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장파 동북아시아문화학회 2023 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.76
Zhuism was subordinated to Buddhism before the Edo period, but with the establishment of the shogunate system, Zhuism was separated from Buddhism and became an official thought. Judging from the structural characteristics of the regime, the Shogunate system has its distinctive uniqueness. It not only maintained the most typical and traditional cultural characteristics of Japan, but also fused the cultural characteristics of Japanese martial arts for more than 700 years, realizing the dualpolitics of spiritual authority and military authority, but also created the centralization and decentralization of power,which were different from both the unified rule of ancient China and the complete decentralization of power in ancient Europe. But within this powerful system of feudal domination lay a series of intractable contradictions:the conflict between the Shogun and the Emperor、the paradox of the multiplicity of shogun-daimyo-samurai, etc.These contradictions are no longer confrontational contradictions solved by force, but transformed into feudal ethical and moral problems such as the king and the subject, the upper and lower levels, and the father and the son, so the solution is also transformed from force into ideological weapons. And Zhuism‘s thought, which reflects the king, the minister, the father, the father and the son, just becomes the best ideological weapon to solve the contradictions under the feudal system.With the support of the shogunate, it got rid of the idea of the unity of Confucianism and Buddhism in the Shogunate state, established the inherent position of Zhuism and finally moved towards the official school of Zhuism. It harmonized the contradictions between the general and the emperor under the Shogunate system, and played an important role in the ideological fortress for the establishment and consolidation of the Shogunate state.
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?波(ZHANG BO),芮?根(RUI DONGGEN) 동북아시아문화학회 2013 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.37
Japan Bakuhan system is a kind of effective prevent the Warring States era can on the social system, realized the Japanese over 260 years of peace.Sankin kotai system powerful safeguard for the effective implementation of the Bakuhan system, fundamentally weakened the name especially tozama daimyo economic and political power, strengthen the shogunate"s dictatorship, the Shogun “strengthen the fundamental and weaken the trivial” political purpose, the general and the famous Lord master from the “Royal favor” relationship can be established, is a very effective method to manage and control the general name. However, Sankin kotai system in late Bakukan system happened many serious problems. On one hand, it brought the prosperity of urban economy; on the other hand, it increased the burden of the local governments, especially, in the years with frequent disasters. Such Sankin kotai system accounted the entire system of economic stagnation and deepened the conflicts of the Bakukan system and local governments.
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장파 동북아시아문화학회 2015 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.44
Bakufu-daimyo system in Japan took Bakufu as the core,and the daimyo were put under tight control of the shogunate. It stipulated that all land ownership was concentrated in the hands of daimyo according to kokudaka, and defined Neo-Confucian principles as the authoritative ideology. The population was divided into four classes of a system known as minbusei, and foreign policy of seclusion was strictly implenmented. In this way, Tokugawa Bakufu efficiently governed Japan more than two hundred and sixty years with internal peace, political stable and economic growth.
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張波,金昌庆 동북아시아문화학회 2018 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.54
To keep the society in an orderly state, Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized the concept of hierarchy in the Zhu Zi’s philosophy to divide people into four groups systematically and spiritually after his seizure of power, i.e. scholar, farmer, artisan, and merchant. There is an impassable gulf among each hierarchy and each one fulfills his duty within the range and their status would be inherited by their descendants, thus, to ensure the social ability and the stability of Tokugawa Regime. However, the hierarchical order of scholar, farmer, artisan, and merchant was challenged in mid-late Edo period. Every hierarchy was divided and changed internally. The bureaucratized, knowledgeable, pauperized, commercialization and independent trends of samurai, polarization between the rich and the poor of farmers, and affluence of businessmen swayed the hierarchical order, and finally threatened and overthrew the Tokugawa Regime. The samurai class of the ruling class has undergone profound changes.The bureaucratization has caused the samurai to lose its heroic character, thus losing the rationality. Knowledge-basedization has led the samurai class to gradually accept the requirements of the status quo of the reformed abacus system based on the continuous acceptance of Western culture. The samurai's poverty and constant commercialization have caused loyal warriors to deviate from their Lord Jun. The peasant class has changes in the separation of the rich and the poor,and triggering peasant uprisings, threatening the basis of the ruling system.The affluence of municipalities sparked the rise of the anti-abstinence and anti-abstinence ideology of the townspeople, leading to the emergence and development of the idea of opposition to the order of feudalism,and the culture of the people of the towns, resulting in a great deal of arrogance challenge.
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