사법상 환경책임과 공법상 환경책임

김현준 한국법정책학회 2020 법과 정책연구 Vol.20 No.1

환경책임법은 사법상 환경책임법과 공법상 환경책임법으로 구분할 수 있다. 환경책임법의 전통적 형태인 전자는 개인의 재산권, 인격권, 건강권 등 개인적 법익이 환경문제와 결부된 것들이다. 이와는 달리, 개인의 개별적 이익과 무관하게, 오직 환경 그 자체의 이익이 침해된 경우의 책임문제도 존재한다. 순수한 환경공익 그 자체가 개별이익을 보호하는 과정에서 때론 부수적으로, 반사적으로, 중첩적으로 보호될 수도 있지만, 이들 사익과 공익이 언제나 중첩되는 것은 아니며, 전자가 문제되지 않은 채 오직 후자만이 문제되기도 한다. 이러한 종래의 사법상 환경책임과 다른 성질의 책임을 공법상 환경책임이라고 보고, 공·사법상 환경책임을 비교하면서 그 책임의 실체법적·소송법적 문제를 검토할 필요가 있다. 공법상 환경책임법까지 갖추어져야 비로소 종합적인 환경책임법체계가 완비되었다고 할 수 있다. 비교법적으로 독일은 사법상 환경책임법 외에 환경손해법(UmweltSchG)이라는 공법상 환경책임법까지 갖추고 있다. 본고는 독일 환경손해법을 참조하여 한국형 공법상 환경책임법인 가칭 환경훼손책임법(안)을 제안한다. 종래의 사법상 환경책임법에 더하여 이러한 공법상 환경책임법까지 갖춤으로써 우리나라에서 건강하고 쾌적한 환경에서 살아갈 수 있는 환경권이 제대로 보장될 수 있을 것이다. Environmental liability law can be divided into Private and Public Law. The former is a form of environmental liability law, in which individual property rights, personality rights and health rights are related to individual legal interests with environmental issues. On the other hand, there is also a liability problem that arises when the interests of the environment itself are infringed, not related to individual interests. While these pure environmental interests themselves may be concomitantly, reflexively, and overlapping in the process of protecting their individual interests, these private and public interests do not always overlap, and the latter liability may arise regardless of the former. Therefore, in order to complete the comprehensive and systematic environmental liability law without blind spots, these two types of environmental liability laws should be prepared. In comparison, Germany has an environmental liability law under public law (Umweltschadensgesetz) in addition to the environmental liability law under private law (Umwelthaftungsgesetz). With reference to the German environmental damage law, it claims to enact a environmental damage liability act. The environmental right, which is the right to live in a healthy and pleasant environment, can be guaranteed by equipping not only the private environmental liability law but also the public environmental liability law.

