한국어 정보구조의 초점

김민국(Kim, Min-Gook) 한국어학회 2021 한국어학 Vol.91 No.-

본고에서는 ‘초점의 개념과 성격’, ‘초점의 실현 수단’, ‘초점과 형태․통사․의미 층위의 상호 작용’이라는 세 가지 측면에서 한국어 정보구조의 ‘초점’과 관련한 문제들을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 정보구조의 초점은 관계적 신정보인 가로초점으로 대안집합과의 관계에서 발생하는 세로초점과 구별된다. 하지만 두 초점은 겹칠 수 있으므로 세로초점의 성격과 이로 인해 발생하는 효과 등을 파악해야 한다. 둘째, 운율적 돋들림은 가로초점을 표시하는 필수적 수단이자 그 유형을 변별하는 수단이다. 가로초점의 형태적 표지는 초점 주어에서의 ‘이/가’가 될 것이다. ‘S-것은 X-이다’ 형식의 분열문은 초점 표시보다 전제를 화제로 바꾸어 주는 것이 더 주된 기능으로 보인다. 후보충 구문도 초점을 나타내는 특수 구문의 후보가 된다. 셋째, 초점의 무표적 특성은 문장 형식으로 이어져 문장초점은 기본문과 유사하다. 초점은 무표적이므로 별도의 초점 표지 없이 격표지가 초점 표지로 활용된다. 그러나 주어에서의 초점은 유표적이어서 ‘이/가’는 초점 표지로서 필수성을 띤다. 문장초점의 존재 구문은 화제 제시 기능이 더 강해서 화제 표지로 문법화되기도 하고 주어 표지로 발달할 단초를 제공하기도 한다. 부정문에서 가로초점은 의미 해석에 영향을 주지 않지만 대체초점, 판정의문문의 초점은 극성 연산자의 세로초점과 늘 겹쳐 의미 층위에 일정한 영향을 주는 것으로 보인다. In this article, we examine issues concerned focus in information structure from three points that is ‘notion and characteristic of focus’, ‘realization of focus’ and ‘interaction between focus with other grammatical levels’. First, focus in information structure is syntagmatic focus that is relational new information, which is different from paradigmatic focus that occurs in the relations with alternative set. Second, focus involves prosodic prominence. Focus marker in every true sense of the word is nominative i/ka. The main function of cleft-sentence of ‘S-gesun X-ita’ seems re-forming presupposition to topic. After-thought constructions are candidate for focus marking construction. Third, basic sentence and nominative i/ka as a focus marker reflect unmarked property of focus. As existential construction which has sentence focus can introduce new topic it can grammaticalize topic marker or subject marker. Replacing focus and focus in yes-no question can affect semantic level by overlap with paradigmatic focus of polarity operator.

한국어의 격조사와 초점 -주격과 대격을 중심으로-

김민국 ( Kim Min-gook ) 국어학회 2016 국어학 Vol.78 No.-

In this article, we aim to find semantic or pragmatic functions of nominative and accusative case markers in Korean focusing at focus and to argue the issues concerning their occurrence and nonoccurrence. i/ka and ul/lul mark case and syntagmatic focus. It seems that i/ka and ul/lul have relevance to paradigmatic focus which is so-called contrastive focus. However paradigmatic focus which is marked by nominative and accusative marker is optional and always involves syntagmatic focus. Thus the essential function of focus which is marked by nominative and accusative is syntagmatic focus. There are several meanings when syntagmatic focus which is marked by nominative and accusative pluses paradigmatic focus. But these meanings are not conventional meaning of i/ka and ul/lul and 'emphatic' function of i/ka and ul/lul comes form contrast in alternative set. Thus i/ka and ul/lul have in common in that focus marking but there are differences in that their obligation. i/ka must occur in focus subject but ul/lul does not have to occur in focus object. This aspect seems to result from the degree of grammaticalization of subject. Asymmetric occurrence of i/ka and ul/lul shows that non-occurrences of nominative and accusative has difference grammatical status. Non-occurrence of nominative can be interpreted zero marker but non-occurrence of accusative is simply non-occurrence of case marker.

