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노현종 ( Noh Hyun Jong ) 한국세계지역학회 2016 세계지역연구논총 Vol.34 No.4
이 글은 `신정체제`라는 개념을 통해서 북한의 정치체제를 분석하였다. 신정체제란 종교적인 교리에 따라 사회를 급진적으로 조직하는 정치체제를 의미한다. 북한은 사회주의 토착화 과정에서 종교적 원리와 유사한 방식을 적용하였다. 하늘에 두 개의 태양이 있을 수 없듯이, `신정체제`가 작동하기 위해서는 기존사회에 남아있는 모든 `종교`를 장악하고 통일시켜야만 했다. 또한 시민이 아닌 신민(臣民)과 신자(信者)의 위치로 격하되는 것에 저항하는 시민사회를 철저하게 억압해야만 했다. 본 연구에서는 시민사회와 종교, 두 영역 가운데 `종교`의 영역에 중점을 두고 분석하였다. 또한 신정체제 개념의 타당성과 이에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요소들을 분석하였다. 구체적으로 역사적 접근을 통해 전통적인 유교적 사회질서의 약화, 유교가 가진 종교성의 한계, 동학의 한계, 일본 천황제에 대한 조선인들의 반발감 등을 살펴보았다. 또한 사회전체를 통합할 수 있는 종교가 부재했다는 사실을 밝혀보았다. 그리고 이처럼 약화되고 분열된 종교적 공간을 김일성이 어떠한 방식으로 장악하려고 했는지 고찰하였다. 마지막으로 김일성과 그와 관련된 신화가 어떤 모습으로 형상화되었는지 살펴보았다. 결론적으로 김일성이 세속적인 정치지도자의 모습을 넘어 종교지도자의 모습으로 형상화 되어 왔음을 논의하였다. This paper examines North Korea`s political system by applying the concept of `Theocracy`. The term theocracy generally refers a political system which attempts to re-organize society radically based on religious belief. North Korea used various religious components when they domesticated the socialist system. Based on the notion that there is only one sun in the sky, North Korean communists had to dominate every religious legacy in order to establish a theocracy. Furthermore, they had to control a resistant civil society and convert it to a society of subjects and believers. The focus of this research, however, is on the religious rather than the civil society. In addition, this research accounts the validity of theocracy to explain North Korea. Furthermore, it also illustrates historical background of Korea`s religious components which could effect on North Korea`s robust theocracy such as limitation of Confucianism as nomothetic religion, limitation of Donghak and colonized people`s resistance against Japanese Emperor-system. Moreover, this article describes how Kim Il-sung dominated unsettled and divided religious space with modern bureaucracy. In conclusion, by virtue of historical evidence, this paper argues that Kim Il-sung was regarded as a religious leader rather than a secular political leader.
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북한 ‘신정정치체제’ 분석과 ‘복음적 평화통일’의 길 모색
오일환 ( Oh Il-whan ) 기독교통일학회 2020 기독교와 통일 Vol.11 No.2
For true unification, it is essential to know first what kind of system North Korea is. In spite of the differing systems of each other, if unification is hurriedly achieved, such unification may lead to even greater misfortune. As a typical totalitarian system, North Korea has fallen into a ‘Grand Leader absolutist system,’ in which all power is concentrated on the Grand Leader according to the theory of revolutionary leader and socio-political life. Since then, with the full-scale idolization or deification of the Grand Leader, North Korea eventually became a leader-centered ‘theopolitical system.’ In this state, it is extremely difficult for the two Koreas to achieve normal peaceful reunification within a short period of time. Therefore, it is essential to seek a change in the North Korean system before unification. As one of those measures, I would like to present the Korean church’s strategy for evangelizing North Korea. These include revitalization of Christian exchanges between the two Koreas, support for the spread of underground churches in North Korea, revitalization of humanitarian aid to North Korea, success in establishing North Korean defectors in the country, and training North Korean defectors unification leaders. When the Korean church sets its top priority on the salvation of the North Korean people’s souls, God will give us a gift of ‘evangelical peaceful reunification.’
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북한소설『꽃파는처녀』를통해본 혁명과 유일신 체제 정당성 고찰
강준수,장용철 삼육대학교 신학연구소 2022 신학과 학문 Vol.34 No.-
The purpose of this study is to conduct a discussion on the North Korean system in the form of a theocracy, which is made up of degeneration and distortion through the necessity of revolution and the legitimacy of North Korea's monotheistic system, revealed through the North Korean novel The Flower Girl. The North Korean novel The Flower Girl presents a vision that a revolution to change the world can become a new hope and a new subject for the people. The North Korean novel The Flower Girl can be seen as a work that propagates the justification of socialist revolution through struggle, Juche ideology, and the legitimacy of the monotheistic system. North Korea's Juche ideology is a means of domination through a divine existence, just like the rule of unity in the Dangun era, when politics and religion were integrated. In fact, like the Ten Commandments in the Bible, North Korea also has the same governing principles as “the ten principles of establishing the party’s monolithic ideology system.” North Korea is strengthening the deification of its leaders as a means of maintaining a one-man dictatorship. In conclusion, North Korea's external political system is against religion, but in essence, it can be said to be a deified structure centered on a one-man dictatorship through the dogmatic Juche ideology.
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정상률(Jung Sang-Ryul) 명지대학교 중동문제연구소 2014 중동문제연구 Vol.13 No.4
This paper reviews Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya that Māwardī wrote about the Imamate in the 11th century. Most of the political Islam groups, including IS (Islamic State), have attempted to build a Caliphate(Imamate), that is, an Islamic state. We need to understand what a Caliphate (Imamate) is, that Islamic political philosophers and political Islamic groups have desired to set up for a long time. Māwardī wrote Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya in the 11th century when the Abbasid Caliphs’political and religious authority was completely lost. He wanted to restore an Imamate political and religious system. He explains a method of succession in which an Imam can be appointed by his predecessor or be elected by the election council composed of 1 - 6 electors. Māwardī adduced several methods of appointment and election in Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya. The Imamate that Mawardi finally proposed was a kind of‘Divine Right of Imamate,’ and it was a theocracy. I think that IS’s Caliphate will be an Islamic theocracy. This means that the state characteristic of IS’s Caliphate is Islamic, in other words, an Islamization of the state.
KCI
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