중국 환경보호법의 최근 동향 — 문제점과 개선방안을 중심으로 —

한승훈 한국환경법학회 2018 環境法 硏究 Vol.40 No.1

Chinese government has introduced the environmental protection law in the amended constitution in 1978 stating “The state must protect its environment and natural resources where it also should regulate and prevent pollution and other damages to the environment” for the first time after constitution, where upon this law the environment protection law has been formally signed into the constitution in 1989 after the start of demonstration of the law in 1979. In addition to the national legislation, China has been participating in various international conferences and signing international agreements for cooperation of environmental protection and for the international economy and society. The new environmental protection law revised in April 2014 base its legislation ideology on the “Construction of Ecological Civilization” and has been greatly revised and enacted from the previous environmental protection law, which can be seen as one of the most significant movement in China's environmental protection law history. The new environmental protection law's main characteristics are the following. Firstly, There are five basic principles of regulation while having the “Construction of Ecological Civilization” as the legislation basis, which are keeping priority of environmental protection, precaution crucial, integrated management, public participation and liability for damage. Secondly, the main agents of environmental protection has been expanded overall from corporates, operators and manufacturers to government and the public, including many other social communities. Thirdly, the supervision and management of environmental protection experienced a positive turning point where environmental protection management institution can order seizure and sealing of corporates when violation of environmental protection law occurs, environmental protection field has been included in performance evaluation of public officers of China and environmental investigation measurement offices being built around the nation with the new legislation. Fourthly, the environmental responsibility of the government and the corporates has been reinforced as government can impose fine on corporates with fines calculated on a daily basis, can suspend production, operation, order closure of business or execute confinement transferred by the police department according to the regulation they violate. Environmental effects evaluation institute, environmental investigation measurement institutes, environmental investigation equipment or facility related institutes will be jointly held responsible to the violated corporates they are involved with, and the public officers involved can be demoted, released from position or dismissed from the workplace where advisory resignation can also be imposed on the public officer that has significant responsibility. Lastly, citizens of China, corporates and other organizations can obtain environmental information and participate and supervise in environmental protection in accordance with the legislation, which holds regulation on the government and corporates about public disclosure of information and on the specific conditions about the environmental NGOs. The new environmental protection law has been reformed for the first time after 25 years and it is renowned for being the most strict in its history with the Chinese government strongly pushing forward the related legislation and law enforcement. However, the fact that minor flaws and defects exist cannot be denied. This thesis/paper includes research focused on the problems and resolutions of the decentralization of environmental authority in the central and local areas, effective business cooperation between environmental management institutions, reinforcement on management and supervision of environmental management institutions, maladjustments and execution power of China's 중국은 1978년에 수정된 헌법에서 “국가는 환경과 자연자원을 보호하고, 오염과 기타 공해를 예방 및 관리한다”라고 규정하여 최초로 환경보호를 헌법에 도입하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 1979년 환경보호법을 시범적으로 도입한 후 1989년에는 환경보호법을 정식으로 입법하였다. 또한 중국은 국내 입법을 비롯하여 국제회의 참석과 국제협정 체결을 통해 국제사회와 환경보호를 위해 다양한 협력을 하고 있다. 2014년 4월 개정된 신환경보호법은 “생태문명 건설”을 입법 이념으로 하여 기존의 환경보호법을 대폭 수정하여 제정하였으며 중국 환경보호법 역사에 한 획을 그었다고 할 수 있다. 중국 신환경보호법의 주요 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 생태문명 건설을 입법 이념으로 하면서 환경보호 우선원칙, 예방위주원칙, 종합관리원칙, 대중참여원칙, 피해책임 및 배상원칙등 5대 기본원칙을 규정하였다. 둘째, 환경보호 주체가 기업과 생산 경영자에서 정부기관, 대중, 기타사회 단체까지 포함 시켜서 환경보호의 주체들이 전반적으로 확대되었다. 셋째, 환경관리 기관이 환경 위법행위 적발시 봉인ㆍ압류할 수 있고, 공무원 인사 고과에 환경보호 분야를 포함 시켰으며, 전국적으로 환경조사 측정소를 설치하면서 환경관리와 감독의 방식이 전환하게 되었다. 넷째, 기업에 대해서는 1일 기준 벌금 부과, 공장의 영업정지와 폐업, 구류 처벌등을 할 수 있고, 공무원에 대해서는 직급 강등, 직위해제, 면직 및 권고사직도 가능할 수 있을 정도로 기업과 정부에 대한 환경 책임이 상당히 강화되었다. 다섯째, 공민, 법인 및 기타 조직은 법에 근거하여 환경정보를 획득 할 수 있고 환경보호에 대한 참여 및 감독이 가능하며, 정부와 기업의 정보공개 규정을 두고 있으며 환경사회단체(NGO)의 구체적인 조건도 명시하였다. 25년 만에 개정된 신환경보호법은 역사상 가장 엄격하다는 평가를 받고 있으면서 중국 정부가 관련 입법과 법집행을 강력하게 추진하고 있지만 부족한 부분들이 있는 것도 현실이다. 본 논문에서는 중국 환경보호법의 문제점과 해결방안을 중심으로 연구하였다.

