국제개발협력법제의 발전방안에 대한 연구

김대인 사단법인 한국국가법학회 2020 국가법연구 Vol.16 No.1

In Korea, “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation”, “Act on Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA)”, “Act on Oversees Economic Development Cooperation Fund (EDCF)”, and local government’s Ordinances on the international development comprise the international development law regime. However, this regime is criticised for following reasons: ① the relationship between “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation” and other Acts or Ordinances is not clear, ② the philosophy or basic principles of Official Development Assistance(ODA) is not considered enough in implementing “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation”, ③ the coordination among various aid agencies is weak, ④ interests of relevant party are not well reflected in ODA planning and the pecuriality of aid procurement is not fully considered. This paper suggests improvements in international development law regime from the perspective of administrative law. First, “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation” should take priority over other Acts, and the ground of Ordinance of local government should be included in “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation.” Second, “strengthening economic development cooperation”, as a basic spirit of ODA in “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation” Article 3, should not be deemed as having constitutional status, and the relationships with other basic spirit of ODA should be seen from this premise. Third, to enhance coordination among various aid agencies, it is necessary to strengthen the coordinating role of International Development Cooperation Committee and to introduce cooperation agreement among aid agencies. Fourth, it is necessary to reform ODA law providing inclusion of relevant parties & pre-feasibility study in ODA planning and reflecting the pecuriarities of aid procurement. 우리나라의 국제개발협력법제로는 「국제개발협력기본법」, 「한국국제협력단법」, 「대외경제협력기금법」 및 각 지방자치단체에서 제정한 국제개발협력조례를 들 수 있다. 그런데 이러한 국제개발협력법제들은 1) 「국제개발협력기본법」과 관련법제와의 체계적인 연관성이 충분히 고려되지 못하고 있다는 점, 2) 「국제개발협력기본법」을 운용하는 과정에서 개발원조의 철학 또는 기본원리에 대한 충분한 고민이 이루어지지 못하고 있다는 점, 3) 다양한 원조기관간의 조정이 충분히 이루어지지 못하고 있다는 점, 4) 행정계획수립시 이해관계인의 의사가 충분히 반영되지 못하고 있으며 원조조달 등의 특수성이 충분히 반영되지 못하고 있다는 점 등의 문제점이 존재한다. 이 글은 행정법학의 관점에서 이러한 우리나라 국제개발협력법제의 문제점을 극복할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 첫째, 관련법령의 체계와 관련해서는 다른 법률과의 관계규정을 “다른 법률에 특별한 규정이 있는 경우를 제외하고는 이 법에서 정하는 바에 따른다”라는 내용으로 개정함으로써 기본법으로서의 위상을 제고할 필요가 있으며, 「국제개발협력기본법」에서 조례를 통한 규율가능성을 명시하는 것이 필요하다. 둘째, 국제개발협력의 기본정신과 관련하여 「국제개발협력기본법」 제3조에서는 경제협력관계의 증진이라는 표현을 두고 있지만 이를 헌법적인 가치가 있는 것으로 보기 힘들다는 전제하에 다른 헌법적 가치가 있는 기본정신(인도주의적인 가치)들과 관계정립을 하는 것이 필요하다. 셋째, 행정조직법적인 측면에서 원조기관간의 조정을 강화하기 위해서는 국제개발협력위원회의 조정기능을 강화하는 것도 필요하지만 협약제도의 도입을 통해 사안별 조정기능을 강화하는 방안도 모색해볼 필요가 있다. 넷째, 행정작용법적인 측면에서 행정계획에 수원국정부를 포함한 이해관계인의 참여 및 사전타당성 조사제도를 법률에 명문화하는 것이 필요하며, 공공조달계약과 관련해서는 원조조달의 특수성이 충분히 반영될 수 있는 법령체계가 마련되는 것이 필요하다.

