미국통일상법전(UCC) §2-207조 개정의 의미-계약의 성립 및 그 조건확정을 중심으로-

안강현 국제거래법학회 2010 國際去來法硏究 Vol.19 No.2

The Uniform Commercial Code(hereinafter referred to as the ‘UCC’) had significantly modified its stance concerning the formation of the contract and the determination of terms of the contract by the revision in 2003. Prior to such revision, the UCC had regulated both the formation of the contract and the determination of terms in the same §2-207, in that if the expression of acceptance has the additional terms to the offer, the UCC had classified into two cases from the criteria whether or not the parties are both merchants. In case the parties are both merchants, such additional terms have incorporated into the terms of the contract provided it has not materially altered the terms of the offer, while either in case where not all the parties are merchants or in case where there are material alteration, such additional terms have been regarded as the simple proposals for addition to the contract, further regulating that in a contract-byconduct situation, the terms of the contract shall be complemented according to the UCC except for the written agreement. On the contrary, the revised UCC has ruled the formation of the contract in the UCC §2-206, separately from the determination of the terms of contract in the UCC §2-207, in that the revised UCC has maintained the previous stance on the abolishment of the mirror image rule to facilitate the formation of the contract,while it has adopted the single unified standard of the knock-out rule to fix the terms of the contract, by repudiating the diversified rules in the previous UCC. This paper has scrutinized the problems likely to arise from the revision of the UCC by comparing the prior clauses with the revised ones, along with reviewing the relevant international regulations such as CISG, PICC as well as PECL. 미국통일상법전은 계약의 성립과 성립된 계약조건의 확정 문제에 관하여 2003년 개정을통하여 그 입장을 크게 변경하였다. 즉, 개정 전에는 계약의 성립문제와 내용확정 문제를 §2-207조에 같이 담아 규율하면서승낙의 의사표시에 청약조건에 대한 추가적 조건이 포함된 경우 계약당사자가 모두 상인인경우와 그렇지 않은 경우로 구분하여 계약당사자가 모두 상인인 경우에는 그 추가적 조건이 청약조건을 중대하게 변경하는 등의 예외적인 사유가 없는 한 계약의 내용이 되도록 하고, 계약당사자의 일부가 비상인인 경우나 위의 예외적인 사유가 있는 경우에는 단순한 제안으로 취급하도록 규정하는 한편 행위에 의한 계약성립의 경우에 그 내용은 당사자의 서면합의 외에는 미국통일상법전에 따라 보충하도록 규정하였다. 그러나 개정된 미국통일상법전은 계약의 성립문제는 미국통일상법전 §2-206조에, 계약내용의 확정문제는 §2-207조에 각각 나누어 규정하면서 계약성립을 용이하게 하기 위한mirror image rule의 폐기기조는 개정 전의 입장을 대체적으로 유지하되, 계약내용의 확정기준에 대하여는 개정 전의 다양한 기준을 폐기하고 knock-out rule이라는 단일한 기준을통일적으로 적용하기로 하였다. 이 논문에서는 미국통일상법전의 위와 같은 입장변경과 관련하여 개정 전후의 조문을 비교하면서 개정조문이 가질 수 있는 문제점에 대하여 검토하였다. 이를 행함에 있어서 CISG 나 PICC 및 PECL 등과 같은 국제규범의 관련규정들에 대한 검토도 함께 하였다.

독재정권의 체제 이행 조건과 상이성

이종철 ( Lee¸ Jong Cheol ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2021 국방연구 Vol.64 No.1