국제환경법의 제원칙: 그 진화과 과제

이재곤(Lee, Jae Gon) 국제법평론회 2012 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.38

International environmental law, which began to be developed substantially only after 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, became a vast international legal system with more than 2,000 related treaties and customary law. In the course of the development, a couple of general principles of international environmental law has been formulated. The principles has been reflected in international environmental rules, applied in the resolution of international environmental disputes or influenced on the interpretation of related international environmental norms. The writer tried to see what kind of principles of international environmental law has been formulated, what are their contents and what kind of roles did they play in the operation of the system of international environmental law. The author also attempted to find out the extent of evolution of the principles, their status as international legal norms, and the scope of application of the principles. He also made an endeavor to seek problems and possible solutions for the improvement of functioning of the principles. The writer suggested the following principles as the general principles of international environmental law: the responsibility not to cause environmental damage, the principle of co-operation, the principle of sustainable development, the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle and the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. Among the principles, the responsibility not to cause environmental damage, principle of notification and cooperation, especially in relation to emergencies, and the environmental impact assessment are evolved into established customary international law. The precautionary principle has now reached the threshold of customary international law. The content of some principles of international environmental law has been concretized and the scope of the application of the principles has been substantially extended. However, for the improvement of functioning of the principles as a guide in the solution of international environmental problems and harmonious development of international environmental law with other area of international law, the content of principles has to be more substantialized and the problem of fragmentation of international law has to be solved.

환경법의 과학적 전문성에 관한 소고 -지식기반 환경법학의 구축을 위한 시론-

이은기 ( Eun Gi Lee ) 한국환경법학회 2008 環境法 硏究 Vol.30 No.3

Basically, environmental law has science-based nature of, especially, natural science, for example, chemistry, biology, physics, geology, pharmacology, medical science and etc. On the other hand, environmental law indirectly relates to cultural-social sciences, for example, economics, business, sociology, philosophy, sociology, ethics, geography, theology and etc. For example, when it comes to the relation between ethics and environmental law, environmental regulation by law raises ethical questions relating to our obligation to future generation. The areas of `environmental justice` or `environmental racism` focus on the growing concern that environmental regulations impose disproportionate adverse impacts on the poor or on racial or ethnic minorities. So if we deduct the frame of legal part from environmental law, maybe the contents of natural, cultural-social scientific factors will be left. In this article, I tried to build a researching methodology of knowledge-based environmental law to extend the horizon of researching environmental law by taking the method of convergence and harmony between lots of natural, cultural, social sciences and environmental law. I almost studied our country`s environment-related statutes at the viewpoint of that. We, as a researcher of environmental law, have to take an interdisciplinary research with above-mentioned natural scientists, cultural scientists, and social scientists considering science-based nature of environmental law.