한반도 탄소중립을 위한 남북 기후개발협력 방안 연구

김성진,한희진,박보라 한국환경연구원 2021 수시연구보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research □ Acceleration of global climate change and changes in perception and behavior of the international community ㅇ Increase in intensity and frequency of the global average temperature rise, sea level rise due to thawing, flood, typhoon, drought, heat wave, cold wave, heavy snow, and strong wind ㅇ The adoption of the UNFCCC (1992), adoption of the Kyoto Protocol (1997), and the adoption of the Paris Agreement (2015), and the international community’s climate change response system development ㅇ The IPCC emphasized the need to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 to resolve the climate crisis through the announcement of the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 ℃ (2018) and the announcement of the 6th assessment report (working group 1) (2021). - Major countries around the world, including EU, China, Japan, Korea, and the US, are considering declaring carbon neutrality and raising their mid- to long-term greenhouse gas reduction targets. ㅇ In the field of international development cooperation, as the UN SDGs were announced (2015), the 17 goals seek to balance the three factors of economic development, environmental protection, and social problem solving. - In particular, through the Goal 7 Affordable and Clean Energy and Goal 13 Climate Action, the UN urges the mainstreaming of climate change response into development cooperation. □ A new paradigm for inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation emerges ㅇ Active discussions are taking place on the necessity of establishing a new paradigm through the improvement of the inter-Korean exchange and cooperation model that has been in place since 1990. ㅇ The international community’s aid to North Korea has been provided in the form of ODA, but South Korea’s aid to North Korea is promoted as an intra-ethnic transaction, assuming the peculiarities of inter-Korean relations. ㅇ The OECD DAC established principles such as ownership, transparency, result-orientation, mutual accountability, and sustainability to enhance the effectiveness of aid in international development cooperation. ㅇ Although North Korea cannot be regarded as a target of ODA under the current law, it is necessary to establish a new paradigm for inter-Korean exchange and cooperation by appropriately reflecting the principles and implementation guidelines of ODA in the aid to North Korea. □ Purpose of the research ㅇ Considering the seriousness of climate change and the growing need to respond to global climate change, this study analyzes the actions North Korea has taken so far and the current demand in this regard. - In particular, this study seeks to have a more thorough understanding of the climate and energy-related issues for which North Korea has continuously requested support within the framework of the Paris climate regime and the UN SDGs. ㅇ To respond to climate change at the level of Korean Peninsula and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, plan climate development cooperation projects where North and South Korea can cooperate when sanctions are eased in the future - Examine the limitations of the existing inter-Korean exchange and cooperation model, and propose a direction for inter-Korean climate development cooperation under the three principles of pursuing peace on the Korean Peninsula, reflecting the principles of international development cooperation, and meeting the carbon neutrality goal Ⅱ. Climate Change Response and Trends in International Development Cooperation 1. Acceleration of climate change and the international community’s response: the Green New Deal and carbon neutrality □ Acceleration of climate change due to increase in greenhouse gas emissions ㅇ Since 1880, the global average temperature has risen by 1.02 °C, and the sea level has risen by about 1.7 mm per year, currently rising by 21-24 cm. ㅇ The frequency and intensity of abnormal weather phenomena such as floods, typhoons, droughts, heat waves, cold waves, heavy snowfalls, and strong winds are increasing all over the world. ㅇ According to the IPCC 1.5 ℃ Special Report (2018), the 1.5 ℃ target can be achieved only when the global greenhouse gas emission is reduced by 45% by 2030 compared to 2010 levels and the carbon neutrality, which means net-zero emissions, is achieved by 2050. □ The trend of strengthening the level of response to climate change in the international community ㅇ With the official launch of the Paris climate regime from 2021, ambitious efforts from all countries in the world are urged to respond to climate change. ㅇ In 2019, the EU announced the European Green Deal and confirmed the official goal of carbon neutrality by 2050, and to achieve this, various internal and external policies such as the introduction of the carbon border adjustment mechanism and reform of the greenhouse gas emission trading system are promoted. ㅇ With the beginning of the Biden administration in the United States in 2021, the United States is making positive moves to restore its climate leadership and urging the world’s major emitting countries to raise the reduction targets. ㅇ The Green New Deal and carbon neutrality declarations continued in China, Japan, and Korea, and the Green New Deal and carbon neutrality emerged as global paradigms. 2. International development cooperation and climate change □ Adoption of a new paradigm for international development cooperation based on UN SDGs ㅇ The UN SDGs (2016-2030), which are based on the principle of sustainable development (2015), established as a new paradigm for international development cooperation in the international community - The UN SDGs consist of 17 goals and 169 detailed goals and indicators based on the three axes of society, economy, and environment. - Among the Goals, No. 7 Affordable and Clean Energy and No. 13 Climate Action specify support for low carbon development and strengthening of climate resilience in developing countries. - Since the UN SDGs are not legally binding, the UN recommends that all member countries submit a voluntary national report every four years to check the actual implementation status. □ Establishment of the principles of aid effectiveness in the OECD DAC ㅇ The High-Level Fora on Aid Effectiveness of the OECD DAC, which consists of advanced and donor countries, has established the principles of ODA through four meetings so far. ㅇ Adopt the principles of ownership, result-orientation, mutual accountability, transparency, and sustainability to maximize the effect of ODA Ⅲ. Analysis of Demand for Inter-Korean Climate Development Cooperation 1. The impact of climate change on the Korean Peninsula and North Korea’s perception □ Impact of climate change on the Korean Peninsula ㅇ Compared to the present (1995~2014), the average annual temperature of the Korean Peninsula in the future is expected to rise by 2.6~7.0 ℃, and the average precipitation will increase by 3~14%. ㅇ According to the scenario of the National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, in the case of the low carbon scenario, the average temperature rises by 2.6 ℃, and relatively high damage due to climate change is expected on the Korean Peninsula between 2081 and 2100. □ North Korea’s perception of climate change ㅇ North Korea is exposed to the risks of climate change to such an extent that it was selected as the 7th country most affected by climate change from 1992 to 2011 in the Global Climate Risk Index 2013. ㅇ In the 20th century, the average temperature in North Korea has risen by 1.9 °C, which is three times the increase in the global average temperature. ㅇ Reports on climate change have been increasing since 2014 in the North Korean newspapers Rodong Sinmun and Democratic Chosun, and the food crisis, international efforts, and energy development are the main content of discourses. 