한국의 대일 시장추격과 기술추격

김용열 ( Yong Yul Kim ) 현대일본학회 2011 日本硏究論叢 Vol.34 No.-

본 연구는 동아시아 경제권의 중심축을 차지하고 있는 한국과 일본의 추격 관계를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 한국이 1990년대 이후 일본을 시장과 기술의 측면에서 추격하고 있는 현상에 초점을 맞추어 추격의 정도와 특징, 의미를 살펴보고 있다. 먼저 시장추격에 대해 살펴보면 48개 주요 부문 가운데 14개 부문에서 한일 역전이 관찰되었고 근접추격의 유형을 포함할 경우 오히려 한국 우세가 일본 우위보다 많을 정도로 예상을 뛰어넘는 성과를 보이고 있다. 이러한 성과와 관련하여 두 가지 추론을 할 수 있다. 첫째, 기술추격이 시장추격에 비해 매우 성과가 낮고 큰 괴리가 있음에도 불구하고 시장추격의 발판으로서 기술능력의 제고가 전제되었다. 둘째, 기술능력의 충분한 지원이 없다고 하더라도 생산성의 급격한 향상이나 볼륨 존 중시의 마케팅 전략이 시장성과를 높이는 데 기여했을 수 있다. 다음으로 기술추격에 대해서 보면 시장추격에 비해 현저하게 낮은 성과를 보이고 있지만 매우 높은 증가율을 기록하고 있어 추후 큰 변화가 있을 수도 있다. 시장추격과 기술추격의 괴리로 볼 때 기술추격이 먼저 이루어지고 이를 바탕으로 시장추격이 본격화하는 양상은 아니라고 할 수 있다. 부분적으로 기술추격이 시장추격을 추동한 정황은 있지만 기술추격이 이루어진 후 시장추격이 따라 이루어지는 선형적인 관계는 반드시 성립하지 않는다. 반면에 시장성공이 지식자원으로 연결되어 기술추격의 원동력으로 이어질 가능성은 충분히 상정할 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the catch-up relations between Korea and Japan which are playing as central axis of East Asian economy. We will explore the extent, features and meaning of Korean market and technological catch-up with Japan since 1990s. When we see a market catch-up, Korea overtook Japan in 14 sectors among 48 main sectors. If we include six cases of close approaching, Korea rather dominates Japan in their market performance contrary to our anticipation. We can infer two things from this result. First, enhancement of technological capability was premised as a basis for market catch-up despite that technological catch-up showed lower performance than market catch-up and brought a big estrangement with market catch-up. Second, rapid increase of productivity as well as market strategy focused on volume zone might contribute to advancement of market performance without sufficient support of technological capability. When we move on to technological catch-up, we can find very high growth rate of Korean technological capability and may expect unusual change of trend in the near future, although it showed still low performance compared to market catch-up. On account of estrangement between technological and market catch-up, we can hardly judge that market catch-up was activated followed by technological catch-up. Though we could find a possibility that technological catch-up partially promoted market catch-up, linear relationship in which market catch-up takes place after technological catch-up was realized does not necessarily exit. On the other hand, market success may be connected to knowledge resources and finally leaded to the driving force of technological catch-up.