지속가능한 발전을 위한 통합환경법 : 프랑스통합환경법과 독일통합환경법안을 중심으로

고문현(Koh Moon-Hyun) 한국비교공법학회 2012 공법학연구 Vol.13 No.1

환경문제에 대응하기 위하여 환경법을 단일화하여 규정하는 방안과 복수법으로 규정하는 방안이 있다. 단일법은 간결하고 알기 쉬운 장점이 있으나, 오늘날 같이 다양하고 복잡한 환경문제를 단일법으로 대처한다는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니다. 단일법 체계는 하위 법령에 과다하게 위임하는 방식을 취하여 입법의 비대화, 기형화현상을 초래한다. 그러나 이러한 위임입법의 확대는 의회입법의 원칙을 형해화 함으로써 입법의 민주적 정당성의 기초를 손상시킨다는 문제가 있다. 이에 반해, 복수법 체계는, 환경문제의 종합적인 대처를 어렵게 하고 단편적인 규제에 급급할 위험성이 없는 것은 아니지만, 오염매체별, 오염분야별 특수한 상황에 따라 특수한 규제방식을 동원함으로써 효율적인 규제가 가능하다는 장점이 있다. 문제는 지나친 분할을 통해 법률의 홍수현상으로 인한 다수법이 양산되면서 오히려 그 효율성이 떨어지고 있다는 것이다. 특히 기본적으로 동일하거나 유사한 오염매체, 오염분야임에도 불구하고 불필요하게 많은 법이 산재하면서 환경법의 복잡성과 중복성을 더하여 체계적이고 효율적 집행을 저해할 뿐만 아니라 매우 산만하고 통일성이 떨어짐으로써 수범자인 국민의 입장에서 볼 때는 매우 혼란스럽고 그 접근과 이해가 쉽지 않다. 이러한 규제체계의 혼란, 규제의 중복 등을 해소하고 규제의 통일성, 종합성, 효율성, 형평성을 제고하기 위하여서는 법체계의 정비가 요구된다. 처음부터 모든 것을 포괄한 통합환경법의 제정이 부처이기주의 등으로 어려우면 최소한 유사한 대상 분야별로 통합, 조정, 일원화하는 노력부터 시도하는 것이 필요하다. 아울러 프랑스, 스웨덴, 네덜란드 등이 통합환경법을 제정하여 이미 시행하고 있으며 독일도 2010년에 비록 의회에서 부결되기는 하였지만 통합환경법안을 마련한 적이 있다는 점, 독일의 환경법전의 제정 작업이 세계무역기구(WTO)와 기타 다양한 통상협상에서 환경보호를 내세워 협상과정에서 우월적 지위를 차지하기 위한 것도 그 하나의 계기가 되었다는 것 등을 감안하여 글로벌 스탠다드에 적합하면서도 실효성을 가진 통합환경법의 제정을 위해 지혜를 모아야 할 것이다. There are two kinds of legislation on environmental law to cope with environmental problems. One is single environmental law and the other is multiple environmental law. single environmental law has merits in that it is concise and easy to understand, but it has limits in that it has difficulties to cope with modem complicated environmental problems. Single environmental law brings about obesity and abnormality of legislation in that it takes form of over-delegation to lower regulations. Multiple environmental law has merits in that it can regulate efficiently pollution through using specific regulations accordingly to pollution medium, but it has limits in that it has difficulties in taking a measure to environmental problems comprehensively. It has problem that its efficiency can fall down because of too many divisional laws by dint of rain of law. It is very difficult and confusing in that multiple environmental law can make environmental law more complex like putting a fifth wheel on a coach. Accordingly, it is required that we should modify various environmental laws and regulations to enhance conformity, comprehensiveness, efficiency and equity of them. It is necessary to strive to integrate and coordinate various environmental laws and regulations which are within at least similar fields, if it is very difficult to legislate an complete integrated environmental law at first time. Into the bargain, bearing that French integrated environmental law, Swedish environmental code and Dutch environmental management law are in force, and that Germany made an integrated environmental draft bill but failed to pass it in Congress, and also that Germany considered German integrated environmental law to protect environment in commerce negotiation like WTO, it is high time that we should collect our thoughts to legislate an integrated environmental law which is appropriate for global standard.

한·중 환경기본법 비교

강효백(Hyo Baik Kang) 중앙법학회 2009 中央法學 Vol.11 No.2

Both the Environmental Policy Basic Law of Korea (1990) and the Environmental Protection Law of China (1989) are fundamental laws in an environmental field. Korea`s environmental basic law is a fundamental law and yet it is not superior in effect to other individual environmental laws; Rather, it is used as a guide in construing individual environmental laws and plays the role of presenting the direction in shaping legislative policies. In China`s legal source system, there is a unique legal source superior to general laws, the Environmental Protections Law is not a basic law but a general law and is construed to be positioned in basic law and to perform the functions of the law. Korea`s law is a policy law in principle and a regulation law to some exception, whereas China`s law is a regulation law in principle and a subsidiary policy law designed to aid the economic development. In China, Environmental Protection Law remains at the level of antipollution law, which is based on legislative principle that the disruptions are incidental expenses to economic development, and the provisions of the law are somewhat lacking in contents as well as in effectiveness and the law focuses on control of the pollution and compensation for the damage. The principles of Korea`s law is prevention and precautionary, polluter pays, sustainable development, public information and such others, whereas that of China is mainly, government pre-regulation and developer pays and has no provisions as for sustainable development. Korea is moving towards legal improvement while keeping away from proclamatory regulations in environmental law and consolidating the functional relation. China is reinforcing the guarantee of the environmental rights, relief system, correspondence to WTO system while promoting to enact the `Environmental Basic Law` that is true to its name, a basic law higher in legal source system.

