영산회상 상영산 4장 후반3각 선율형성 고찰

임미선 한국국악학회 2019 한국음악연구 Vol.66 No.-

For this study, efforts were made to understand how the melody for the later three gaks (measures) of Yeongsanghoesang Sangyeongsan was formulated. In addition, efforts were made to newly understand how the melody of the later three gaks - that has been passed down to the present after the era of 『Eoeunbo』- was formed in relation to Jungyeongsan and to comprehend its nature. The contents reviewed and investigated by this study can be summarized as follows. The melody for the later three gaks of Sangyeongsan first appeared in 『Eoeunbo』. After analyzing the properties of the melody for the later three gaks, it was found that there were two methods for playing Yeongsanghoesang in the era of 『Eoeunbo』. One was to repeatedly play Sangyeongsan and the other was to play Sangyeongsan and Jungyeongsan successively. There was a difference in melodies for the later three gaks while playing Yeongsanghoesang separately and for playing ‘Yeongsanghoesang’ and ‘Yeongsanghoesanggaptan’ successively. Let’s divide the melodies into A1 and A2 for convenience. A1 was a melody with the function of ‘doljang’ linked in order to give a feeling different from the original melody while repeatedly playing Sangyeongsan on the basis of Juiboksi. In comparison, A2 was a melody with the function of ‘doljang’ needed in order to connect Sangyeongsan and then Jungyeongsan. Such a difference did exist. Melodies A1 and A2 separately existed due to differences in performance practices in the era of 『Eoeunbo』. A2 was discontinued and A1 was changed for 『Yuyeji』 and became established as the present melody for the later three gaks. 본고에서는 영산회상 상영산 후반3각(4장 4~6각) 선율의 형성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 『어은보』 이후 현행에 이르는 후반3각 선율의 형성 과정을 중영산과 관련하여 새롭게 조망하고, 그 성격을 밝혔다. 본고에서 다룬 내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 상영산 후반3각 선율은 『어은보』에 처음으로 등장한다. 그 후반3각 선율의 속성을 분석한 결과, 『어은보』 시절 영산회상 연주법에는 두 가지가 존재했음을 알게 되었다. 그 하나는 상영산을 계속 반복 연주하는 것, 다른 하나는 상영산과 중영산 두 곡을 접속 연주하는 것이었다. 영산회상(현 상영산) 만을 따로 반복해서 연주할 때와 ‘영산회상’과 ‘영산회상갑탄(현 중영산)’을 연이어 연주할 때의 연주법에는 차이가 있었다. 『어은보』 4장 후반에 있는 선율을 주이복시를 기준으로 앞 부분을 A1, 뒷 부분을 A2로 구분하여 보면, A1은 주이복시 방법으로 상영산을 반복해서 연주할 때에 맨 처음의 선율과 다른 변화를 주기 위해 연결되는 돌장 기능이 있는 선율이었고, A2는 상영산 다음에 중영산을 연결할 때 필요한 돌장의 기능이 있는 선율이었다. 이처럼 A1과 A2의 선율은 『어은보』 당시 영산회상의 연주관행 차이로 인해 각각 별개로 존재한 것인데, A2는 단절되어 전하지 않고 A1은 『유예지』에서 새로운 선율로 대체되어 현행 후반3각 선율로 정착되었다.