추격 성과의 다중 비교: 한국, 일본, 미국, 중국 간 시장추격을 중심으로

김용열 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2013 국제지역연구 Vol.22 No.2

In this study, catch-up performance in major manufacturing sectors was analyzed over twenty years since the 1990s. We completed multiple comparisons by analyzing Korean catch-up with Japan and the US as well as Chinese catch-up with Korea. As indices for market catch-up, advantage trend and threat type were used. Attributes of industry classification and technology level were also analyzed. In terms of the performance of market catch-up among Korea, Japan, the US and China, Korean catch-up with Japan was found to be very strong from the early 1990s to the late 2000s. Korean catch-up with the US was not as strong. Chinese catch-up with Korea was stronger than Korean catch-up with Japan over the entire period where our analysis was conducted. These findings were common in the analysis of advantage trend and threat type. In the Korean catch-up with Japan and Chinese catch-up with Korea, sectors belonging to low value-added industries and low level of technology were dominant in the early stage. However, many sectors belonging to high value-added industries and high level of technology in the late stage were identified. Such tendency was more obvious in the Chinese catch-up with Korea than in the Korean catch-up with Japan. 본 연구에서는 1990년대 이후 20여 년에 걸쳐 주요 제조업 부문의 추격 성과를 분석하였다. 한국의 대일 및 대미 추격, 중국의 대한 시장추격을 동시에 분석함으로써 다중 비교를 시도하였다. 세계시장점유율 우위 추이와 위협 유형을 분석하였고 산업 분류와 기술 수준에 따르는 속성도 분석하였다. 한국, 일본, 미국, 중국 간 시장추격의 성과에 있어서 1990년대 초반부터 2000년대 후반에 이르기까지 한국의 대일 추격이 매우 강했고 대미 추격은 그보다 덜하였다. 중국의 대한 추격은 한국의 대일 추격 이상으로 강하게 이루어졌다. 이러한 발견은 우위 추이와 위협 유형에서 공통으로 관찰되고 있다. 한국의 대일 추격과 중국의 대한 추격에 있어서 초기에는 저부가가치 산업이나 낮은 기술인 경우가 많았지만 후반으로 갈수록 고부가가치 산업이나 높은 기술 분야가 증가하고 있다. 그러한 경향은 한국의 대일 추격에서보다 중국의 대한 추격에서 더욱 두드러지게 나타났다.

A Review on the Catch-All Controls

Chansuh Lee,Hansol Ko 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

The concept of catch-all controls is not new, having been developed in the US and EU over 30 years ago and legislated about 20 years ago. It is a system that controls what is not in an item based on the end-user and end-use rather than the strategic items defined by the existing multilateral export control regimes. Most importantly, the controls are based on end-user or end-use. Catch-all controls are the best tool to solve the problems of traditional list based controls. Technological advances, emerging technologies, and globalization have made standard export controls insufficient. Catch-all controls are optimized to control non-compliant, under-specified, partial, and intangible technology transfers. Catch-all controls have been adopted and implemented in the four multilateral export control regimes (MECR) and are also reflected in legislation in the United States and the European Union. The NSG has a catch-all provision in INFCIRC/254/Part2 Paragraph 5, the AG has a catch-all condition in the Guidelines, and the MTCR has a catch-all provision in the Guidelines Paragraph 7. Korea has also implemented catch-all controls reflected in the Foreign Trade Act of 2004. However, there are still many challenges of catch-all controls. First, the problem with catch-all controls is that there are different cases in different countries for list controls, and there are too many cases in other countries to control what is not on the list. Second, there is very little international legal enforcement for failing or missing catch-all controls. Finally, information about these catch-all cases is not uniformly available. For catch-all control, Korea currently consolidates the list of traders of concern including UN sanction list and denial list of MECR, provides a correlation table of significant items and countries requiring catch-all control for stakeholders, and organizes and operates a coordination committee for traders of concerns. In the future, Korea should strengthen the monitoring of other countries’ catch-all control cases and participate in international cooperation meetings to disseminate Korea’s best practices.

Total Factor Productivity of the Korean Firms and Catching up with the Japanese Firms

Moosup Jung,Keun Lee,Kyoji Fukao 서울대학교 경제연구소 2008 Seoul journal of economics Vol.21 No.1

This paper measured the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of all listed firms in Korea from 1984 to 2005 and compared this TFP of Korean firms with that of Japanese firms. This study used the chain-linked index number method developed by Good et al. (1999) to find that the average TFP of Korean firms grew about 44.1% between 1984 and 2005, with 2.1% annual growth rates. The catch-up index of Korean firms with Japanese firms is defined at an individual firm level for the first time among existing literature. Through this comparison analysis, the researchers found that there were four patterns of catching up methods practiced by Korean firms in closing in on the Japanese firms. These patterns were over catch-up, just catchup, under catch-up, and reverse catch-up." Furthermore, the researchers found that the number of under catch-up and reverse catch-up industries was more than 40% of the firms subjected in the study. In contrast, only 10.1% of all the Korean listed firms and 8.7% of total sales of all the listed firms surpassed Japanese firms in terms of TFP in 2004. Also, the catch-up performance was quite better in bigger firms, which is indicative of polarization in TFP catch-up performance.

