발사 서비스 위험 담보 관련 우주보험 동향 및 사례

이효영(Hyo Young Lee),유일상(Il Sang Yoo),임창영(Chang Young Lim) 한국항공우주연구원 2023 항공우주산업기술동향 Vol.21 No.2

우주 선진국의 우주개발 경쟁이 가속화되고 민간의 우주산업 참여와 투자가 확대됨에 따라, 복잡하고 어려운 우주임무로 인한 위험이 점차 증대함으로써 전세계 우주보험 시장 규모도 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 각국의 우주활동 참여자들은 국제·국내 법체계에서 명시하는 의무 보험과 위험 발생에 따른 재산상의 손해를 자체 담보하기 위하여 보험에 가입하고 있다. 본 연구는 우주물체 발사 주체인 발사 서비스 제공자로서 발사 관련 다양한 위험 요인을 담보하는 보험 가입을 위하여 우주보험시장의 동향을 살펴보고 누리호 개발 및 발사 관련 보험 가입 사례를 기술하였다. As the space development race among advanced nations accelerates and private sector participation and investment in the space industry expand, the risks associated with complex and challenging space missions are gradually increasing. Consequently, the global space insurance market has been steadily growing. Participants in space activities from various countries are subscribing to insurance policies to cover their obligations under international and domestic legal systems and to protect against property losses resulting from risk occurrences. This study examines the trends in the space insurance market to facilitate the insurance coverage of various risk factors related to the launch as the launch service provider and describes case studies of insurance coverage related to the development and launch of the Nuri.

우주법,정책 : 외국의 우주보험 관련법 연구

조홍제 ( Hong Je Cho ) 한국항공우주법학회 2011 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.26 No.1

최근에는 상업적 우주활동의 증가와 우주파편의 증가로 인해 그 위험성이 더욱 증대되고 있다. 우리나라에서도 지난 2009년과 2010년 두 번에 걸쳐 인공위성 발사하였으나, 모두 실패로 끝났다. 이에 따라 국내외적으로 위성 발사 실패에 따른 책임 규명에 대해 보상 논의가 활발하게 이루어졌다. 이러한 점에 비추어 볼 때 우주개발과 관련한 리스크 관리 장치로서의 우주보험에 대한 정확한 개념규정과 법적인 논의가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 우주보험과 관련하여 통상적으로 두 가지 형태가 가능하다. 첫째는 발사와 궤도진입과 관련한 보험이며, 두 번째는 제3자 손해에 대한 보험이다. 전자는 피해를 입은 위성의 소유자나 운영자를 보호하는 것이고, 후자는 사고로 인한 소유자나 운영자의 책임을 담보하거나 배상하는 것이다. 우주보험과 관련하여 국제조약이나 국제적 규범은 없지만, 미국을 비롯한 영국, 프랑스, 러시아, 한국 등 각국은 국내법을 통해 우주보험의 인수를 강제하고 있다. 특히, 미국은 1984년 상업우주개발법과 관련 법률에서 발사체를 운영하는 자격을 가진 사람에게 제3자 손해에 대한 보험을 인수하도록 하고 있다. 상업적 우주산업의 관행과 미국의 상업적 우주발사법에서는 위성의 고객과 발사제공자는 발사로 인한 재산적 손해, 신체적 부상이나 사망 위험에 대한 가정과 상호 책임면제에 합의해야 한다고 규정하고 있다. 이는 위성의 발사 실패나, 위성체를 손실하였을 때, 위성의 고객은 비록 발사제공자가 과실이 있다고 하더라도 발사제공자에세 배상을 요구할 수 없다는 의미일 것이다. 그리고 미국과 기타 우주발사국들은 부보된 보험액을 초과하는 경우 제3자 손해에 정부의 배상을 제공한다. 그러나 유인우주선에 대해서는 유인 우주선에서 포기조항이 요구되지 않으며, 동의를 통보해야만 한다. 위성고객이 발사 제공자에세 소송을 제기하는 것을 제한하는 미국법상 포기조항은 유인우주선에는 적용되지 않는다. 이같이 미국법에서는 우주활동과 관련된 보험문제에 대해서 비교적 상세하게 규정하게 있으나, 다른 국가에서는 다수가 보험을 인수하도록 요구하고 있으나 상세한 규정은 두지 않고 있다. 우리나라도 예외가 아니다. 그러나 향후 우주활동이 활발하게 이루어지 상업적 우주관광 등이 이루어짐에 따라 우주보험문제에 대해서도 심도 있게 논의가 이루어져야 할 것이다. Recently, risk of space accident possibility increased in according to commercial space activity and space debris. It failed launch satellite second times in South Korea. Therefore was discussed on liability and insurance issue. Generally, discuss of space insurance be divided two type. Firstly, space insurance relevant to launching satellite and in-orbit. Satellite Launch Insurance and In-Orbit Insurance by the Satellite Operator Secondly, space insurance relevant to Third Party Liability. The former is to protect owner of satellite and operator. The latter is to liable and indemnify owner of satellite and operator`s liability. US, UK, France, Russia, South Korea forced to buy space insurance following to domestic law. This is a brief overview of risk allocation and insurance practices in the commercial space transportation industry today. We begin with traditional space transportation, i.e., commercial satellite launches. This is a mature industry with known players. Industry practices have developed and legislation has been adopted in the U.S. and other countries over the past decades to address liability and insurance issues. The primary focus here is on U.S. law, but the discussion of industry practice applies more generally. We then move on to a more exotic form of space transportation: Commercial human space flight. Several private companies are now signing up space tourists for commercial suborbital human space flight, advertised to become available in the near future. The United States amended its launch legislation in 2004 to promote commercial human space flight. But questions remain as to how this new industry will respond to the risk allocation regime established by the U.S. legislation, which leaves both the space flight operator and space tourist exposed to risk and potential liability. As a general proposition, state statutes and contractual waivers alone cannot be relied upon to provide adequate liability protection, and insurance will be required. Federally mandated contractual waivers by space flight participants or liability caps would be helpful to complement insurance solutions. Eventually, as the industry matures, such practices could be extended to an international legal regime. For all the issues mentioned above, I have studied the existing international treaties and several country`s domestic law to the space by referring U.S`s Commercial Space Launch Amendment Act of 2004 and concluded that uniform legal regime to govern these insurance issues should be established domestically and internationally in the future.

