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조석연 ( Seogyeon Cho ) 한국동양예술학회 2014 동양예술 Vol.25 No.-
This study is a research on the crossarm, the tuning-device of the ancient string instrument Gonghu. For this, crossarms which were used in the ancient string instrument Gonghu were examined closely. And the present writer had conducted spot investigations in Louvre Museum, the British Museum, the Egyptian Museum, Shosoin Treasure House of Japan, and many principal regions of China. In there numerous important relics of ancient times and research materials are housed. I had compared and contrasted various types of crossarm on these objects, the graphic materials and literatures each other. And I could draw a conclusion from this comparative study that for the purpose of tuning three types of crossarm had been used in ancient Harp Gonghu: cylindrical crossarm, wooden nail crossarm, S-shaped crossarm. The characteristics of them are as follows: First, cylindrical crossarm is a form which ties the strings on cylindrical crossarm. From about 2000 BC in which the Gonghu was invented to the present this type is being widely and steadily used. This form tunes up by turning of cylindrical crossarm. This type is not appropriate for aaccurate and minute tuning of sound, but it has the virtue that the tuned sound don``t easily come loose. Second, wooden nail crossarm is a way which ties strings at wooden nail on the crossarm. This type has the virtue of simplicity and possibility of more delicate tuning. Above all by maintaining of the space between the strings and the body this type enables the instrument to make moreclean and pure sound. This type of wooden nail crossarm could be found in the Gonghus which were housed in the Egyptian Museum and Shosoin Treasure House. Third, S-shaped crossarm is the most distinctive and advanced method of three types. This type is to confirm in the lacquered Gonghu which was possessed in Shosoin Treasure House. This type was made by cutting two grooves in S-shape on a thick and long wood. By doing this, the strings which passed three-level wooden frame doesn``t easily come loose and it makes possible to tune accurate and delicate sound. This S-shaped crossarm is very scientifically constructed type, it shows excellent ability in tuning and fixing of sound. Above-mentioned three types crossarm are all essential and fundamental type for ancient string instrument. Furthermore, according to the need they could be also engrafted into the contemporary musical instrument. I hope that the results of this research on three types of crossarm could play fundamental roles not only in case of Gonghu but also in study and restoration of whole ancient string instrument.
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