나주 삼현육각의 전승 양상과 특징

김미영 한국국악학회 2019 한국음악연구 Vol.66 No.-

This paper examines the traditions and characteristics of Naju samhyeon-yuggag based on the sound source data obtained through interviews and surveys focusing on those who can testify about the tradition patterns of Naju samhyeon-yuggag. Naju samhyeon-yuggag started from Park Pan-seok, a member of Naju’s coalition of shamans and 1st Piri runner. His musical were handed to Naju’s Lim Sam-bong and his son Lim Dong-sun. Naju samhyeon-yuggag, owned by LIm Dong-sun, was designated as the Jeonnam Intangible Cultural Property No. 13 in 1986, and Lim Dong-sun was recognized as the holder. Later, Kim Ki-jong, the founder of the Naju City Samhyeon-yuggag Concert Group, restored three of Naju samhyeon-yuggag’s music pieces, but among them, <Bornyeongsan> was found to be incomplete. Lim Dong-seon left Naju samhyeon-yuggag’s Piri melody as a sound source when he could not play an instrument in his old age. Among the Naju samhyeon-yuggag sound sources left by Lim Dong-sun, the following results were examined. Samhyeon-yuggag is derived from Seoul, Gyeonggi area, but the number of movements is the same as that of Honam samhyeon-yuggag passed down in Jeonju and Goheung area. Can be. The musical characteristics of Naju samhyeon-yuggag are as follows. First, it is used in the form of cyclic repetition of the melody and A-B-Aˊ. Secondly, It is the point that there are three scale configurations, namely, <Bornyeongsan>․<Gusgeoli> scale (sol­la­doˊ­reˊ­faˊ), <Junglyeongsan>․<Jan-yeongsan>․<Yeombul>․<Talyeong> scale (sol­la­doˊ­reˊ­miˊ), <Heoteuntalyeong> scale (mi­sol­la­doˊ­reˊ). Third, it is the progress of the various melodies that appear in the fast-paced music <Talyeong> and <Heoteuntalyeong>. <Talyeong> is a convex melody, a taegeuk melody, and a water melody. He uses various rhythmic forms of Earthy, and Heoteuntalyeong is a Daegu melodic type that brings the melody to life. The sound source data used in this paper is not reported to the academic community and is expected to be used as the basic data for the research and restoration of Naju samhyeon-yuggag. 본고는 나주 삼현육각 전승자 및 전승에 관하여 증언이 가능한 이들을 중심으로 인터뷰 한 내용과 조사를 통하여 확보한 음원자료를 토대로 나주 삼현육각의 전승 양상과 특징을 고찰한 것이다. 연구 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 나주 삼현육각은 나주 신청소속의 대방이자 목피리 주자 박판석으로부터 시작되며, 그의 피리가락은 나주출신의 악사 임삼봉과 그의 아들 임동선에게 전해졌다. 임동선이 보유한 나주 삼현육각은 1986년 전남 무형문화재 제13호로 지정되었고 임동선은 보유자로 인정받았지만, 이듬해 노환으로 별세하면서 문화재 지정이 해제되며 전승은 끊어졌다. 이후 전승자 김기종은 나주시립삼현육각연주단을 창립하며 나주 삼현육각 중 3곡을 복원했지만 그 중 <본령산>은 임동선의 가락과 다른 것으로 밝혀졌다. 임동선은 노년에 악기를 부를 수 없게 되자 나주 삼현육각의 피리가락 구음을 음원으로 남겨두었다. 임동선이 남긴 나주 삼현육각 음원 중 <본령산>․<중영산>․<잔영산>․<염불>․<타령>․<군악>․<굿거리> 등을 고찰한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 나주 삼현육각은 서울․경기 삼현육각에서 유래하였으나 악장의 수가 전주․고흥지역에서 전승하는 호남 삼현육각의 구성과 같은 점과 장단의 박이 유동적이며 변형 된 것으로 보아 호남에서 행하는 의식에 맞도록 재배치되었다고 할 수 있다. 나주 삼현육각의 음악적 특징은 첫째, 선율을 반복하는 환두환입형식과 A-B-Aˊ형식으로 구사한 점이며, 둘째 <본령산>․<굿거리> 음계(e♭­f­a♭­b♭­d♭ˊ), <중령산>․<잔영산>․<염불>․<타령> 음계(e♭­f­a♭­b♭­cˊ), <군악> 음계(c­e♭­f­a♭­b♭)의 세 가지 음계 구성이 나타나는 점이다. 그 중 <굿거리> 구성음 중 최고음을 반음 올려서 연주하는 것은 호남 삼현육각의 특징이라 하겠다. 셋째 속도가 빠른 악곡인 <타령>과 <군악>에서 나타나는 다채로운 선율 진행이다. <타령>은 ‘볼록선율형’, ‘태극선율형’, ‘물결선율형’ 등으로 선율선의 움직임을 활발하게 진행하고 소박의 리듬형을 다양하게 활용하고 있으며, <군악>은 ‘댓구 선율형’으로 선율에 생동감을 불어 넣는 특징을 갖는다. 본고에 활용된 음원 자료는 학계에 보고되지 않는 자료로 나주 삼현육각의 연구와 복원을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