통일대비 남북한 환경법제 통합방안

김종삼(Kim, Jong-Sam) 숭실대학교 법학연구소 2015 法學論叢 Vol.34 No.-

통일의 완성이란 구체적으로는 각 분야에서 법적 통합을 이룸으로써 성취될 수 있다. 이는 남한과 북한의 서로 다른 환경법 질서와 환경현황에 대한 상호 이해를 기초로 한다. 일반적으로 북한의 법령은 각 법전의 수가 비교적 적은 편이고 규정의 내용이 포괄적이고 모호하여 우리 법률에 비해 입법수준이 낮으며, 환경법제에 있어서도 내용과 체제에 있어 환경입법에 대한 인식이 남한보다는 전 단계에 머물고 있다는 평가가 있다. 따라서 단기적으로는 남한의 환경보호법제를 중심으로 통합하되 장기적으로는 남한과 북한의 상황을 절충한 제3의 법질서를 이루어지는 것이 바람직하다. 본 연구에서는 단계적·점진적 환경법제 통합 및 적용방안 마련을 위해 우선은 남북한 환경법제 통합에 앞서 남한의 환경법제 선진화 방안으로 우리나라 환경헌법의 논의 과제 및 환경행정법 정비방안을 제시하였고, 둘째 동서독 통일 과정에서의 환경법제 통합사례를 검토한 후 남북한 환경법제 통합을 위한 시사점을 도출하였고, 셋째 남북한 교류협력에 의한 남북한 환경법제 통합방안 및 적용방안을 제시하였다. 또한 법제통합 논의 시 사전 준비된 로드맵에 의해 이행되어야 하겠다. 북한의 급변사태시 헌법 제3조의 해석상 우리 법을 북한에 적용하는 것은 법리적으로 문제되지 않을 것이나 북한지역에 일부 법령을 한시적으로 적용하기 위해서는 그에 관한 명시적 법적 근거가 필요하다. 북한의 급변사태가 안정화단계에 진입하는 경우에는 북한과 통일합의서를 체결하여 남북통일이 합의에 의한 현행 우리 헌법이 북한지역에 확장 적용된다는 점을 통일합의서에 명시해야 한다. 독일 통일에 있어 법적 통합은 통일조약에서 동서독이 합의한 ‘법의 동화’ 과정 즉, ‘법령의 조정’을 통해 이루었다. 최종적으로는 단일법 마련을 목표로 하였으나 서독법과 동독법의 장기간 병행적용을 허용하였고, 나아가 동독법에 기초한 단일법의 창설 가능성도 배제하지 않았다. 환경 법제 통합 및 지원 협력은 동독통일과정에서 보았듯이 우선은 정부와 민간자원의 양면교류를 확대해 나감으로써 신뢰를 쌓아 나가는 것이 중요하고, 두 번째는 통일조약 체결 시 환경협력 분야를 포함하여 환경법제 통합 및 지원방안을 함께 모색하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 이와 같이 우리도 통일 시 북한지역에 한시적으로 적용시킬 필요가 있는 환경법령은 원칙적인 내용을 통일합의서에 규정하고 구체적인 북한 법령 목록은 부속합의서에 첨부하여야 한다. 북한과 통일합의서를 체결한 이후 또는 그 이전이라도 일부 북한 법령을 북한지역에 적용하는 것을 허용하거나 남한법 적용의 유예기간을 규정하는 가칭「북한 환경법령 잠정적용 및 남한환경법령 유예기간 설정에 관한 특별조치법」의 제정도 검토가 요구된다. Reunification can be achieved by integrating different legal fields. It is based on mutual understanding of the South and the North in terms of different environmental laws and environmental status. In general, there are relatively few numbers of legal codes and broad and vague contents of provisions in the North"s legislation, which makes it low in quality of legislation compared to the South"s legislation. Indeed, in environmental legislation, an assessment shows that awareness of environmental legislation remains one step back compared to that of the South. Therefore, in the short term, legislations of the two countries should be integrated on the basis of the South"s legislation, and in the long term, it is right to achieve a third legal order by compromising situations of South and North Korea. In this study, in order to establish the gradual integration of environment legislation and the application plan, first, discussion subjects of South Korea"s environmental legislation and plans for revising environmental administrative law are proposed as a plan to improve South Korea"s environmental legislation prior to integration of environmental legislation of the South and the North. Second, after reviewing the case in Germany, suggestions for the integration of South Korea and North Korea"s environmental legislation are proposed. Third, plans for integrating and applying legislations of the South and the North by cooperation between the South and the North are proposed. In addition, before discussing the integration of legal system, road map should be prepared in advance. In the case of North Korea"s sudden change, applying our law to the case of North Korea would not have legal problem according to the Constitution Article 3. But, clear legal evidence is needed in order to apply some laws to North Korea temporarily. If the sudden change in North Korea becomes stable, we should sign a unity agreement that the South"s Constitution applies in extension to North Korea by mutual agreement with North Korea. Legal integration on Germany"s reunification was achieved with the "adjustment of laws and regulations" and the process of "Assimilation of law" that East and West Germany agreed in the unification treaty. After all, it had targeted to raise the single law, but, it later allowed to apply West German law and East German law in the long term. It did not exclude further possibility of creation of a single method based on the East German law. First, it is important to build trust through expanding mutual exchange between the government and private sectors. Second, it also would be desirable to seek supportive measures and integration of environmental legislation including environmental cooperation. We should define environmental laws that need to be temporarily applied to North Korea region in a unified agreement and attach specific North Korean laws to the agreement. When one has or has not entered into a unity agreement with North Korea, one is required to review「Special Acts of provisional application for the North Korean environmental laws and setting grace period of South Korean environmental laws」(tentative) that allows to apply some of the North Korean laws and regulations in North Korea and regulates grace period of applying South Korea"s law.