2. North Korea’s power and energy situation □ North Korea’s power and energy shortage and renewable energy supply plan ㅇ As of 2019, North Korea’s total primary energy supply was 13.77 million TOE, and per capita supply was 0.55 TOE. ㅇ In 2018, the proportions of the total primary energy supply by fuel were 62.0% for coal, 22.4% for hydro, 6.7% for petroleum, and 8.9% for others. ㅇ Hydropower and thermal power account for most of the power generation sector, and the proportions of hydropower and thermal power in power generation are almost the same. ㅇ Currently, 15 hydroelectric power plants and eight thermal power plants are operating but many power plants are in a state of shutdown due to aging facilities and difficulties in coordinating between facilities. ㅇ In 2018, the electricity access rate in North Korea was 48.5%, which is the level of the world’s least developed country. ㅇ As the level of sanctions against North Korea, which have been in effect since 2006, has been strengthened since 2013 and the supply of fuel from the outside has been cut off, North Korea is paying attention to renewable energy. ㅇ Adoption of the Renewable Energy Law in 2013 and the plan to possess 5,000 MW of renewable energy generation capacity by 2044 3. Paris Climate Regime and North Korea’s attitude □ North Korea’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) ㅇ North Korea has been cooperative with the international climate regime since 1992, when the UNFCCC was adopted. ㅇ As of 2000, North Korea’s greenhouse gas emissions amounted to 65.71 million tons, accounting for 0.16% of global emissions. ㅇ In the NDCs submitted in 2016, North Korea presented a target of 8% unconditional reduction compared to BAU by 2030, and 40.25% reduction compared to BAU if foreign support is provided. ㅇ The fields in which North Korea wants foreign support include power transmission and distribution, nuclear power plants, solar power, wind power, biogas, etc. 4. Korea’s demand for cooperation □ Limitations and necessity of the functionalist approach ㅇ The functionalist approach is to try to alleviate conflicts and tensions in the military and security aspects of high-level politics through cooperation in low-level political domains such as environment and technology. - The goal is to gradually relieve tensions and build a foundation for peace through the way of building cooperation and trust in the low politics area. ㅇ The functionalist approach is limited in that it overlooks the influence of important variables outside the target of cooperation, such as the United States and China, and does not take into account the various interests within the target country that appear in the course of cooperation. ㅇ Although functionalism has certain limitations, the accumulation of experience in cooperation through environmental cooperation can yield certain results, and it can serve as a window for dialogue to partially resolve military and security rigidity. ㅇ Since the Korean Peninsula is exposed to the new security threat of climate change, climate development cooperation that supports North Korea’s low carbon development is a cooperative field that has an important meaning and will prove effective for both South Korea and North Korea. - In the long term, the concept of carbon neutrality on the Korean Peninsula can be realized, and in the short term, it is an area in which alleviating tensions on the Korean Peninsula can be pursued. □ Inter-Korean Climate Cooperation Plan in Korea’s National Policy ㅇ In 2030 GHG Reduction Roadmap Amendment (2018), it is planned to reduce 38.3 million tons through forest sinks and overseas reduction (including inter-Korean cooperation). ㅇ In the Second Comprehensive Plan for the Promotion of Carbon Sink (2018-2022) (2018), a plan to prepare special provisions for securing domestic carbon credits through North Korea’s afforestation projects is reviewed. ㅇ One of the key tasks of the 3rd Five-Year Plan for Green Growth (2019-2023)(2019) is strengthening inter-Korean green cooperation, and the establishment of the foundation for inter-Korean cooperation, forestry cooperation, agricultural cooperation, and support for revitalizing discussions on North Korea’s environmental cooperation at the international level are presented as specific areas of cooperation. ㅇ In the 3rd Basic Plan for the Development of Inter-Korean Relations (2020), the agenda for development cooperation will be actively explored in areas related to forest restoration, agriculture and livestock, environment (response to climate change, improvement of drinking water and sanitation, etc) and disasters (forest fires, floods, etc). Ⅳ. Factors to Consider in Inter-Korean Climate Development Cooperation 1. International sanctions against North Korea □ UN Security Council’s sanctions against North Korea ㅇ In 2006, after North Korea conducted its first nuclear test, the UN Security Council Resolution 1718 was adopted to impose sanctions against North Korea, and the UN Security Council 1718 Sanctions Committee was established against North Korea. ㅇ Since the adoption of Resolution 1718 in 2006, the 1718 North Korea Sanctions Committee has adopted a total of nine more resolutions on sanctions against North Korea and implemented the highest level of customized and comprehensive sanctions. ㅇ Exemption from sanctions has been approved for a total of 20 items since August 7 2019, and most of them correspond to humanitarian aid such as medical care and hygiene. - Some exceptions, such as solar panels, are also at the level for the use of medical devices or small-scale greenhouse cultivation. ㅇ Under the current sanctions on North Korea, it is impossible to provide assistance to North Korea except for small-scale items with a humanitarian character. □ U.S. and South Korea’s sanctions against North Korea ㅇ In 2017, the United States strengthened sanctions against North Korea through legislation and implemented strong and unilateral sanctions that exceed the level of UN Security Council sanctions. ㅇ U.S. sanctions stipulate that third parties are subject to secondary sanctions even in case of mere transactions with North Korea, which is the primary target of sanctions, creating a situation in which it is difficult for any country to maintain transactions with North Korea. ㅇ After the sinking of the Cheonan in 2010 by a North Korean torpedo, South Korea announced the May 24 Measures and implemented strong economic sanctions against North Korea. ㅇ When North Korea conducted its third nuclear test in 2013 and its fourth nuclear test in 2016, the Park Geun-hye administration enforced 3.8 Independent Sanctions Against North Korea separately from UN Security Council sanctions, strengthening the existing 5.24 Measures. - After North Korea’s fifth nuclear test, the South Korean government further strengthened the existing measures by announcing the 12.2 Independent Sanctions Against North Korea. ㅇ The Moon Jae-in government, which was launched in 2017, also designated North Korean organizations and individuals involved in the development of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles as targets of independent sanctions. 2. The issue of reflecting the principles of international development cooperation □ Legal regulations related to inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation ㅇ Since the 2000s, the international community’s aid to North Korea has been made in the form of 100% ODA, but South Korea is unable to provide aid to North Korea in the form of ODA due to the peculiarities of inter-Korean relations stipulated by the current law. ㅇ North Korea is not recognized as a state in the Constitution of South Korea, Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation Act, and Inter-Korean Relations Development Act, and inter-Korean relations are defined as special relations that are provisionally formed in the process of pursuing unification, not as those between states; inter-Korean transactions are also regarded as intra-ethnic transactions rather than inter-state transactions. ㅇ Korea became a member of the OECD DAC in 2009, and established the legal basis for ODA policy through the enactment of the International Development Cooperation Act in 2010. - However, according to South Korean laws, North Korea cannot be a target of ODA (developing country). □ The need for a new paradigm for inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation that reflects the principles of ODA effectiveness ㅇ Rules and procedures applicable to inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation are established and implemented according to a unique agreement between the two Koreas, not the general standards for international development cooperation. ㅇ Existing projects regarding North Korea have shown problems at the planning stage (examination process and standards), the implementation stage (transparency, efficiency, institutionalization), the final stage (project performance evaluation guidelines), and the sense of ownership (effective project execution through clear goals and transparent implementation systems). - Efforts are needed to apply the principles and standards of ODA to inter-Korean exchange and cooperation projects. ㅇ North Korea is also actively cooperating with the implementation of new international development cooperation called the UN SDGs in a situation in which external support is desperately needed to resolve domestic problems, and especially, Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) were designated as the top priority. ㅇ Although North Korea cannot be selected as a target country for ODA under the current law, it is necessary to establish a new paradigm that reflects the principles of aid effectiveness of the OECD DAC and mainstreams the paradigm of the UN SDGs in inter-Korean exchange and cooperation projects. ㅇ In the future, on the premise of sanctions relief against North Korea, sufficient legal review, and national consensus, enactment of special laws related to sustainable North Korean development cooperation, and promoting inter-Korean climate development cooperation that reflects the UN SDGs and the principles of aid effectiveness of ODA may also be considered. Ⅴ. Conclusion and Suggestions 1. Principles of inter-Korean climate development cooperation □ Inter-Korean climate development cooperation should be promoted under the three principles of peace on the Korean Peninsula, standards for international development cooperation, and carbon neutrality. ㅇ Peace on the Korean Peninsula is the principle that inter-Korean cooperation projects must not violate the principle of easing tensions on the Korean Peninsula and furthermore, pursuing peace on the Korean Peninsula. ㅇ The International Development Cooperation Standard is the principle that the universal paradigm of international development cooperation called the UN SDGs and the OECD DAC aid effectiveness principle should be sufficiently introduced and reflected in inter-Korean exchange and cooperation projects. ㅇ Carbon neutrality is the principle that all inter-Korean cooperation projects should mainstream and internalize the carbon neutrality goal in order to overcome the climate crisis on the Korean Peninsula and achieve carbon neutrality in 2050. 