영산재 설단(設壇)의 정합성 고찰 - 국가 무형문화재 제50호 영산재를 중심으로 -

전영숙 한국정토학회 2023 정토학연구 Vol.39 No.-

한국불교 주요 재회에서 행해지는 모든 의식 중 그 재회의 성격과 취지 를 가장 잘 나타내주는 것이 재회의 설단이다. 그러나 현재 주요 재회에서 보이는 단의 설치는 올바르지 않아 설단의 본래 취지를 잘 드러내지 못할 뿐만 아니라, 잘못된 설단으로 인하여 많은 혼동을 야기하고 있다. 이를 살펴보면, 첫째, 상단인 괘불단이 어디에 시설되어야 하는가의 문제로 대웅전과 동일선상인 대웅전 앞에 설단 하는 것이 올바른 설단 이라는 점이다. 또한 상단에 청해지는 존상은 불(佛)과 설주(說主)가 각기 다른 존재가 아닌 하 나의 존재이기에, 현재 설주 이운 의식이 별도로 행해지기 어려운 현실을 감안하여 ‘회주이운절차’로 복원할 필요성이 있다고 보여진다. 둘째, 시련 절차에서 성현중은 시련의 대상인가, 시련의 옹호를 부탁할 대상인가이다. 당연히 시련의 대상은 당해 혼령이고, 시련의 옹호를 부탁 할 대상은 성현중이라는 점이다. 다른 하나는 중단 권공의 핵심인 시왕 각 배 권공의 부재로, 하루에 마칠 수밖에 없는 현재 재회의 시간적 제약과 시왕의 증명청인 지장권공으로 대체되고 있는 현실 때문으로 보여진다. 셋째, 하위존재를 위한 법문 설행 시 하위존재의 위치로, 설법하는 분을 향해 앉아야 마땅하다는 것이다. 그러므로 괘불 상단의 앞인 정면에 앉아 야 올바른 위치임을 알 수 있다. 이와같이 영산재 삼위 설단에서 보여지듯 상위의 존재나 중위의 존재, 그리고 하위의 존재들은 그 역할이 분명함으로 설단은 그들의 세계관과 우주관에 의해 올바르게 시설되어야 한다. Among all the ceremonies performed at major ritual in Korean Buddhism, the altar-setting of the ritual best expresses the nature and purpose of the ritual. However, the current installation of the altar at major ritual is not only incorrect and does not reflect the original intent of the altar, but also causes a lot of confusion due to the wrong altar. Firstly, where to place the upper level Guebul altar-setting(掛佛壇 Buddhist scroll painting altar-setting), the correct location would be in front of Daewoongjeon, on the same line as Daewoongjeon. In addition, since the statue at the top is a Buddha or a Buddhist monk, Buddha and Seolju are not different beings, it is necessary to restore it as a Hoeju Yiun jeolcha(會主移運節次 the rules of practice) in consideration of the reality that it is difficult to perform a separate ritual. Secondly, in the Siryeon(侍輦 the rite of serving a sedan chair) process, is Seong Hyeon-joong an object of the Siryeon or an object of requesting support for the Siryeon? Is it something to ask for advocacy in the Siryeon(侍輦 the rite of serving a sedan chair)? Naturally, the subject of the Siryeon(侍輦 the rite of serving a sedan chair) is the spirit in question, and the object to be asked to defend the Siryeon(侍輦 the rite of serving a sedan chair) is Seonghyunjung. The other is the absence of Siwanggakbae(十王各拜 one type of the rites for The ten kings of hell) Kwongong(the rites of invitation to offerings), which is the core of Middle altar Kwongong(the rites of invitation to offerings). This seems to be due to the time constraints of the current ritual, which can only be completed in one day unlike in the past, and the reality that it is being replaced by Jijang Kwongong(the rites of invitation to offerings). Thirdly, When preaching the Dharma for a lower being, it is appropriate to sit facing the person who is preaching in the position of a lower being. In this way, as shown in Yeongsanjae Trinity Seoldan(三位設壇 altar-seeting), the roles of the higher beings, the middle ones, and the lower beings are clear, so the Seoldan(altar-setting) should be properly installed according to their worldview and cosmological view.