독재정권 혹은 독재체제는 ‘유지’되거나 ‘민주화’되거나 ‘혼란’으로 치닫는 세 가지 경로로 진행한다. 저항세력과 지배세력의 변수가 그 수준 및 정도에 따라 상이한 진행 과정과 결과를 만든다. 즉 독재체제는 저항세력의 저항 수준, 지배세력의 분열 정도 및 그 상호작용에 따라 체제 이행 여부뿐 아니라 결국 민주화로 나아가느냐 아니면 혼란으로 치달아 심각한 내홍 상태에 빠지느냐가 결정된다. 북한에서처럼, 저항세력의 저항 수준이 낮고 지배세력의 분열 정도가 약하면 독재정권은 이행하지 않고 유지된다. 동독과 이집트에서처럼, 저항세력의 저항 수준이 높고 지배세력의 분열 정도가 크면 독재정권은 이행하고 민주화로 나아간다. 시리아에서처럼, 저항세력의 저항 수준이 높아도 지배세력의 분열 정도가 약하면 독재정권은 이행하지 않고 혼란 상태로 나아간다. 독재정권은 ‘일당독재’를 보완하는 ‘개인독재’의 ‘효과적’인 ‘통제’를 통해 저항세력이 형성되거나 저항이 발생할 수 있는 여지를 미연에 차단함으로써 생존을 지속할 수 있으며, 저항세력의 저항이 높은 수준으로 발생하더라도 지배세력의 분열 정도가 약하며 지배자가 군을 동원하는 데 성공한다면 생존할 수 있다. The transition of a dictatorship proceeds in three ways : to remain, to be democratic or to be confused. The reason is that the variables of the ruling forces and resistance forces depending on their level and degree leads to different processes and outcomes. In other words, the level of the opposition, the degree of division of the elites, and its interaction determine not only whether the dictatorship is changing the system, but also whether it is moving smoothly toward democratization or into chaos. Like in North Korea, if the level of the opposition is low and the level of division of the ruling forces is weak, the dictatorship remains stable. Like in East Germany and Egypt, if the level of the opposition is high and the level of division of the ruling forces is large, the dictatorship will collapse and advance toward democratization. Like in Syria, if the level of the opposition is high and the level of division of the ruling forces is weak, the dictatorship does not collapse and goes into chaos. An authoritarian regime can maintain its survival by blocking the possibility of the resistance or the opposition in the bud through effective “control” of the individual dictatorship that complement the one-ruling party dictatorship. The autocracies also can survive when the level of division of the elites is weak and the capacity to mobilizing the military is full, even if the level of the opposition is high.

무선데이터서비스 활성화를 위한 MVNO 전환의사비용 추정

이상우 ( Sang Woo Lee ),고창열 ( Chang Youl Ko ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2015 인터넷정보학회논문지 Vol.16 No.4

This study uses the contingent valuation method to estimate the switching cost for adopting the MVNO service. The findings are as follows.: First, Willingness To Switch(WTS) increases as users` using pattern and perceived degree of MVNO service, but satisfaction with current service provider does not play a significant role in predicting Switching Cost. This means that as amount of money users can save exceeds a certain level, users decide to willingly change their service provider to MVNO regardless of their level of satisfaction with current service provider. Second, there are differences in WTS among service subscribers in SKT, KT and LGU+. It means that there will be a difference in the tendency to switch to MVNO among subscribers of service providers. This study suggest the following mangerial perspective to effectively promote the MVNO and boost the MVNO market for activation of mobile data services.: First, MVNOs are better off applying differentiated pricing scheme at attractive rates than using a differentiation of service product and quality. Second, regulators should consider how to implement an MVNO regulatory policy when there is an asymmetric customer loyalty among MNOs. This research will be used to set the MVNO`s pricing strategy and to build up a successful regulatory policies.

저산소조건에서 항암제들이 인간간암세포주의 생존에 미치는 영향

이준엽 ( June Yeob Lee ),임선하 ( Sun Ha Lim ),박성환 ( Sung Hwan Park ),안기성 ( Ki Sung Ahn ),서헌석 ( Hun Suk Suh ),이종원 ( Jongwon Lee ) 대한내과학회 2007 대한내과학회지 Vol.72 No.4

Background: In a previous study, we have shown that quinolones, antibiotics inhibiting topoisomerases, improve survival of tumor cells under hypoxic conditions. In this study, we tested whether antitumor agents such as doxorubicin that inhibit topoisomerases can also improve survival of tumor cells under hypoxic conditions. Methods: Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were grown in 4 mL of the culture medium at 2.5×10(5) cells/60 mm culture dish under normoxic conditions for 2 days before being transferred to fresh culture medium with different concentrations of doxorubicin or other antitumor agents under normoxic or hypoxic (1% oxygen concentration in air) conditions. Cell viability and the concentration of glucose and lactic acid in the medium were measured during cell culture. At the same time, the cells in the 60 mm dishes were lysed, and chromosomal DNA was isolated and loaded onto a 1.5% agarose gel for the DNA fragmentation assay. Results: Doxorubicin inhibited cell growth under normoxic condition in a concentration-dependent manner for the 0~100 μg/mL concentration range. However, doxorubicin improved cell viability under hypoxic conditions for a 0.1~10 μg/mL concentration range by inhibiting apoptosis. Similar phenomena were observed for other antitumor agents that inhibit topoisomerases. Conclusions: Solid tumors usually have hypoxic regions in the tumor, under which conditions antitumor agents that inhibit topoisomerases may function to delay tumor cell death. This can reduce the efficacy of the antitumor agents. (Korean J Med 72:384-392, 2007)