2. Areas and measures for bilateral climate development cooperation □ Characteristics of existing inter-Korean environmental cooperation ㅇ Until now, most of the inter-Korean environmental cooperation has been centered on the private sector, and there are only a few official projects at the government level. - In 2005, forestry cooperation was first officially documented, including the establishment of a nursery and control of forest pests. - Afterwards, an agreement was reached on joint research on Mt. Baekdu volcano, exchange of information on air pollution such as yellow dust, and protection of biological sites on the Korean Peninsula. ㅇ Considering that inter-Korean environmental cooperation has been centered on private support limited to specific areas (forest and water quality), the future task of inter-Korean environmental cooperation is to expand the business field, promote participation of various actors, and apply international development cooperation standards that go beyond North Korea’s peculiarities. - In addition to the existing forestry and water quality fields, inter-Korean cooperation is newly needed in the field of climate change response (low carbon development and strengthening climate resilience), which is recently recognized as the most important environmental issue. □ Forestry ㅇ Farmland development, forest fuel extraction, and timber export for foreign currency have led to serious deforestation in North Korea. In response, the Kim Jong-un regime declared a “battle for forest restoration” in 2014 and restored all mountains within ten years. Active afforestation and forest management policies are being implemented. ㅇ After the inter-Korean summit in 2018, the forestry sector was designated as the only possible area for cooperative projects not subject to sanctions against North Korea, and in October of the same year, inter-Korean forest cooperation talks were held to discuss construction of nurseries, etc. ㅇ Based on North Korea’s high demand and existing cooperation experience, the forest sector can be a major area for inter-Korean cooperation projects, and in a situation where the role of forests as a carbon sink in the climate crisis is highlighted, it is possible to promote climate development cooperation projects in the form of REDD+ and SDM. - The REDD+ project implemented by Korea in Cambodia from 2015 to 2019 is an important benchmarking model. □ Water resource management including hydroelectric power generation ㅇ Since North Korea is highly dependent on hydroelectric power as to the extent of 60% of its power generation, strengthening North Korea’s hydropower capacity is a task directly related to North Korea’s economic recovery. ㅇ North Korea’s hydroelectric power plants are more than 60 years old, accounting for 30% of the total, and it is 40% if those that are more than 40 years old are included. - Due to economic difficulties and sanctions against North Korea, maintenance of facilities is difficult, so the use of hydroelectric power is only 25-30%. ㅇ There is high demand from North Korea for the construction of new hydroelectric power plants or projects to enhance the performance and efficiency of existing hydroelectric power plants. ㅇ Climate adaptation projects such as preventing flood damage by supporting North Korea’s systematic improvement of water resource management capabilities are also in high demand. □ Renewable energy (wind, solar) ㅇ North Korea is seeking to solve the electricity shortage through the production of renewable energy such as wind, tide, biomass, and solar. ㅇ North Korea’s solar power generation potential is about four times that of South Korea, and wind power is estimated to be higher than that of South Korea. ㅇ Since the centralized grid-connected method consumes a lot of money, in North Korea, where the grid is in a very poor state and there is little infrastructure such as roads, the distributed generation type of renewable energy project is more efficient. ㅇ It is appropriate to increase the scale of the project by first promoting a project to supply a small-scale wind power and solar power combined power generation system on a trial basis, and then constructing a large onshore and offshore wind power generation complex. ㅇ In accordance with the principle of reciprocity rather than unilateral support, a method of exchanging resources such as rare earth elements can be considered, and cooperation in emission permits through carbon trade between the two Koreas can be promoted. ㅇ Technology transfer and joint technology development through inter-Korean research and development cooperation at universities and research institutes are also major areas of cooperation. 3. Areas and measures for multilateral climate development cooperation □ Multilateral cooperation through international organizations such as GCF ㅇ Recently, ODA in the international community is increasingly being conducted in the form of multilateral cooperation using international organizations. - Among the ODA of OECD DAC member countries, multilateral aid accounts for about 28%, and multilateral cooperation using international organizations accounts for about 44% of the total ODA worldwide. ㅇ Since the international community’s aid to North Korea often takes the multilateral ODA method, 39% of the total aid in 2017 was multilateral, and the designated contribution method using international organizations accounted for 43% of the total aid. - As bilateral aid to North Korea became difficult, it provided funds to international organizations such as the UN, World Bank Group, and regional development banks, and designated its use. ㅇ Korea can focus on using the GCF, the official operating entity of the Financial Mechanism of the UNFCCC, and the GGGI, the first international organization established by Korea to respond to climate change. - The GCF is an organization specialized in climate change response that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support adaptation to climate change in developing countries (the secretariat is located in Songdo, Korea). - GGGI provides advice on sustainable economic development in developing countries and supports the establishment of low carbon green growth strategies. ㅇ In order to promote climate development cooperation projects in a multilateral way through GCF, the case of the GCF Tina River hydroelectric power generation project can be benchmarked. - The Tina River hydroelectric power plant project was planned by the Ministry of Strategy and Finance and the Export-Import Bank of Korea EDCF. - Various investors such as the GCF, EDCF, ADB, IRENA/ADFD, IDB, Solomon Islands government, Australian government, and private investment institutions jointly invested $234 million. - The goal is to solve the power shortage and secure low carbon power generation sources through the construction of 15 MW hydroelectric power plants. ㅇ All six cases that North Korea registered as UNFCCC CDM projects in 2012 were hydroelectric power plant construction projects, and the demand for hydroelectric power plant construction through international support is very high. ㅇ In 2019, North Korea received a small-scale project approval from the GCF, but it was not implemented due to the UN Security Council’s refusal to apply for sanctions exemption. - As a result, multilateral cooperation projects using international organizations must also presuppose the sanctions relief against North Korea. □ Utilization of international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) ㅇ It is possible to promote climate development cooperation with North Korea in such a way that South Korea cooperates with third countries or international non-governmental organizations. ㅇ Nautilus Institute in the United States and Campus fur Christus in Switzerland have experience of carrying out renewable energy projects in North Korea, installing and operating wind power generators. ㅇ The Hanns-Seidel-Foundation Korea office has been carrying out projects such as conservation of wetlands and migratory birds, and fostering sustainable forests in North Korea since 1987.