Total Factor Productivity of Chinese Listed Firms and Catching up with Korean Listed Firms

Xu Jin 서울대학교 경제연구소 2012 Seoul journal of economics Vol.25 No.2

In this paper, we measured the total factor productivity (TFP) of all Chinese publicly listed firms by micro-level, that is, by industry and firm levels, from 1999 to 2005. Financial data from the China Stock Market (CSMAR) database were used and capital (K), labor (L), and material (M) were employed as input factors. China's TFP showed some increase but remained relatively stagnant, mainly because of the low TFP of big firms, which could potentially drive the country's overall productivity. We used four patterns of catch-up method (i.e., overtaking, convergence, slow catch-up, and reverse catch-up) developed by Jung and Lee (2010) to classify the catch-up patterns present in Chinese and Korean manufacturing industries. Two labor input methods, man hour and wage, were adopted for this purpose. The overall TFP catch-up level depended on the different labor input methods. Using man hour as labor input, no catch-up occurred in the overall industry level. Only "slow catch-up" and "reverse catch-up" manifested, indicating a huge gap between the overall industry TFPs of the two countries. Meanwhile, using wage as labor input, all of the four catch-up patterns occurred. The apparel industry particularly showed an "overtaking," and four industries, namely, electrical machinery, textile mill products, instruments, and petroleum and coal products, showed a "convergence" pattern. The catch-up level of Chinese manufacturing firms approached that of Korean firms when wage was used as labor input.

남성 낚시참여자의 환경행동과 캐치 앤 릴리스(Catch-and Release)에 관한 연구

김종순 한국여성체육학회 2019 한국여성체육학회지 Vol.33 No.3

The purpose of this study is to analyse the environmental attitudes, place attachment, environmental behaviour and catch-and-release behavior of men in their 30s and 60s. First, how do environmental attitudes affect place attachment, environmental behavior, and catch-and-release behavior? Second, how does place attachment affect environmental behavior, catch-and-release behavior? Third, how does environmental behavior affect catch-and-release behavior? Frequency analysis was performed to identify demographic characteristics, and the reliability and validity of the variables were verified using Cronbach's α value and exploratory factor analysis. Multiple regression analysis was performed to analyze the causality of each research problem. All analyses were conducted using the SPSS18.0 program with a statistically significant level of α=.05. Through this study, the results of the study are as follows. First, the environmental attitudes of male fishing participants in their 30s and 60s were found to have a partial impact on place-matching, environmental behavior and catch-and-release. Second, it has been shown that attachment to places held by male fishing participants in their 30s and 60s does not affect environmental behavior and catch and release. Finally, the environmental behavior of male fishing participants in their 30s and 60s has been shown to affect catch and release. These findings show that for continued fishing activities as leisure, it is important to practice environmental behavior, which is influenced by nature-centered environmental attitudes. In addition, this naturalist environmental attitude could ultimately increase the participation of catch and release, a typical environmental action in fishing. 본 연구의 목적은 30-60대 남성 낚시참여자를 대상으로 환경태도, 장소애착, 환경행동 그리고 캐치 앤 릴리스(Catch-and-Release) 행동에 대해 분석하는데 있다. 연구문제는 첫째, 환경태도가 장소애착, 환경행동, 캐치 앤 릴리스 행동에 어떤 영향을 미치는가? 둘째, 장소애착이 환경행동, 캐치 앤 릴리스 행동에 어떤 영향을미치는가? 셋째, 환경행동이 캐치 앤 릴리스 행동에 어떤 영향을 미치는가? 인구통계학적 특성을 파악하기위해 빈도분석을 실시하였으며, 변수들의 신뢰도와 타당도는 Cronbach’s α값과 탐색적 요인분석을 이용하여검증하였다. 각 연구문제에 대한 인과관계를 분석하기 위해 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 모든 분석은SPSS18.0프로그램을 사용하였으며, 통계적 유의수준은 α=.05로 하였다. 이를 통해 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 30-60대 남성 낚시참여자들의 환경태도는 장소애착, 환경행동, 캐치 앤 릴리스에 부분적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 30-60대 남성 낚시참여자이 갖는 장소에 대한 애착은 환경행동과 캐치 앤 릴리스에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 30-60대 남성 낚시참여자의 환경행동은 캐치 앤 릴리스에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 여가로서의 지속적인 낚시 활동을 위해서는 환경행동을 실천하는 것이 중요한데 이는 자연중심 환경태도에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이러한 자연중심주의 환경태도는 궁극적으로 낚시에서의 대표적인 환경행동인 캐치 앤 릴리스 참여를 높일 수 있다.