우주법,정책 : 우주여행의 법적문제에 대한 고찰

김종복 ( Jong Bok Kim ) 한국항공우주법학회 2011 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.26 No.1

우주의 급속한 상업화와 더불어 본격적인 상업우주운송시대가 열리고 있다. 이 상업우주운송 중 가장 먼저 실현될 것으로 보이는 분야는 우주여행분야로서 이를 위한 우주운송체 개발이 Virgin Galatic 사와 XCOR Aerospace 사 등 민간기업의 주도로 진행되고 있다. 우주여행을 위한 우주운송체는 재 사용가능한 운송체(Resuable Launch Vehicle)로 개발되고 있으며 Virgin Galatic사의 Spaceship Ⅰ과 Ⅱ는 시험비행을 성공리에 끝내고 2012년 경 부터 본격적인 우주여행에 투입할 계획이다. 우리나라도 예천천문연구센타에서 XCOR Aerospace사와 동사의 LYNX MARK-Ⅱ를 도입하는 양해각서를 체결하고 계획대로 라면 2013년부터 동 우주선을 사용하여 우주여행을 실시하려고 하고 있다. 이와 같이 이제는 우주여행은 우리에게 먼 미래의 이야기가 아니라 현실적인 문제가 되었다. 그러나 우주여행을 위한 법적측면에서의 대비는 거의 마련되어 있지 않은 것도 국내외적 현실이다. 이에 따라 본 논문은 우주여행과 관련하여 발생할 수 있는 제반 법적 문제점을 ① 항공법과 우주법 중 어느 법의 적용을 받아야 하는가 하는 적용법 문제와, ②우주여행객의 법적지위 문제를 우주선원으로 볼 수 있는가와 우주비행참가자로 볼 수 있는가를 우주관련 조약과 미국의 개정 상업우주발사법을 통하여 살펴보고 우주여행객에 대한 우주선선장의 권한 문제도 살펴보았다. ③우주여행사고시의 책임문제는 정부 및 비정부단체의 국제책임문제와 관련하여 살펴보고, ④허가와 감독문제는 미국의 AST의 사례와 개정 상업우주발사법을 통하여 고찰하였다. 특히 우주선의 안전성 보장 문제가 우주여행의 본격화를 위해서는 필수적인 점에서 현행 법제도상의 한계점과 개선점에 대해서도 살펴보았다. ⑤우주여행선의 등록문제도 우주물체 등록협약과 관련하여 살펴보고, ⑥마지막으로 우주여행 사업의 리스크 보전차원에서 우주보험 문제를 제3자 손해에 대한 보험과 자기재산에 대한 손해 순으로 보험문제를 살펴보았다. 우주여행이 본격적으로 활성화되기 위해서는 적어도 본 논문에서 언급되고 있는 법적 문제점들에 대한 검토와 이에 대한 법적·제도적 보완 장치가 조속히 국내적으로도 국제적으로도 마련되어야 할 것으로 본다. We are now entering the era of Commercial Space Transportation with the rapid commercialization of space. Commercial Space Tourism will be realized first of all in the commercial space transportation and the spacecraft is developing for it led by private enterprise such as Virgin Galatic and XCOR Aerospace. The spacecraft for space tourism is developed as Reusable Launch Vehicle(RLV). RLV Spaceship Ⅰ& Ⅱ manufactured by the Scaled Composites for Virgin Galatic had completed experimental flight successfully and is going to put to the operation for space travel around the year 2012. In our country, Yecheon Astro-Space Center located in Yecheon, Kyungbuk Province, signed a binding-MOU with XCOR Aerospace and going to start space travel in the year 2013 with the spacecraft LYNX MARK-Ⅱ. Thus, now space travel has become a reality to us. But it is also reality that there`s no study by legal basis preparing for the space tourism domestically and internationally. In this regards, this