중국의 대(對)아세안 국제개발협력과 일대일로구상

윤진 ( Yin Jin ),이권호 ( Lee Kwon Ho ) 한중사회과학학회 2021 한중사회과학연구 Vol.19 No.4

중국은 OECD DAC의 회원국은 아니지만 국제개발협력의 분야의 강력한 신흥공여국으로 등장하고 있다. 2013년 일대일로구상을 발표하면서 중국은 국제개발협력을 지렛대로 활용하면서 중국의 국가이익과 대외정책을 추진하려는 경향을 보이고 있다. 특히 일대일로의 해상실크로드의 연선에 있는 아세안 국가들은 중국의 국제개발협력의 주요한 대상 국가이다. 중국의 대아세안 개발협력의 동기와 규모 및 형태의 분석을 통해 중국의 국제개발협력의 목적과 성격을 밝히는 것이 본 논문의 연구목적이다. 본 논문의 목적을 달성하기 위해, 공여국의 일반적인 국제개발협력의 목적 범주를 가설하고, 이 가설에 기초하여 중국의 아세안 개발협력 사례를 분석한다. 특히 중국은 일대일로구상의 핵심 목표를 ‘5통’으로 설정하고 있는데, 5통의 각 내용에 기초하여 중국의 대 아세안 개발협력 사례를 조사한다. 과거 중국의 아세안 국가들에 대한 국제개발협력이 농후한 정치외교적 동기에 기초했다면, 2013년 일대일로구상의 발표 이후 중국의 대 아세안 정책은 경제 동반성장과 인도주의적 목적의 국제개발협력 형태로 포장되어 간다는 것이다. 일대일로구상의 5통정책에 대하여 일부 비판의 목소리도 있지만 수원국 국민들로부터 상당한 지지를 받고 있으며, 아세안 국가들은 중국과의 더욱 긴밀한 경제협력 관계 구축을 모색하고 있다. Although China is not a member of the OECD DAC, it has emerged as a strong emerging donor in the field of international development cooperation. When China announced its One Belt One Road Initiative in 2013, it is showing a tendency to use international development cooperation as leverage and pursue its national interests and foreign policies. In particular, ASEAN countries along the Maritime Silk Road of the One Belt One Road are the major targets of China’s international development cooperation. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the purpose and nature of China’s international development cooperation through analysis of the motive, scale and form into China’s ASEAN development cooperation. To achieve the purpose of this paper, we hypothesize the objective category of general international development cooperation in donor countries and analyze the case of ASEAN development cooperation in China based on this hypothesis. In particular, China sets a key goal of the One Belt One Road Initiative as “Five Tongs,” which investigates China’s development cooperation with ASEAN based on each of the five contents. In addition, the government will analyze the correlation between China’s support cases and the hypothesis for the four main purposes of international development cooperation to reveal the performance and nature of China’s ASEAN development cooperation. In the past, China’s international development cooperation with ASEAN countries was based on rich political and diplomatic motives, but since the announcement of the One Belt One Road Initiative in 2013, China’s policy has gradually changed to economic shared growth and humanitarian international development cooperation. There are some criticisms of the One Belt One Road Initiative’s Five Tongs Policy, but it has received considerable support from the people of the recipient country, and ASEAN countries are seeking closer economic cooperation with China.