榮山江 淡水魚中의 몇가지 중금속 含量에 관한 硏究

최형일 조선대학교 생산기술연구소 1988 生産技術硏究 Vol.10 No.1

This study was performed to investigate the contamination level of heavy metals in freshwater fishes. The samples of 35 cases were collected at 7 areas located on Youngsan river from March to April in 1988. Contents of heavy metal of fishes such as Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Parasilurus asotus, Pseudogobio esocinus were analyzed, the results were as follows: 1. In the zinc contents, the highest value was 9.95ppm in Carassius auratus and the values at lower parts were higher than those at other parts on Youngsan river. 2. The highest manganese content of fishes was 0.321ppm in Cyprinus carpio, the lowest was 0.159ppm in Pseudogobio esocinus. 3. The highest arsenic content of fishes was 1.172 ppm in Carassius auratus, the lowest was 0.159ppm in Pseudogobio esocinus. 4. In the mercury contents, the highest was 0.073ppm In Cyprinus carpio and that in Pseudogobio esocinus was the lowest 0.037ppm. The contents of samples of ]uryong and Youngsan river-mouth area were also higher than those of other areas.

삼국시대 영산강 중·하류지역의 토기 편년 - 개배의 뚜껑을 대상으로 -

홍보식 ( Hong Boshik ) 호남고고학회 2021 호남고고학보 Vol.67 No.-

The chronology of earthenware of the Three Empires found along the Yeongsan River has accumulated enough resources to provide rough explanation of the development, but it has not been enough to explain the dynamics of material changes. Also, derivation of absolute dates has been controversial. In order to overcome these limitations, the current study classified the lids of dishes, which are most frequently found in various remains of the mid/down stream area such as homes, production sites, and mounds and used to write the chronology of material resources, into four series and derived the nominal properties and numerical properties of each series to complete 10 formats of 3 types. The relative hierarchy of formats was established based on the hierarchy of burials found in the excavation of Naju Jeongchon Mound and Bogam-ri Mound No. 3. A total of 10 steps were set based on the characteristics of formats in the relative hierarchy. Then, problems with using the absolute dates of Chinese porcelain found in the Baekje region and Sueki (series) of Japan for the absolute dates of earthenware from the Yeongsan River area and the Baekje region. The ten stages of absolute dates were picked based on cross-chronology with Gaya's earthenware excavated along the Yeongsan River and absolute dates extracted from the material resources of Baekje from the 6th Century. As a result, it was found that the production and consumption of dishes found in the mid/down streams of Yeongsan River began in Stage 1 in the 3rd Quarter of the 5th Century. Production and consumption were most active from Stage 2 in the 4th Quarter of the 5th Century through Stage 6 in the 2nd Quarter of the 7th Century. The dishes of that time had the most prominent regional characteristics of the mid/down streams of Yeongsan River and reflected the influence of the central dishes of Baekje and the Sueki dishes of Japan. From Stage 7 in the 3rd Quarter of the 6th Century, only the central dishes of Baekje were consumed, but the quantity decreased significantly by that time. They were consumed until the 2nd Quarter of the 7th Century.