thesis dealt with legal issues related to space tourism. These are as follows: ① the applicabe law issue that is which law between air law and space law will apply, ② the status of space tourist issue that is space tourist can be considered as personnel of a spacecraft and/or space flight participant and has the duty to obey the order of the captain of spacecraft, ③ the responsibility of the government for the non-governmental entities such as private enterprise which involved in space tourism in case space accident occurs during the space travel, ④ license permit and supervision issue by the government (In this point, for activating the market of the space tourism, I think it is essential to guarantee the safety of the spacecraft by the government authority , though U, S. government declared that it has not certified the launch vehicle as safe for carrying crew or space flight participants), ⑤ registration issue, ⑥ space insurance issue. For all the issues mentioned above , I have studied the existing international treaties and several country`s domestic law to the space by referring U.S`s Commercial Space Launch Amendment Act of 2004 and New IGA of 1998 and concluded that uniform legal regime to govern these issues should be established domestically and internationally in the near future.

우주발사활동으로 인한 민사책임의 상호면책 조항에 대한 고찰

나종갑 연세대학교 법학연구원 2023 法學硏究 Vol.33 No.1

최근 비정부기관의 상업적 우주활동이 급격히 늘고 있다. 우주활동은 고위험의 활동이므로 국제조약에 의하여 우주활동에 대하여는 국가책임원칙이 확립되어 있다. 민간의 우주활동 참여를 독려하기 위해 민간의 우주활동에 대한 일정한 책임에 대하여는 국가가 부담하고 그 외에 대하여는 민간의 책임부담 뿐만 아니라 면책을 합법화 하고 있는 추세이다. 즉 민간 상호간과 국가사이에서는 민사책임에 대하여 일정한 상호면책제도를 확립하여 고위험의 우주활동으로부터 발생하는 책임을 면제하고 있다. 상호면책제도는 타인의 행위로부터 영향을 받는 것을 방지하여 자신의 활동에 대하여 충실하게 함으로써 민간의 우주활동 참여를 장려하는 제도이다. 상호면책이 활발한 미국은 NASA가 상호면책제도를 운용하였다가 1988년 상업적우주발사법에 명시적으로 상호면책제도를 도입하였다. 나아가 1990년대 중반 국제우주정거장 건설에 참여하는 국가들 사이의 협약에 상호면책조항을 도입함으로써 민간 뿐만 아니라 국가들 사이에서도 자신의 임무를 충실하도록 유도하였다. 상호면책제도는 모든 책임 있는 행위를 면책시키는 것이 아니라 중과실이나 고의행위에 대하여는 상호면책을 인정하지 않고, 경과실에 의한 행위만 면책을 시킨다. 민간사이에서는 생명이나 건강의 손상 등에 대한 책임도 면책을 인정하지 않고 있다. 그리고 상호면책제도는 상호 조건부로 운용하여 상호면책을 제공하지 않고서는 상호면책을 받을 수 없도록 하고 있다. 우리나라는 이제 우주활동의 초기단계이므로 민간의 우주활동참여를 적극적으로 유도하고자 한다면 상호면책제도를 도입하는 것이 필요하다고 판단된다. 본 원고에서는 상호면책에 관한 구체적인 법조항과 실제 사례 및 NASA의 운용을 중심으로 고찰하였다.