북한 환경상태 조사 및 남북 환경협력사업 개발 연구 : 총괄보고서

강택구,추장민,명수정,김충기,전동준,조공장,한상운,안현준,장은미,김승현 한국환경연구원 2020 사업보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. Research Background and Purpose ❏ Necessity for research ㅇ The goals of seeking sustainable development on the Korean Peninsula and realizing an inter-Korean environmental community increase the need to implement the inter-Korean exchange and cooperation in terms of the environment. - Through the Pyongyang Joint Declaration on the 19th of September in 2018, the leaders of the two Koreas agreed to implement environmental cooperation. ㅇ Currently, there is insufficient data and information on and inadequate understanding of the current status of North Korea’s environment. ㅇ Hence, there is a need to solve the environmental problems in North Korea, identify the needs for discovering and implementing the inter-Korean cooperation projects, and create environmental data. ❏ Research purpose ㅇ The long-term purpose of this comprehensive project is to create a database on North Korea’s environment for a long-term and sustainable investigation into environmental conditions. Furthermore, it aims to develop inter-Korean environmental cooperation strategies and projects to solve the environmental problems in North Korea with a view of realizing an inter-Korean environmental community through sustainable development of the peninsula. ㅇ To fulfill the purpose, the project has the following research objectives. - First, survey and analyze the environmental conditions in North Korea and create a database on North Korea’s environment - Second, study the development of key projects in the inter-Korean environmental cooperation - Third, create and operate a network related to North Korea’s environment - Fourth, share and spread achievements in research on North Korea’s environment Ⅱ. 2020 Progress in Implementing Research Projects ❏ As a general report on the investigation of North Korea’s environmental conditions and the development of inter-Korean environmental cooperation projects, this report includes the following: ㅇ The summaries of specific tasks include the research results of the six tasks. ㅇ The summary of strategies and plans for the informatization of North Korea’s environmental conditions includes those of the KEI Center for Environmental Information of North Korea attached to KEI as well as the mid-to-long-term research plans. ㅇ The summary of academic activities and networks includes information on international conferences and forums, publications, literature review, and data building related to inter-Korean environmental cooperation. 1. Summary of specific projects ❏ Analysis of the current status of environmental pollution in the DPRK and inter-Korean environmental cooperation measures―Focusing on air pollution ㅇ The study identifies the spatial distribution of environmental pollutants in North Korea and creates basic data for estimating the heavily polluted areas that would require inter-Korean cooperation for environmental improvement. ㅇ This study collected data and created a map of the industrial complexes in North Korea as its sources of major pollutants. ㅇ As plans to reduce the air pollutants and improve the atmospheric environment in North Korea, this study suggests the installation of an air pollution monitoring network as a project to monitor the atmospheric environment, and “the acquisition of air pollution prevention facilities in the industrial complexes”, “the provision of high-efficiency heating and cooking facilities and equipment for home use”, and “the boosting of the capacity to improve the atmospheric environment” as cooperation projects for air pollution reduction. ㅇ Since access to currently available data puts limitations on the detailed identification of the air pollutants in North Korea, basic data need to be collected by obtaining actually measured on-site data. ❏ Assessment of the conditions of the Han River estuary and development of an environment information sharing platform ㅇ This study presents a plan and a policy for the assessment of the conditions of the Han River estuary according to the long-term change in the environment and its peaceful utilization by identifying the key environmental conditions and issues of the estuary. ㅇ In the sustainability assessment conducted to examine the status of the Han River estuary in terms of the social, economic, and environmental issues, it scored lower in the social sector and relatively higher in the environment sector. ㅇ The research project will explore a plan to improve the pressure-status-response (PSR) system for the Han River estuary by setting the research direction as to measure and create the Ocean Health Index and Land Health Index that take the pressure, condition, tendency, and response into account. ㅇ It is necessary to expand and strengthen the consultative bodies on the Han River estuary including the “Han River Estuary Sustainability Committee” among others and create its legal basis so that the estuary may become a venue for the inter-Korean reconciliation. ❏ Environmental impact assessment for development projects in the DMZ region with the focus on DMZ and its border area in Gangwon Province ㅇ This study aims to present an EIA plan to be applied in the implementation of development projects through reviewing the DMZ development projects in terms of sustainability and collecting and building data on the regional natural environment and development plans. ㅇ The study analyzes the environmental data, development plans, and current development projects, creates spatial information, performs space planning, and develops an EIA plan in the DMZ border areas in Gangwon Province. ㅇ The study has identified the possibility of a clash with environmental concerns during the implementation of development projects and the need to prepare a specific EIA plan for sustainable development. ㅇ With respect to the Ecological Nature Status and the Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM), which are crucial for deciding the adequacy of site and plan in EIA, the five counties in Gangwon Province bordering North Korea, which include a large high-grade area where conservation takes priority, require that harmony be ensured between conservation and development and sustainable development through close reviews and eco-friendly planning of development projects. ❏ A plan to establish a safeguard for the environment and society considering development investment projects in North Korea ㅇ In preparation for development projects in North Korea, the study establishes a plan to improve North Korea’s EIA system and environmental and social safeguards for investment projects to build and reinforce environmental and social safeguards. ㅇ With regard to the direction for the improvement of North Korea’s EIA, North Korea has the EIA law only and has yet to come up with specific enforcement regulations, enforcement rules, and guidelines, which takes the northern regime down to the level of that in South Korea in the early 1980s. With this background, it is necessary to create an EIA system that clearly states the eligible project types and the regulations on the evaluation criteria and includes the procedures for resident participation and information disclosure, the specific evaluation guidelines, and the nurturing of a specialized review agency. ㅇ It is desirable that the safeguards for North Korea’s investment projects comply with those of aid organizations according to the sources of investment instead of merely complying with South Korea’s Act on Assessment of Impacts of Works on Environment, Traffic, Disasters, and so on or North Korea’s EIA law. ❏ North Korea’s environmental legislation trends and DB construction ㅇ This study distinguishes the period before and after Kim Jong-un’s arrival in power to examine the major changes to North Korea’s environmental law and collect related data for in depth analysis of North Korea’s environmental legislation. ㅇ The study has built the foundation for the inter-Korean integration of environmental cooperation projects and laws by creating a database on and tracking the changes to North Korea’s environmental laws and international environmental cooperation before and after Kim Jong-un’s arrival in power. ㅇ North Korea’s environmental law is transforming according to the changes in the current environmental practice and perception of the environment. North Korea has continuously participated in international conferences related to the environment and engaged in specific actions, even after the beginning of the Kim Jong-un administration. ㅇ Considering that the changes in North Korea’s environment-related legal system and individual laws are in line with the changes in South Korea’s environmental law, it can be said that North Korea’s environmental awareness is gradually becoming stronger. ❏ Land cover status and mapping based on satellite images of major areas in North Korea ㅇ The study aims to acquire and establish environmental spatial data on North Korea for the purpose of creating a sustainable Korean Peninsula land management and development plan and objectively and scientifically analyzing North Korea’s environmental conditions. ㅇ It further aims to create a land cover map of economic development zones in North Korea (Rason Economic Trade Zone, Wonsan and Kumgang Mountain International Tourism Zone) by unifying the land cover map classification systems of the two Koreas and selecting the classification criteria based on a digital topographic map and the latest satellite images (SPOT 6/7 1.5 m spatial resolution). ㅇ Based on the medium-category land cover map, the study analyzed the area with a high probability for development using the Land Suitability Assessment criteria and expert-weighted evaluation criteria. 2. Summary of strategies and plans for the informatization of North Korea’s environmental conditions ❏ Research purpose and method ㅇ In seeking to fulfill the vision and goal of the KEI Center for Environmental Information of North Korea and continuously perform data management and services, the study has created a phased computing environment creation plan. - The study describes the internal operations, external environment analysis, consultation from external services, and SWOT analysis of the KEI Center for Environmental Information of North Korea ❏ Key research details ㅇ Regarding the internal operations of KEI, the study analyzes the software used by researchers and analyzes topics and data of North Korea-related reports by establishing standards for different scales. ㅇ Regarding the external environment of KEI, the study has surveyed the data owned by four agencies that can work with the KEI North Korea Environmental Information Center in the future and handle related tasks. - As related agencies, the study selected the Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water), National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NIAS), and National Institute of Forest Science (NIFOS). ㅇ Based on the results of the analysis of the internal and external operations of KEI, the study consulted experts and performed SWOT analysis. ❏ Key research results ㅇ From the expert advice, SWOT analysis, and through the KEI researchers’ discussions, the study identified the tasks and created a roadmap for the purpose of implementing the KEI Plan for the informatization of North Korea’s environmental conditions. - For the purpose of prioritizing the tasks, the study has used the following categories: importance, accessibility, and urgency. ㅇ The study has created a (tentative) scenario for the information service that can be made available in the future from the data on North Korea’s environment that will be collected by the KEI North Korea Environmental Information Center. - The study has presented a (tentative) service scenario that uses the text-based information services, hierarchical items, and spatial data. 3. Summary of academic activities and networks ❏ International academic conference for intranational cooperation and communication for sustainable development on the Korean Peninsula (held online and offline on December 1, 2020) ㅇ The Study has explored the needs for the implementation of international cooperation and communication for sustainable development on the Korean Peninsula and inter-Korean environmental cooperation. ㅇ It explored how to expand the epistemic community that shares an understanding on the future inter-Korean environmental cooperation and sustainable development, build an international cooperation network, and promote active exchange of knowledge. ❏ KEI Inter-Korean Environment Forum ㅇ The forum, which is joined by environment-related research facilities and specialists, aims to explore plans to develop inter-Korean environmental cooperation strategies and projects. ㅇ Four sessions of the KEI Inter-Korean Environment Forum have been held covering the following topics: 1. plans for cooperation on border areas and shared rivers, 2. the Imjin River estuary and inter-Korean environmental cooperation, 3. the peaceful use of the border areas, and 4. plans for the sustainable use of the Han River estuary. ❏ KEI North Korean Environment Review ㅇ The first issue was published in 2020 with the aim of providing current information and analysis on North Korea, inter-Korean relations, and North Korea’s environmental conditions and policies. ❏ KEI North Korean Environment ㅇ KEI North Korean Environment is published with the aim of promoting understanding of North Korea’s environment through major academic journals of North Korea and the media in South Korea and abroad. ❏ An in-depth analysis of the literature on North Korea’s drinking water supply system ㅇ This study aims to create data for identifying the current North Korea’s drinking water supply by reviewing and summarizing the documents related to the supply system that are published by the South Korean government ministries, international organizations, and research facilities, and the documents published in North Korea. ㅇ This study provides analytical summaries of the data related to North Korea’s drinking water supply system that are included in the reports on the supply created by the Ministry of Unification, Ministry of Environment, K-water, Korea Environment Institute (KEI) in South Korea, and the UN’s environmental reports, among others. ㅇ Using 20 selected keywords, this study summarizes 183 items of data from newspapers and journals including the data from the Central Bureau of Statistics of North Korea and Rodong Sinmun. ㅇ The study reviews law, policy, demand and supply of the water system, and water resources and quality of North Korea. ❏ Examining the Japanese literature review on North Korea’s environment and ecology ㅇ Basic data were collected and a database on North Korea’s environment was created through literature review that uses keywords related to North Korea’s environment and ecology in the text data owned by the National Diet Library of Japan. ㅇ Using geographical keywords related to North Korea, about 15,000 books were reviewed from 370,000 items of digitized data available to the general public in the National Diet Library of Japan and classified according to the Japanese bibliographic classification system. ㅇ In the final stage, 89 items of text data in Japanese that are related to North Korea’s environment and ecology were selected for analysis through the survey of the indices, summaries, and parts of the full text from 3,307 items of data searched and identified under the categories related to environment and ecology. - The research created a list of titles, authors, publishers, and summaries for the 89 items of text data. Ⅲ. Future Plans 1. Common areas of interest for the inter-Korean environmental cooperation ❏ Discovering areas of interest shared by the two Koreas ㅇ Common areas of interest have been identified based on South Korea’s suggestions since the launch of the Moon Jae-in government and the new year’s message from North Korea following Kim Jong-un’s arrival in power. ❏ Inter-Korean cooperation agenda in the environment and sustainable development ㅇ South Korea proposes cooperation with North Korea in infrastructure such as railroad and roads, environment and natural disasters such as forests, rivers, and water resources, and food and health. ㅇ North Korea is understood as being interested in energy and forest, river and water resources, and natural disaster management, which are closely related to agricultural and industrial production. ㅇ Forests, water resources, and natural disasters, environment, and sustainable development are common areas of interest. 2. Plans to be implemented ❏ The present study, which is a multi-year project that proceeds year by year, establishes (tentative) plans to be implemented based on the investigation and research conducted in the first year. ㅇ The goals of the research on North Korea’s environment are a) investigating the environmental conditions and creating environmental data, b) investigating and developing projects for the inter-Korean environmental cooperation, and c) building a research ecosystem for the research of North Korea’s environment and implementing the dissemination of achievements. ㅇ To this end, the implementation plan has been set up according to the phases of an establishment period (2020~2021), expansion period (2022~2024), and consolidation period (from 2025).