북한의 환경보호법(2000년)에 관한 연구

윤황 ( Hwang Youn ),지영환 ( Young Hwan Gi ) 한국환경법학회 2006 環境法 硏究 Vol.28 No.2

The research objective of this thesis is to analyze the backgrounds and the significations of establishment, the contents and the characteristics on the Environmental Protection Law(2000) of North Korea, and based on such analysis, to assess the improvements and the problems of this law. The Environmental Protection Law of North Korea is made by North Korea`s Congress in April 1986, thereafter this law is revised in March 1999, and again it is revised in the date 24 July 2000. The Environmental Protection Law of North Korea in 2000 is operating at the present time. This law in 2000 is just what I study. The operative law be composed of all Sub-Section 50 of Section 4. Above all, by a side view of legislation, the enactment of the Environmental Protection Law in North Korea was the starting point of formation of the environmental law` system. This law arose from necessities policy objectives of an environmental pollution measure and the legal or institutional bases of the environmental protection in North Korea`s environmental law for the first time. The institution of the Environmental Protection Law for North Korea has greatly had a significant effect on formation of the environmental law` system. In result, North Korea in the late 1990`s opened out the Age of environmental law and the environmental law` system is completed. Because this law has fundamentally various problems, I draw from the conclusion that this problems is crying out for reform, in the future.