한국형발사체 우주보험 주요 이슈 및 대응 전략 고찰

이효영(Hyo Young Lee),임창영(Chang Young Lim),유일상(Il Sang Yoo) 한국항공우주학회 2020 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2020 No.11

宇宙損害 賠償法의 制定背景과 主要論点

咸哲勳(Ham Chul-Hoon) 중앙대학교 법학연구소 2007 法學論文集 Vol.31 No.1

The liability system for damage caused by space accidents is a special one for ruling the compensation of damage caused by space enterprises, for modern civilization brings forth the huge hazard and so this system may be called a unique one different from general tort liability system in civil law. In this sense, this system has various distinctive characteristics which are not found in other ones because of particularity of space accident. It is the best way that the risk of unpredictable accidents could be entirely managed in advance so as that an accident could be prevented and minimized. However, the liability management system for damage compensation from space accident would be provided as the measure preserving an unevitable damage after space accidents. In Korea ""the Space Development Promotion Act"" was enacted in 2005 for promotion of space development and the Article 14 of this Act provided to enact the special Act for indemnification from space accidents. Therefore, the draft Bill of the Space Damage Compensation Act is now under the preparation in compliance with that article. The major subjects of this Bill consist of ⓐ liability without negligence, ⓑ channelling of liability which means the whole liability is concentrated on the utility, ⓒ limit of the recourse right, ⓓ limit of immunity, ⓔ enforcement of financial protection, etc. Finally through the analysis based on the above items in this thesis, I explained the major legislative contents for the Bill of the Space Damage Compensation Act and suggested a few issues for the expectation of sound development of the system.

시험발사체 발사 관련 보험에 관하여

이효영(Hyo Young Lee),임창영(Chang Young Lim),유일상(Il Sang Yoo) 한국항공우주학회 2019 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.4

한국에 있어 우주법의 주요내용, 논평과 장래의 과제

김두환 ( Doo Hwan Kim ) 한국항공우주정책·법학회 2009 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Korea now has a rapidly expanding and developing space programme with exploration aspirations. The government is giving priority to the aerospace industry and, to put it on a better footing, enacted an Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act in I987, a Space Development Promotion Act in 2005 and a Space Compensation for Damage Act in 2007. I would like to describe briefly the legislative history, main contents and comment for these three space acts including especially launch licensing, registration of space objects, use of satellite information, astronaut rescue, liability for compensation, third party liability insurance and establishment of committee and plans to assist the Korean space effort. Furthermore author proposed to legislate a new draft for the establishment of a Korean Aerospace Development Agency (KADA: tentative title) to create a similar body to Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), British National Space Centre (BNSC) of UK, French Centre National d`Etudes Spatiales (CNES), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Swedish Space Corporation(SSC), China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) as well as the Korean Space Agency (KSA: Tentative title) to create a similar body to Canadian Space Agency, European Space Agency, Russian Space Agency, Italian Space Agency, Israel Space Agency, Indian Department of Space, National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) of USA, China National Space Administration in order to develope efficiently space industry. If the Korean government will be establish the Korean Space Agency as an governmental organization in future, it is necessary to revise the contents of the Government Organization Act. It is desirable and necessary for us to establish an Asian Space Agency (ASA), in order to develop our space industry and to promote research cooperation among Asian countries, based on oriental idea and creative powers.