청소년 국제개발협력 참여 활성화 방안 연구

김정숙,조혜영,이덕난,이태주 한국청소년정책연구원 2014 한국청소년정책연구원 연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

이 연구의 목적은 한국의 국제개발협력 및 ODA 사업 추진 과정에서 청소년의 역할을 확대하고 참여를 활성화하기 위한 구체적인 방안을 제안하는 데 있다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해, 다음의 세 가지 연구내용을 분석하였다. 첫째, 국내외 청소년 국제개발협력 현황과 실태 및 관련 법령을 조사하였다. 둘째, 우리나라 청소년들의 국제개발협력에 대한 인식 및 청소년의 대표적인 국제개발협력 사업인 해외자원봉사 활동 참가 실태를 조사하여 현황을 파악하였다. 셋째, 해외자원봉사 활동에 직접 참가한 청소년 및 청소년지도자를 대상으로 해외자원봉사 활동의 현황과 문제점 및 개선점을 파악하였다. 상술한 연구내용 분석 결과와 전문가 자문조사 결과를 바탕으로, 향후 청소년의 국제개발협력 참여 활성화 방안 및 관련 정책과제를 제안하였다. 이를 위해 국내외 선행연구 및 관련 법령에 대한 문헌조사, 청소년 대상 설문조사와 청소년 및 청소년지도자 대상 면담조사, 전문가 자문조사와 정책협의회 등 다양한 연구방법을 활용하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 청소년정책 분야에서 국제개발협력 관련 활동은 청소년 국제교류 사업과 해외자원봉사 활동이 주를 이루고 있으나, 국제개발협력의 정신과 취지를 체계적으로 연계시키는 노력이 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 청소년 국제개발협력의 법적 근거가 되고 있는 ?국제개발협력기본법?, ?한국국제협력단법?과 ?청소년활동진흥법?은 청소년 대상 국제개발협력 활동 진흥 및 관련 전문인력의 양성에 대해 명확하게 규정하고 있지 않아 개선이 필요함을 확인하였다. 청소년 대상 설문조사와 청소년 및 청소년지도자 대상 면담조사를 통해, 국제개발협력에 대한 인식을 제고하기 위한 홍보 활성화와 인식 개선을 위한 교육, 해외자원봉사의 참여 기회 확대 및 해외자원봉사를 포함한 국제개발협력 관련 정보에 보다 용이하게 접근할 수 있는 시스템 구축이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 연구 결과를 토대로 정책 제언에서는 청소년 국제개발협력 기반 조성, 청소년 국제개발협력 인식 증진, 청소년 국제개발협력 참여 증진, 청소년 국제개발협력 전문가 양성이라는 4가지 주요 정책과제를 제시하고, 11가지 세부 추진내용을 제안하였다. The objective of this research is to propose specific policies to expand and promote the role of youth in Korea’s international development cooperation and in official development assistance (ODA) programs. To this end, the following three research topics have been investigated. First, the current status of youth international development cooperation and relevant legal framework in Korea and abroad were reviewed. Second, the youth’s perception of international development cooperation and the current status of overseas volunteering programs - which is the most common form of international development cooperation for youth - were analyzed. Third, the current issues and the ideas for improvement for overseas volunteering were surveyed from the youth and youth leaders who have participated in the programs. Based on the results from the aforementioned research and expert interviews, specific policies to promote youth participation in international development cooperation and relevant policy issues have been proposed. This research employed various research methodologies, including a comprehensive review of Korean and international literature and relevant laws and regulations, survey of the youth, in-depth interviews of the youth and youth leaders, advisory inquiry for expert, and consultative meeting on related policy. The key research results are as follows. In youth policies, international youth exchange and overseas volunteering are the most dominant international development cooperation programs. However, there are shortcomings in efforts to connect these programs to the spirit and objectives of international development cooperation. Next, the legal basis for participation of the youth in international development cooperation - “Framework Act on International Development Cooperation,” “Korea International Cooperation Agency Act”and “Juvenile Activity Promotion Act”- fall short in clearly defining details in promoting international development cooperation activities for the youth and the training of relevant professionals. Finally, the survey of the youth and in-depth interviews with the youth and youth leaders have revealed the demands to promote more actively to improve awareness of international development cooperation, to provide more education to improve perception, to expand overseas volunteering opportunities, and to build a system providing easy access to information on international development cooperation including overseas volunteering. Based on these research results, four major policy issues ? establishing support for youth international development cooperation, improving the youth’s perception of international development cooperation, increasing the youth’s participation in international development cooperation, and training professionals in youth international development cooperation ? and eleven detailed policies have been proposed.

Development Cooperation: Between the Global and Regional Institutions: The Case of the UN Development Cooperation Forum and the OECD Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation

( Adel Bouda ),( Sook Jong Lee ) 성균관대학교 국정전문대학원 2017 국정관리연구 Vol.12 No.2

This paper is a first attempt to apply the regime complex analysis to the issue area of international development cooperation mainly applied for the study of international trade and environment regimes. We focus on the interactions between the UN Development Cooperation Forum (DCF) and the OECD-led Global Partnership for Effective Development (GPEDC). Following a synthetic approach combining the realist and institutionalist IOs theories, and drawing also from the literature on the interrelations between global and regional institutions, we tried to relate the strategic actions of state actors, mainly traditional and emerging development cooperation providers, to the dynamics of the interaction between the DCF and the GPEDC, and its observed patterns: cooperation, competition and division of labour.

포스트 개발 이론의 관점에서 본 한국의 아세안 지역 개발협력: 연구 동향 분석을 중심으로

연경심 경희대학교(국제캠퍼스) 국제지역연구원 2020 아태연구 Vol.27 No.1

This study analyzed the research trend on development cooperation of ROK in ASEAN region with the view of Post-Development Theory. It aimed at investigating the extent to which ROK has made a commitment to the partner country-oriented development cooperation from the experience of receiving aid support. In this context, this study targeted the ASEAN’s member states which are categorized as the partner countries in development cooperation and also recognized as the strategic partners of ROK. This study reviewed the key implications about the Post-Development Theory, which has been discussed as the alternative to existing donor-oriented development and presented an analytical principle for analyzing the perspectives and performance of development cooperation of ROK. With the proposed framework of content analysis, this study conducted the trend analysis on domestic research outputs in terms of development cooperation between ASEAN and ROK. In result, this study reached that ROK has implemented development cooperation policies and projects by emphasizing its national-level development goals and economic factors in ASEAN region. It hardly seemed that ROK’s approaches have embraced the positions and demands of the partner countries. However, the latest research trend revealed that the areas of development cooperation between ASEAN and ROK have been diversified and non-economic affairs such as social and cultural issues could get attention as well. Thus, this study suggested that ROK would encourage the partner countries to define their own concept of development, set the development goals and attain them from its experience as a partner country. It would be a way to highlight the ROK’s specialized approaches to conduct development cooperation. 포스트 개발 이론의 관점에서 한국의 아세안 지역 대상 개발협력 연구 동향을 분석했다. 협력국으로써 수원 경험이 있는 한국이 협력국 중심의 개발협력에 어느 정도 기여하는지 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 개발협력 협력국이자 전략적 파트너로 정책적 협력 관계에 있는 아세안 지역 국가들을 대상으로 했다. 포스트개발 이론의 관점에서 개발협력 인식과 실태분석을 위한 분석틀을 도출하고 한국의 아세안 지역 대상 개발협력에 관한 문헌 연구 결과를 토대로 내용분석 준거를 제시했다. 이 준거에 따라 본 연구는 한국의 아세안 지역의 개발협력에 관한 국내 연구동향을 분석했다. 그 결과 한국은 국가 수준의 목표와 경제 중심 개발협력 정책과 사업을 추진해 오고 있어 협력국의 입장과 요구를 충분히 수용했다고 보기에는 미흡하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 다만, 최근 들어 한국과 아세안 지역 국가들 간의 협력 영역이 다양해지고, 사회문화적 이슈와 같은 비경제적 요소들에 대한 관심 또한 커지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이에 본 연구는 협력국으로서의 경험을 활용하여 한국이 협력국의 입장에서 개발을 정의하고 목표를 설정하여 달성할 수 있는 한국형 개발협력의 특성을 강조할 필요가 있음을 제안하였다.