탈추격전략을 통한 후발 진입자의 경쟁입지 확보: SK 11번가 사례를 중심으로

위정현,정재훈,박찬희 중앙대학교 한국전자무역연구소 2018 전자무역연구 Vol.16 No.4

Purpose: This study explores the two-stage catch-up strategy of the 11st open market. As a late-comer to the open market business in Korea, 11st acquired sustainable position in by meeting the demands from the buyers and vendors. Researches in two-sided market and platform strategy provide important strategic points for the catch-up followers as well as post catch-up players. Composition/Logic: Chapter 1 introduces the background and purpose of the study. In the theoretical background of Chapter 2, we reviewed catch-up strategy, post catch-up strategy, competitive factors of open market, and architecture innovation. In Chapter 3, we describe the research method focusing on interviews. In Chapter 4, based on the results of the interview analysis, the main contents of 11st Street building competitive position were analyzed. In the conclusion of Chapter 5, the content of the study is summarized and then the main implications and future research topics are presented. Findings: In the catch-up stage, 11st open market focused on convenience and reliability to stand equal to the incumbent players. After securing competitive position in the open market business, 11st management tried to build unique competitive edge for the post catch-up strategy. In order to get stronger buyer attraction, there was an emphasis on ‘fun’ factor in the user interface and user experience. Innovation in the system architecture led to the stronger attraction for the buyers as well as vendors. As a late-comer, 11st open market could take advantage of the established system of open market business. Rise of mobile communication and transaction gave 11st a favorable opportunity for the post catch-up strategy. This study identifies the challenges and responses for the two-stage catch-up process. Originality/Value: This study is expanding the view of related research by analyzing how a late comer secures competitive position through decentralization strategy focusing on 11st Street. In addition, it reveals that the fun factor and service architecture innovation acted as the differentiated strength of 11st. This study is meaningful in that it uses the interview method to capture a post catch-up strategy, which is difficult to quantify.

서해안 풍어굿의 양상과 특징

홍태한(Tae-Han Hong) 목포대학교 도서문화연구소 2006 島嶼文化 Vol.28 No.-

이 글은 서해안풍어굿의 양상과 특징을 살펴본 후 공통 구조를 도출한 글이다. 황해도풍어굿이 연행되는 김포 대명리 풍어굿부터 전북의 위도 원당제까지를 살펴 동일 의미망을 도출해 보려 했다. 이에 따라 담당층이 다르지만 각 지역의 굿이 부정굿-당오르기-신령청배 후 공수듣기-뱃고사, 선주굿으로 풍어기원-뒷전이라는 공식으로 구성되었음을 제시했다. 이것은 한국 굿의 일반적인 흐름에 풍어기원의 의미가 복합된 것이다. 한국 굿의 일반적 흐름이 청신-오신-공수-송신이라 할 때 부정굿부터 당오르기까지가 청신의 과정이고, 신령을 청배하여 공수를 듣는 부분이 오신과 공수 부분, 뒷전이 송신부분이라 할 수 있다. 여기에 풍어굿의 특징이라 할 풍어를 기원하는 거리가 첨가되었다. 풍어굿은 한국굿의 흐름을 견지하면서 풍어를 기원하는 부분을 강조함으로써 굿의 목적을 명확하게 보여준다. 이러한 공통 구조를 가지게 된 것은 모두 조기잡이라는 경제적 기반이 동일하기 때문이라고 보았다. 그러한 연유로 각 지역에서는 조기잡이를 가르쳐준 문화영웅으로 숭배되는 임경업 장군을 매우 중요한 신격으로 모신다.   This article extracts the common structure in the aspects and characteristics of big catch religious service at Western seaboard. From big catch religious service in Daemyoung-ri Gimpo, which performances the big catch religious service of Hwanghae-do to wishing shrine ceremony at Uido in Jeonbuk, the consensus of these ceremonies is attempted. By thorough researching, the religious service for each locations has a common structure of purification - ship boarding - listening divine spirit - offering a sacrifice on ship - wishing big catch - after ceremony, regardless of undertaking personnel position. This means the mixture between general trend of Korean religious service and wishing for big catch. If general flow of Korean religious service is begging - listening - for divine spirit - welcoming - listening - sending divine spirit, big catch ceremony can be purification - ship boarding as begging, listening divine spirit as welcoming and listening, after ceremony as sending. In this structure, the characteristic, which is wishing for big catch, is added. Big catch religious service is strictly adhered to the trend of Korean religious service, and emphasizes the purpose of service, wishing for big catch. The reason for common structure is the same economical foundation, corbina catching. From this reason, General Lim Gyoung Up, who taught the way of catching corbina, is respected as godly figure in this area.

