond quickly. Furthermore, as an internal environmental factor, self-directed and enthusiastic students created a virtuous cycle through which the quality of education was improved through instructor evaluations and feedbacks. This is the result that the learner- centered management was shared among the organization members based upon management principles and values. From the results, it is anticipated that hybrid learning methods would contribute to successfully implementing innovation in business education in years to come.

다문화 사회에서의 글로리아 안잘두아의 『경계지대들/경계선에서: 새로운 메스티자』의 혼성성의 시학

정순국 ( Sun Kug Jung ) 한국영미문화학회 2010 영미문화 Vol.10 No.2

This paper explores hybridity and hybridized relations that see mixings and crossings as the first moment of multicultural society. References to hybridity often assume that the definition and orientation of the term are located within biology; that is, hybridity constitutes a mixing of two formally discrete objects. In this regard, there seems to be a dialectical preoccupation with purity that goes hand in hand with discussions of hybridity. This dialectical reference to hybridity privileges whole, complete entities as the original instance before mixing, and in this way purity becomes reified. My analysis of hybridity foregrounds mixings that occur at the level of the social, not exclusively at the level of the biological. Hybridity contexts the myth of monoculturalism in the United States and foregrounds multiculturalism as the initial context around which difference has begun to be conceived. In destabilizing the myth of racial origins, this paper attempts to establish a retroactive construction of purity, which is historically, ideologically, and ethnically examined in Gloria Anzaldua`s Borderlands/ La Frontera: The New Mestiza. Through this work composed of disparate narratives discourses, Anzaldua employs physical differences to ward off the colonial desire that has defined others as objects which are to be controlled. In this regard, this paper pursues the way that physical differences could be repositioned in terms of `hybridity` that has been related to the cultural, historical, economical significations of borderlands. The space of borderlands is also a place marked psychologically; it will turn differences mobilized in the borderland into an acute consciousness that makes us recognize `otherness` within ourselves. In sum, this paper attempts to elaborate the productive and creative interactions among disparate languages, classes, genders, and ideas, which will draw attention to their own interlocking nature.

기독교여성 지식인의 혼종적 주체와 연설

이숙진 ( Lee Sookjin ) 한국기독교사회윤리학회 2018 기독교사회윤리 Vol.42 No.-

이 글은 1920년대 후반에서 1930년대 중반에 이르기까지 구미에서 여성연설가로 활약한 박인덕의 연설, 그리고 1930년대 후반과 1940년대 초반 일본 제국주의의 호명에 응답한 기독교계 여성지식인의 연설에 주목한다. 요컨대 해방 이전 가부장제와 제국의 지배논리에 저항(갈등)하거나 협력(순응)하면서 형성된 기독교여성 지식인의 혼종적 주체를 연설이라는 렌즈를 통해 추적한다. 식민지 시대의 질곡을 통과하는 동안 기독교여성 지식인들은 신앙과 민족의 지도자로 추앙되거나 그와 반대로 신앙과 민족을 저버린 변절자로 평가받아 왔다. 물론 이러한 상반된 평가에는 민족주의 담론이 강력하게 작용하고 있다. 연설을 매개로 구성되고 강화된 여성주체의 특성을 살피는 이 글은, 민족주의의 회로에서 벗어나 다채로운 여성의 삶의 자리를 조망하고자 한다. 이러한 작업은 여성을 특정 표상으로 환원시킴으로써 대상화하는 한계를 넘어서려는 노력의 일환이다. This paper explores the Christian New Women's hybrid subject formed by her own “speech” in modern Korean protestantism. Some Korean protestant women made a modern speech as a member of Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Mission(SVM) from the 1920s to the 1930s. SVM was a forerunner of foreign mission bodies of North America from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, famous for a motto of “The Evangelization of the World in This Generation.” This organization gave a chance to Korean New Women to make a public speech in North America by inviting them. Aa a result they played the role of native informant, becoming a hybrid subject. This paper tried to explore the characteristics of the hybridity.