사회적 경제를 통한 국제개발협력과 남북교류협력 적용 가능성 연구

하상섭 기독교통일학회 2025 기독교와 통일 Vol.16 No.1

본 연구는 ‘사회적 경제’(social economy)를 통한 국제개발협력이 남북교류 협력 방식으로 적합한지를 살펴보는 데에 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 사회적 경제를 통한 국제개발협력에 대한 국제사회의 인식을 확인하고 우리보다 앞서 사회적 경제를 통한 국제개발협력을 실시한 유럽과 미국의 사례를 살펴본다. 또한 지금까지 진행된 남한의 대북 교류협력 사업에 대한 평가 및 문제점 극복을 위한 대안으로서 사회적 경제 방식이 적합한지를 살펴본다. 국제사회는 2015년 지속가능발전목표(SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals) 제정 이후 사회적 경제 방식이 SDGs 달성을 위한 효율적 기제라는 공감대가 형성됐고 유엔 사회개발위원회(Commission for Social Development), 국제노동기구(ILO), 경제협력개발기구(OCEC), 유엔 총회(General Assembly) 등 다양한 국제기구에서 이 같은 점을 명시하고 있다. 유럽과 미국은 사회적 경제를 통한 국제개발협력을 활발히 전개하거나 전개했고, 한국 역시 사회적 경제를 통한 국제개발협력을 시도하고 있다. 사회적 경제를 통한 남북교류협력은 그 동안 남한의 대북 협력사업에서 발생한 일방적 지원 및 분배투명성 문제와 같은 비효율성을 극복하고 북한 주민들의 자생력을 증진시킬 수 있는 방안이 될 것으로 판단된다. 이처럼 많은 장점을 가진 사회적 경제를 통한 대북 협력 사업을 전개하기 위해서는 남북 간 정치적 상황이 호전되고 북한 관리와의 신뢰 형성이 필요하다. 또한 사회적 경제를 통한 국제개발협력 운영 방식을 모르 는 북한 주민 및 남한 NGO 관계자에 대한 교육을 실시할 필요가 있다. This study aims to examine whether international development cooperation through the ‘social economy’ is appropriate for inter-Korean exchange and cooperation. To this end, this study shows the international community’s recognition of international development cooperation through the social economy. It also suggests the European and US cases, which have conducted international development cooperation based on the social economy. It finally tries to evaluate South Korea’s exchange and cooperation projects with North Korea up to the present and examine whether the social economy is an alternative model to overcome the problems of the existing model. Since the enactment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, the international community has formed a consensus that the social economy is an effective mechanism for achieving the SDGs, and various international organizations such as the UN Commission for Social Development, the International Labor Organization, OCEC, and the UN General Assembly admitted it. Europe and the United States have actively conducted development cooperation projects through the social economy, and Korea follows the same pattern. It is believed that inter-Korean exchange and cooperation through the social economy will be a way to overcome the ineffectiveness of one-way support towards North Korea and the ‘distribution transparency’ problem that has usually happened when the South provides the North with needed materials for cooperation projects. It may also promote the self-sustainability of North Koreans. It is necessary to improve the political relationship between the two Koreas and build trust with North Korean officials to develop cooperation projects based on the social economy. It also needs to educate ordinary North Koreans and South Korean NGO members on how social economy-based development cooperation operates.

삼각협력과 국제개발협력 전략

정혁 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2017 국제지역연구 Vol.26 No.4

International community has been paying revitalized attention to triangular cooperation as an effective strategy for development cooperation as the international society is turning multi-polarized due to the shift of the major source of world growth from the traditional western advanced economies to the emerging developing countries. Furthermore, the SDG’s emphasis on the integrated approach for economic and social development and the diversified expansion of the cooperation areas of the international development cooperation is well aligned with the nature of triangular cooperation which has a strong potential of improving development effectiveness by utilizing the diverse network of cooperation. At the same time, it is recognized that triangular cooperation faces various kinds of constraints and difficulties in implementation which are not present in the traditional bilateral or multilateral cooperation. We propose the division of labor, transaction costs economics, network theory as theoretical paradigms to understand triangular cooperation from the perspectives of enhancement of development effectiveness and formation of strategic multilateral cooperation relationship in the multi-polar international society. Based on such theoretical paradigms, we interpret the triangular cooperation and provide the implications for establishing the strategy for international development cooperation. 세계 경제성장의 축이 서구 선진국에서 신흥 개도국으로 이전하며 국제사회의 질서가 다극화되 어가고, SDG 이후 국제개발협력은 경제개발과 사회개발의 통합적 지속가능개발에 초점을 맞추며 협력 영역을 확대하는 추세에서, 협력국 간 분업과 다변화된 연결고리 확장을 통해 개발협력 영역 의 확대 가능성이 큰 삼각협력은 개발효과성 증진의 잠재성이 매우 큰 개발협력 전략으로 새롭게 주목받고 있다. 동시에 전통적인 양자협력이나 다자협력과는 달리 삼각협력의 집행에 있어서 다양 한 제약과 어려움이 존재한다는 인식이 있다. 본 연구는 삼각협력을 개발효과성 증진과 다극화된 국제사회에서 전략적 다자협력관계 형성의 차원에서 이해할 수 있는 이론적 패러다임으로 분업과 거래비용의 경제학 및 연결망 이론을 제시하고, 이에 기초한 삼각협력에 대한 해석을 제공하며, 이 러한 관점이 국제개발협력 전략 수립에 주는 함의를 논한다.

최근 독일 국제개발협력 거버넌스 변화의 영향 요인

최정애 한독사회과학회 2022 한독사회과학논총 Vol.32 No.1

Germany's international development cooperation governance has historically been carried out for the purpose of national interest and human rights. Germany's recent international development cooperation is seeking a new direction without departing from this scope. As a core country leading the European Union and a leader country leading the 4th industrial revolution, it seems that they are contemplating justification in the field of international development cooperation. On the other hand, this approach is closely related to recent national agendas such as digital and energy transition in the long term. This paper examines the historical changes in the governance system in order to help the understanding of international development cooperation in Germany. The point of time when the international development cooperation governance changed significantly was the 1960s when the budget for international development cooperation was organized and the 1990s when the East and West German development cooperation systems were integrated. Germany has changed the governance of international development cooperation according to internal and external political and economic flows in accordance with each era. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the current change in the flow of the times. In order to closely examine this change, this study examines the characteristics of the governance system for international development cooperation at the present time, and then analyzes the factors of change of the times that have settled into the current governance system. In conclusion, Germany's recent international development cooperation system is closely linked with the government's representative policy stance, and is leaping forward as a leader in helping set agendas in international cooperation such as the MDGs. 독일의 국제개발협력 거버넌스는 역사적으로 국익과 인권이라는 목적을 토대로 수행되어왔다. 최근 독일의 국제개발협력 역시 기존의 가치에서 벗어나지 않았지만, 한편으로 유럽 연합을 이끄는 핵심 국가이자 4차 산업혁명을 주도하는 국가로서 독일은 국제개발협력 분야의 아젠다 개발에 힘쓰는 모양새다. 이러한 접근은 장기적인 차원에서 디지털, 에너지 전환, 환경 문제 등 최근 독일의 국가적 아젠다와 밀접하게 연계되는 양상을 보인다는 것이 큰 특징이다. 독일은 시대에 맞춰 대내외 정치경제적 흐름에 따라 국제개발협력 거버넌스를 변화시켜왔다. 지금의 변화 역시 시대적 맥락에서 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 이 논문에서는 최근 독일의 국제개발협력 추진 체계에 대한 이해를 돕기 위해 거버넌스의 역사적 변화를 살펴본다. 추진 체계가 크게 변화한 시점은 국제개발협력 관련 예산이 편성된 1960년대와 동·서독 개발협력 추진 체계가 통합되었던 1990년대로, 현재 독일은 국제개발협력의 세 번째 큰 흐름을 맞이하고 있다. 다음으로 현재 시점에서 국제개발협력 거버넌스 체계의 특징을 알아본 후, 현재의 거버넌스 체제로 정착하게 된 시대적 변화 요인을 분석한다. 결론적으로최근 독일의 국제개발협력 체제는 정부의 대표적인 정책 기조와 밀접하게 연계함으로서, 독일은 MDGs 등 국제 협력 과제에 있어 아젠다 세팅을 돕는 리더 국가로서의 전략적 도약을 꾀하는 중이다.