Global Issues on the Compensation for Damage Caused by Space Debris’ Accidents and the Space Liability Convention

김두환,김선이 한국항공우주정책⋅법학회 2021 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.36 No.2

This paper is mentioned the space debris, observation, space debris’ accidents and the legal problems on the compensation for space damage caused by space debris and relation to the 1972 Space Liability Convention. Space debris is an enemy of mankind. I commented on the contents of the new "Draft for the International Instrument on the Protection of the Earth Environment from Damage Caused by Space Debris" proposed by the International Law Association (ILA). I also presented my proposal on the new legal frame for the prevention and mitigation of space debris and the damage caused by the Space debris accidents. Space Debris in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and in the Geostationary Orbit (GEO) shuld be mitigated and removed, through international cooperation in order to protect the life and property of mankind and protect the earth’s environment. The European Space Agency estimates that there are in the order of 900,000 pieces of space debris larger than 1 cm in orbit around the earth and over 128 million pieces between 1 cm and 1 mm. Space Debris from either size set is capable of causing considerable damage to objects launched from earth and result in the creation of more debris. States Parties also should take measures to avoid harming the environment of the earth through the introduction of extraterrestrial or other matter. Moreover, as the physical size of space objects increases, so will the probability that a collision will occur between space objects in outer space. Frequently, space debris falls back to the earth, which poses a potential threat to man’s exploration and use of outer space activities. Space debris comprise the ever increasing amount of inactive space hardware in orbit around the Earth as well as fragments of spacecraft that have broken up, exploded or otherwise become abandoned. The 1972 Liability Convention has raised awareness of a legal problems because there is no provision for compensation for damages caused by space accidents (space debris). It is necessary to exchange the current and various information and views among the countries on the damage caused by space debris and to establish the integrated monitoring system in the world. The purpose of this would be the prevention and mitigation of discharge the damage caused by space debris as a special and affiliated organization under the United Nations. Furthermore, it is to amend some articles of the 1972 Liability Convention in order to protect victims in the case of the damage for compensations caused by the space accidents including space debris. The space debris problem can only be effectively solved by international cooperation. Consultation and cooperation between space agencies are occurring with increasing frequency. It is my firm opinion that onle international and regional cooperation can solve the problem of environmental pollution, including damage caused by space debris. Meanwhile, States have to keep in mind that the exploration and use outer space is for the benefit and in the interests of all countries. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and the Space Liability Convention of 1972 does not regulate the provisions on the compensation for damages to victims caused by space debris accidents. It is necessary to revise the aforementioned Outer Space Treaty and the Space Liability Convention including inserting a new regulation on compensation for damages caused by space debris accidents, or to legislate a new Draft for the Convention on the Protection of the Earth Environment from Damage Caused by Space Debris". First of all, all such work must be discussed at the UN Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) in Vienna, Austria. I urge that the Legal Committee and Legal Subcommittees of UNCOPUOS consider and conclude this matter as soon as possible.

우주활동에 있어서 상호책임면제법리의 성립에 관한 연구

나종갑(Jong Khab Na) 한국비교사법학회 2009 比較私法 Vol.16 No.3

The cross-waiver of liability provides the parties of activities applied by the waiver the indemnification to the liability against other parties. The activities in the outer space are performed with high risk then, the industries of outerspace activities have been threatened with paying a large amount of damages. The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (NASA Act) authorizes NASA “to enter into and perform such contracts, leases, cooperative agreements, or other transactions as may be necessary in the conduct of its work and on such terms as it may deem appropriate, with any agency or instrumentality of the United States, or with any State, Territory, or possession, or with any political subdivision thereof, or with any person, firm, association, corporation, or educational institution.” This is the cross-waiver of liability among the participant of outerspace activities. A practice of other launch service providers outside of the U.S. such as Airanespace required the cross waiver of liability. The U.S. introduced the cross waiver of liabilities a legal system regarding by amending the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 in 1988. The cross-waiver of liability is a common practice in the outerspace activities.