혼종성의 번역양상에 대한 일고찰-재일 디아스포라 문학을 중심으로-

이나경 한국일본언어문화학회 2016 일본언어문화 Vol.36 No.-

Translation is an act occurring when two or more languages come into contact with each other, so it is based on otherness. And the otherness can come into the foreground or go to the background depending on the purpose of the translation or politics, power or ideological relationship that surrounds the translation. The relationship between linguistic subject and other has long been studied, and it is based on the assumption that the source text and the target text are written in one homogeneous language. However, deterritorialization and denationalization of literature that started from the end of colonialism present new translation issues that cannot be explained from the perspective of subject and other. Diaspora literature, which is written in other languages by diaspora who left their home country and settled in other countries, is situated in a “third space” and is born on the boundary between the residing country and home country, center and periphery, and assimilation and resistance, and one of its characteristics is linguistic hybridity. Especially, in the case of Korean diaspora literature in Japan, linguistic hybridity has resisting power that subverts the hierarchy between the imperial language and nation language and is directly linked to the identity of the diaspora since Korean diaspora literature in Japan implies contact, conflict and dynamics between the two languages. Through “The Other Side of August” by Yu Miri and “The Volcanic Island” by Kim Seokbeom, which are postcolonial hybrid texts, this study investigates how linguistic hybridity appears in these texts and how it is changed in the process of translation into Korean to deal with translation issues presented by hybrid texts and examine the possibility of translation of linguistic hybridity. .

혼종성의 번역양상에 대한 일고찰-재일 디아스포라 문학을 중심으로-

李奈暻 한국일본언어문화학회 2016 일본언어문화 Vol.36 No.-

Translation is an act occurring when two or more languages come into contact with each other, so it is based on otherness. And the otherness can come into the foreground or go to the background depending on the purpose of the translation or politics, power or ideological relationship that surrounds the translation. The relationship between linguistic subject and other has long been studied, and it is based on the assumption that the source text and the target text are written in one homogeneous language. However, deterritorialization and denationalization of literature that started from the end of colonialism present new translation issues that cannot be explained from the perspective of subject and other. Diaspora literature, which is written in other languages by diaspora who left their home country and settled in other countries, is situated in a “third space” and is born on the boundary between the residing country and home country, center and periphery, and assimilation and resistance, and one of its characteristics is linguistic hybridity. Especially, in the case of Korean diaspora literature in Japan, linguistic hybridity has resisting power that subverts the hierarchy between the imperial language and nation language and is directly linked to the identity of the diaspora since Korean diaspora literature in Japan implies contact, conflict and dynamics between the two languages. Through “The Other Side of August” by Yu Miri and “The Volcanic Island” by Kim Seokbeom, which are postcolonial hybrid texts, this study investigates how linguistic hybridity appears in these texts and how it is changed in the process of translation into Korean to deal with translation issues presented by hybrid texts and examine the possibility of translation of linguistic hybridity.

A Comparative Study of Korean and Australian Children’s Literature with a Vietnamese Multicultural Topic

Jeongae Park,Dongbae Lee 한국동서비교문학학회 2016 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.37

The stories published in South Korea that have Vietnamese multicultural topics, such as Wandeugi, focus on Vietnamese immigrant women and their children born to Korean fathers, and examine how they deal with issues of successfully integrating and settling into Korean society. The authors plotted these women as ‘marked others,’ having superior qualifications to their husbands, yet submitting themselves to the domestic gender regime, providing a stark contrast to the egoistic Korean women around them. Even with the good intentions of the authors, these set-ups are more likely to strengthen the South Korean/Vietnamese gender regime, and are unlikely to contribute to gender equality in Korean society. Australian authors often note the Vietnamese refugees who have settled in Australia. Noodle Pie adds a possibly new dimension of a hybrid subject—a second generation immigrant born in Australia. Compared to his father, the protagonist of this novel breaks out of the existing order and creates a hybrid third space. The title itself, Noodle Pie, as a combination of the representative foods of Vietnam and Australia, is a symbol of hybrid imagination illustrating a hybrid subject.