초점의 유형에 따른 운율 실현 양상 -‘은/는’과 ‘이/가’ 초점 성분을 중심으로-

김민국,하영우 한국어의미학회 2017 한국어 의미학 Vol.58 No.-

58. This study aims to examine prosodic realization, declination of pitch, of focuses which are marked by un/nun and i/ka and to find correlation between focus markers with prosody, which are major means of focus expression. Discussion of this article is summarized as follows. First, when focuses are marked by focus marker, focuses always involve prosodic prominence regardless of focus type. This result demonstrates that prosodic prominence can distinguish different type of focuses by cooperation of focus markers which co-occur with it. Second, but prosodic prominence has distinctive function when different type of focuses which can not be expressed by paradigmatic focus marker un/nun or syntagmatic focus marker i/ka appear. Thus, prosodic prominence has expressive function and distinctive function. Third, context which be able to differentiate type of focus has no effect on prosodic realization of focuses. In other words, prosodic prominence obligatorily appears when focuses are marked. Finally, prosodic realization of focuses can usually be characterized by absolute pitch level. However, occasionally readjustment of relative pitch level and length are important to observe prosodic realization of focuses. So, we need to develop various method of observing prosodic realization of focuses.

피동문에 나타나는 ‘을/를’의 기능

이준희 한국어학회 2019 한국어학 Vol.83 No.-

This paper aims to define the function of the ‘ul/lul’ in a passive construction. The ‘ul/lul’ in passive construction can be found to be highly transitive based on having affectedness and passing some syntactic tests. This shows that the ‘ul/lul’ in passive construction is an accusative case. The function of this ‘ul/lul’ is pragmatics. Generally, the accusative case ‘ul/lul’ functions as a syntagmatic focus on the pragmatic level. But the function of ‘ul/lul’ in the passive construction is a paradigmatic focus an along with a syntagmatic focus. The reason why they can function as a paradigmatic focus is that the subject of the passive construction and the noun phrase ‘ul/lul’ have a semantically close relation. The ‘ul/lul’ noun phrase in passive construction can only come from factors that have a semantically close relation with the subject of the passive construction. This results in a list of ‘ul/lul’ noun phrases being formed as an alternative set and a paradigmatic focus.

대격 중출 구문의 특징과 ‘을/를’의 기능

이준희 ( Lee Junhee ) 국어학회 2020 국어학 Vol.0 No.95

This paper aims to define the function of the ‘ul/lul’ in double accusative constructions. In this paper, double accusative constructions were classified into two types, depending on whether the already existing particle in a sentence is replaced with ‘ul/lul’ or newly added ‘ul/lul’. Double accusative constructions have a common feature that the noun phrases combined with 'ul/lul' have a semantically close relationship, and their order tends to be fixed. There are also features for each construction, which is related to the semantic level function of 'ul/lul'. The ‘ul/lul’ in double accusative constructions functions as a syntagmatic focus marker and paradigmatic focus marker at a pragmatic level. And in the second type, it is added function to limit a sentence from being interpreted pragmatically differently.

‘은/는’과 종횡의 의미 관계

임동훈 ( Lim Dong-hoon ) 국어학회 2012 국어학 Vol.64 No.-

This paper investigates the meaning and uses of Korean particle ‘un/nun’ under the perspective of pragmatic relations. In particular it is attempted to show how ‘un/nun’ can be exploited to express informational topic, focus in collaboration with accents. The findings of this paper are as follows. First, the semantic properties of topic aren't confined to be definite, generic, and specific but contrastive non-specific elements can be topics if the contrastive set including it is construed to be definite or specific. Second, the contrastive meaning of ‘un/nun’ makes it possible that it can be used to express shift topics, derived topics from hypertheme, focus-chain topics. Third, ‘un/nun’ marked topics are realized with L+H* accents when contrastive items are activated, and otherwise with H+!H accents which simply implicate familiarity. Fourth, foci are divided into two groups where one is syntagmatic focus which means a focus in the pragmatic focus-ground articulation, the other is paradigmatic focus. And two kind of foci may be congruent or not with each other. Fifth, the main function of Korean particles is to express a paradigmatic focus. The focus element in the selectional relation generates a alternative set which provides quantificational domain for paradigmatic operations such as contrast, exclusion, addition, second best, comparison. Sixth, paradigmatic foci can take effect on truth conditions, and express the meaning of exhaustivity and scalar implicature depending on the contexts. But these properties aren't enough to define a paradigmatic focus. Seventh, ‘un/nun’ marked paradigmatic foci can be realized into contrastive topic or contrastive focus according to whether they appear in the domain of topic or in the domain of comment. Syntagmatic foci are realized with H* accents, and contrastive topics with L+H* accents, contrastive foci with H* or H*+L accents. Eighth, morphologically while case markers are exploited to express syntagmatic foci, particles are exploited to express paradigmatic foci.