추격의 완성과 탈추격 과제: 현대자동차그룹사례 분석

조성재 한국사회과학연구회 2014 동향과 전망 Vol.- No.91

Hyundai Motor Group, established in 1967, successfully took up world 5thlargest auto maker in 2009, which it had aimed to be in 1999. It was possiblenot only by favorable world car market environment, but also by its ownstrong competitiveness in quality control, product development, process engineering,marketing and internationalization and so on. Therefore, this paperconcludes that Hyundai Motor Group cleared its catch-up target in2009. However, its catch-up process was based on unbalanced growth strategyand spiral development path, so excessive obsession on production volumeand technology biased quality enhancement strategy deteriorated industrialrelations of Hyundai Motor Group. That means Hyundai’s successin catch-up and confrontational industrial relations go hand in hand. In orderto overcome these problems of catch-up period, Hyundai Motor Groupshould transform its strategy toward post catch-up concept. Post catch-upinnovation includes corporate governance reshuffles and value sharingamong various stake-holders as well as human centered approach inworkplace. 1967년 설립된 현대차그룹은 추격의 1기를 넘어 1999년 신경영진에 의해 추격의 2기 단계로 넘어갔는데, 이 때 설정한 글로벌 Top5 목표를 2009년에 달성하였다. 그것은 단지 글로벌 금융위기를 계기로 세계 자동차시장이 중소형차 위주로 재편되었기 때문만은 아니며, 여러 지표에서 신차품질과 내구품질, 제품력과기술력, 마케팅과 국제화 수준이 제고되었음을 보여준다. 따라서 본고는 2009년에 현대차그룹이 추격의 완성을 보았다고 판단한다. 그러나 현대차그룹의 추격은 불균형 성장전략과 나선형 발전과정에 따른 것으로서 생산량 지상주의, 그리고 기술과 비정규직에 의존한 품질 확보 전략은 노사관계를 모순의 배출구로 만들었다. 따라서 현대차의 성공과 갈등적 노사관계는 동전의 양면과 같은 것이다. 이러한 추격의 유제와 한계를 벗어나기 위하여 추격 시기의 패러다임을 전환하려는 탈추격 철학과 전략이 필요함을 주장하였다. 탈추격 전략은 기술혁신 영역에만 국한되는 것이 아니라 제도와 관행의 변화, 그리고 인식론적 성찰을 수반하는 것이기 때문에 투명하고 전문적인 기업지배구조의 구축, 그리고 이해당사자들과의 관계 재설정과 가치 공유, 무엇보다 인간 중심적 작업장 구축을 지향하는노력을 포괄한다.

Catch-up in Technology-driven Services : The Case of the Indian Software Services Industry

Rishikesha T. Krishnan,Swarna Kumar Vallabhaneni 서울대학교 경제연구소 2010 Seoul journal of economics Vol.23 No.2

Past studies on catch-up processes have focused primarily on manufacturing industries. The present paper studies catch-up processes in the context of the Indian software services industry and finds that the existing models are unable to comprehensively explain the catch-up processes in this industry. The authors provide a fresh perspective on catch-up processes based on scientific intensity and production maturity of individual technologies, and propose catch-up paths for individual companies from a technological perspective. Firms initially focus on productionizing highly mature technologies, and then leverage that learning to move into technologies of higher scientific intensity. External factors such as product market conditions play a major role as well in firms' ability and motivation to make such moves.