우리나라 환경법의 문제점과 과제

고문현(Koh Moon Hyun) 숭실대학교 법학연구소 2011 法學論叢 Vol.25 No.-

한국 환경법의 형성은 정부주도하에 추진된 ‘위로부터의 개혁’의 전형적인 예에 해당한다. 이것은 환경입법이 국민의 환경의식과 환경보호운동을 배경으로 한 의회의 이니셔티브에 “국가환경정책법”(National Environmental Policy Act 1969) 등의 환경입법이 추진되었던 미국의 경우나 지방자치단체의 노력과 주민운동을 배경으로 환경법이 발전되었던 일본의 경우와 뚜렷이 대조되는 측면이다. 한국의 환경법은 태생부터가 자생적이지 못했다. 환경법을 집행할 환경행정기관인 환경청이 1980년에 가서야 발족될 수 있었던 사실이 이 점을 극명하게 보여주고 이러한 상황을 무의사결정이론으로 설명할 수 있다. 그때그때 환경적 위기 상황에 대처하기 위하여 제정된 법률을 포함하여 2011년 1월 현재 환경부 소관 법률이 50여개나 되어 수범자인 일반국민은 물론 규제자인 관계 공무원도 관련 규정을 숙지하기가 어려울 정도로 복잡하게 구성되어 있다. 여기에서는 헌법상 환경권의 집행법으로서의 현행 복수 환경법의 체계 및 그 문제점을 알아본 뒤 이에 대한 과제의 하나로서 프랑스와 독일의 환경법 정비사례를 참조하여 통일된 환경법 제정은 부처이기주의, 업적주의 등으로 실현하기가 어려우므로 유사한 대상 분야별로 부분적 통합 · 조정을 하는 것이 바람직하다는 우리나라 환경법정비의 기본방향에 대하여 고찰해 보았다. Formulation of Korean environmental law is typical example of ‘revolution from above’ driven by government. This is strikingly contrary to environmental legislation such as National Environmental Policy Act 1969 driven by U. S. Congress based on environmental awareness of people in U.S.A. and environmental legislation by effort of local government and concerted action by the residents in Japan. Considering this point, environmental legislation in Korea is not autogenic from its start. Belated starting of environmental agency in 1980's clearly shows this. And it can be explained by so-called "non-decision making theory". The number of laws which fall under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Environment is approximately fifty as of January 1, 2011. Therefore, both general people and public official don't know exact meaning of related regulation for its complexity. This article tries to introduce system of current multiple Korean environmental law and its problem to find a resolution for modifying of various environmental laws and regulations. To this aim, this article is composed of five chapters as follows. The first chapter is introduction of this article. The second chapter covers system of current multiple Korean environmental law and its problem. The third chapter covers the necessity of modifying various laws and regulations and cases of French integrated environmental law and German integrated environmental draft bill. The fourth chapter covers tasks of modifying of Korean Environmental Law toward integrated environmental law. The fifth chapter draws conclusions of this article. To this end, the importance of careful preparation for this will be needed more urgently.

미국 로스쿨의 환경법 클리닉 현황과 시사점에 관한 연구

조성자(SungJa Cho) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2014 江原法學 Vol.41 No.-

한국법학교육과 법조계의 가장 혁명적인 변화라고 불려지는 법학전문대학원이, 2007년 입법에 이어, 2009년 정부의 인가를 받은 25개 법학전문대학원(법전)이 제1기 신입생들을 받으며 출범했다. 인가요건 상, 모든 법전은 한 가지 특성화 분야를 선정하도록 되어 있고, 강원대학교 법학전문대학원은 환경법을 특성화분야로 선택했다. 한국에서 유일하게 환경법을 특성화한 법전으로서, 강원대 법전은 법률클리닉을 환경법에 특화한 클리닉으로 발전시킬 임무를 갖고 있다. 원전, 기후변화를 포함해 많은 환경 문제들이 전세계적인 인류의 생존문제가 되는 상황에서, 활발한 미국 로스쿨 환경법클리닉들의 활동과 역할은 한국 법전, 특히, 강원대 법전에게는 아주 좋은 선례가 되고 있다. 본 소고는 미국 로스쿨들의 다양한 환경법 프로그램들과 환경법클리닉 활동들 그리고 이들에 대한 도전들을 살펴보고, 한국 법전들의 환경법 프로그램들에 대한 간단한 소개와 함께 미국 환경법클리닉들에서 얻을 수 있는 시사점을 제시해 보고자 한다. Called as the most revolutionary change in the history of Korean legal education and legal professional selection, 25 law schools authorized by the Korean Government started in 2009 with their first students, following the required law enactment in 2007. Every law school is required to choose a specialty area as one condition for accreditation, and Kangwon University School of Law chose environmental law as its speciality. As the only law school specialized in the environmental law in Korea, KNU Law School has a mission to elevate its legal clinic to environmental law-specialized clinic. Also, a variety of environmental issues come out almost everyday, including nuclear power plant and climate change, and so US environmental law clinic’s activities and roles become a great example for Korean law schools, especially for KNU Law School. Thus, this article reviews a variety of environmental law programs and environmental law clinics activities in the US law schools, along with their challenges, concluding with a short introduction for the Korean law school environmental law programs and lessons from the US environmental law clinics’ activities.