환경평가 지원을 위한 지역 환경현황 분석 시스템 구축 및 운영 : 개발사업에 따른 생물 서식지의 질적 변화 Ⅲ

전동준 한국환경연구원 2021 사업보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research □ In the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River and Yeongsan River, agricultural areas are widely distributed inland and tidal flats are well developed along the coast. The middle and lower reaches of the Geum and Yeongsan Rivers and the surrounding areas are well-developed wetlands such as tidal flats, paddy fields, lakes, and rivers. The habitats of various animals and plants, including those living in wetlands, are distributed. □ Various development projects such as industrial complexes and urban development, as well as reclamation projects, have been carried out in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum and Yeongsan Rivers. □ This study aims to investigate changes in land cover in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River and Yeongsan River since the 1980s, analyze the changes in habitats by period, and seek a biodiversity conservation strategy for harmonization with the living habitats when establishing a development plan. □ In addition, by predicting future land cover in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River and Yeongsan River through scenario analysis of land use changes, and predicting changes in habitat quality and carbon storage, we intend to provide policy support data for the establishment of sustainable management policies. Ⅱ. Migratory Birds Census Results in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Geum River and Yeongsan River 1. Migratory bird census results in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River □ According to the results of the census of migratory birds in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River since 2010, it was confirmed that between 20,000 and 90,000 individuals arrive each year in the Geum River Estuary, Mangyeong River, and Dongjin River. In the case of the Geum River Estuary, Mangyeong River, and Dongjin River, 20 to 60 bird species were found to visit these areas every year. □ Since 2010, it has been confirmed that from 50,000 at least to close to 500,000 individuals arrive at Yeongam, Geumho, Yeongsan, and Gocheonam lakes every year. It was found that between 30 and 70 bird species visit the Yeongsan River Estuary, Yeongam lake, and Geumho lake every year. Ⅲ. Land Use Changes in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Geum River and Yeongsan River 1. Land use change in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River and Yeongsan River □ There is no significant change in land cover in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River. However, the area of agricultural land is increasing in proportion to the decrease in the area of water bodies. It is believed that new agricultural land was created through reclamation projects. □ In the middle and lower reaches of the Yeongsan River, the area of wetlands is significantly decreasing. This change in land cover reflects the increase in agricultural land area and the continuous increase in urban areas in the late 1990s. Wetlands in the downstream and estuary areas were developed as farmland or development land. 2. Land use change simulation according to scenario analysis □ The InVEST Scenario Generator was used to predict land cover changes in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River and Yeongsan River, and a total of six scenarios were analyzed. Ⅳ. Analysis and Prediction of Ecosystem Services in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Geum and Yeongsan Rivers 1. Assessment of habitat quality and carbon storage using InVEST □ Habitat quality evaluation is analyzed according to the suitability of each type of land cover as a habitat and the sensitivity and accessibility to respond to risk factors that threaten each habitat. □ The InVEST Carbon model is a model that estimates the amount of carbon storage based on land cover and carbon coefficients for each land use. 2. Assessment of habitat quality in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum and Yeongsan Rivers □ In 2019, grade 5 regions, where the quality of biological habitats in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River is relatively excellent, took up 11.1% of the total area of the study area. The next grade 4 areas accounted for 44.5%, and most of them were waters containing both oceans and rivers. □ In 2019, the quality of habitats in the middle and lower reaches of the Yeongsan River did not change significantly by grade compared to the past. It is characterized by a slight increase in the 1st grade area. The grade 5 area with a relatively high quality of biological habitat occupies 29.8% of the total area of the study area. It is analyzed that there is little change in area compared to the past. 3. Scenario analysis of habitat changes in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River and Yeongsan River □ It was predicted that the coastal area among the 5th grade areas with the best biological habitat quality would be changed to the 1st grade zone with the worst biological habitat quality. 4. carbon storage in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum and Yeongsan Rivers □ Assuming that the urbanized land in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River study site increases by 10% and 20%, respectively, the carbon storage according to the land cover change was analyzed as 7,184,175.00Mg of C and 7,090,108.70Mg of C, respectively. □ Assuming that the urbanized land in the middle and lower reaches of the Yeongsan River increases by 10% and 20%, respectively, the carbon storage amount was analyzed as 12,423,217.65Mg of C and 12,354,422.01Mg of C, respectively. Ⅴ. Conclusion and Suggestions □ Qualitative changes in biological habitats were analyzed along with changes in land cover in the area. Changes in the bird community, habitat quality, and carbon storage in the study site were confirmed. In addition, land use changes were predicted in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum and Yeongsan Rivers through land cover scenario analysis, and changes in habitat quality and carbon storage were analyzed. □ According to the analysis of the future changes in land cover using the InVEST Scenario Generator, urbanization areas will gradually increase according to future development in the middle and lower reaches of the Geum River and Yeongsan River. This means the reduction of living habitats, especially the areas of tidal flats, lakes and river wetlands, and agricultural areas, which are the feeding areas of birds. □ In the future, as the quality of the habitats of various living creatures including birds is expected to decrease in this area, a conservation policy is required. In addition, since a decrease in carbon storage is expected due to changes in land cover, more active conservation measures are required to achieve 2050 carbon neutrality.