유럽인권협약상 개인청원의 효율성 제고에 관한 연구

이주윤(Joo yun Lee) 국제법평론회 2007 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.26

1950년의 유럽인권협약은 국제인권보장체제 중 그 효율성이 가장 뛰어난 것으로 평가되고 있다. 특히, 인권침해를 당한 개인에게 사법적 구제 수단을 제공하고 있는 유럽인권협약의 개인청원제도는 가장 모범적인 인권 보장 수단으로 인정받고 있다 이제 국제법상 개인의 지위는 법의 주체로 상승되고 있는 것이다. 개인청원에 관한 유럽인권재판소의 결정은 법적 구속력을 가지고 있으며, 유럽심의회 회원국 모두에 대해 강제관할권을 가지고 있다. 이는 다른 기타의 인권조약에 비하여 유럽연권체제가 가지는 최대의 무기일 것이며, 이러한 유럽인권재판소의 개인권리구제방식은 다른 지역인권재판소 및 인권위원회에 그대로 적용되거나 모델이 되고 있다. 그러나 유럽심의회 회원국이 46개 국가로 늘어나고 개인청원이 보다 많은 유럽인들에게 알려지면서, 유럽인권재판소가 처리하여야 하는 개인청원의 숫자는 폭발적으로 불어나 현재, 재판소는 말 그대로 위기에 직면하였다. 그리하여 과부하에 걸린 유럽인권체제의 효율적 운영과 신뢰를 보장하기 위하여 2004 년에 제14의정서가 채택되었는데, 중대한 손해 라는 새로운 허용성 요건을 도입하여 개인청원권에 중대한 제한이 가해질 수도 있다는 우려가 제기되고 있다. 유럽인권협약상 개인청원의 효율성을 보장하고 계속해서 개인의 실체적 권리 구제에 앞장서기 위해서는 허용성 요건을 엄격하게 하여 그 사법접근권을 제한하는 것보다는 유럽인권재판소 아래 허용성 심사를 전담하는 제l심재판소를 창설하거나 법률고문관제도를 강화하여 단독재판관의 업무수행을 돕고, 국내적으로는 사법 또는 행정당국에 대한 인권교육을 체계화시키거나 금전적 제재를 부과하고, 개인의 남소를 방지하기 위하여 일종의 공탁금과 같은 비용을 청원자에게 징수하는 동의 방안을 검토해 볼 수 있다. 각료위원회가 제 14의정서를 기초하면서 개인의 실효적 인권보장을 가장 중요한 과제로 삼은 의도를 결코 잊어서는 안 될 것이다. 결국 국제인권법의 실효성은 무엇보다도 인권조약상의 의무를 국내적으로 잘 준수하겠다는 각 개별 국가들의 의지에 달려있다. 극가는 적절한 국내법상 제도를 마련하여 인권 침해가 발생하는 경우, 사얀마다 적절한 집행 및 구제조치를 취하는 것이 필요하다. 국제법은 더 이상 국가들만의 법이 아닌, 궁극적으로는 개인 의 권리를 준수하고 증진하기 위한 법 이 되어야 할 것이다. European Convention on Human Rights of 1950 is the most effective human rights protection system up to date. The effectiveness of the system can be contributed to the individual application which provides human rights victims with legal remedies and this is why it is recognised as the most exemplary mechanism of all the human rights protection systems. With this new mechanism in place, international law that did not formerly recognise individuals as subjects of law have come to recognise the status of individuals as subjects of law. The biggest and most important advantage that European human rights system has over other human rights system is that all member states of the Council of Europe which are party to the European Convention on Human Rights accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights. This ensures the judgments by the Court dealing with the individual applications to be legally bound upon member states The subsequently formed human rights courts and human rights committees are following European human rights system as its role model because of its success. With the increase in the number of member states within the Council of Europe rose to 46, and as the Europeans have gotten more accustomed to resorting to individual applications for legal remedies, the number of cases concerning individual applications has increased continuously over the years and the Court faced a serious crisis in dealing with the caseload. Therefore, in 2004 Council of Europe adopted the Protocol No. 14 to the Convention to ensure the effectiveness as well as provide confidence in the European human rights system. The Protocol No. 14 introduces the new admissibility criterion to determine whether the applicant has suffered a significant disadvantage Although this requirement may provide the Court with some relief with the caseloads, it places serious restriction on the right of individual applications. In order to ensure the effectiveness of individual application under the Convention without placing restrictions on the substantial rights of individuals but to strengthen it, it would be better to create a Court of First Instance that wiIl examine only the admissibility of a case. Another solution would be to educate human rights to the judicial and administrative authorities in the national level and impose pecuniary damages to the repetitive states rather than to limit the victim s right of access to justice. We sho비 not forget that the intention of the Committee of Ministers when it prepared the Protocol No. 14 was to provide effective human rights protection. Finally, the effectiveness of international human rights law depends on the will of individual states that comply with the obligations under the human rights treaties. Where the human rights violation occurs, states should make the proper internal law and take proper remedies. Eventually, International law should be the law that protects and improves the fundamental rights of individuals, and not for the nation itself.

정당방위 유형, 신문기사의 정당방위 인정비율, 판단자 개인 특성이 정당방위 판단에 미치는 영향

김용애,김민지 한국법심리학회 2021 한국심리학회지: 법 Vol.12 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine empirically how the lay people judge self-defense and what factors could affect it. A total of 651 participants aged 20 years and over were asked to answer, attitude toward interpersonal violence, and legal attitude questionnaire, all divided by the type of self-defense. Participants were assigned one of the three types of situations that were claimed to be self-defense, and were given articles and scenarios related to each type of self-defense before making self-defense judgments. In addition, the impact of personal factors on self-defense judgment was analyzed after the legal attitude, and the attitude toward interpersonal violence, which are personal factors, was also measured. The results showed that the rate of recognition of self-defense was the highest in the type of self-defense for oneself, but the rate of denial of self-defense against state agencies was much higher, indicating the opposite. Furthemore, negative articles on self-defense were found to affect the judgment of self-defense. In addition, it was found that the level of the attitude toward interpersonal violence and legal attitude of individual participants could affect the judgment of self-defense. The general public's judgment process and the factors that affect self-defense judgment may be considered to prevent biased judgment in actual jury trials. Finally, influence, and limitations of this study and suggestions of subsequent study were also discussed. 본 연구는 일반인이 정당방위를 어떻게 판단하고 있으며 판단시 영향을 줄 수 있는 요인들은 어떤 것이 있는지 실증적으로 고찰하고자 하였다. 정당방위 판단에 영향을 주는 요인을 정당방위 유형, 정당방위에 대한 기사, 판단자 개인 특성인 폭력 허용도, 법적 태도로 나누어 만 20세 이상의 성인 남녀 총 651명을 대상으로 연구자료를 수집 및 분석하였다. 참가자들은 정당방위가 주장되는 상황을 유형화하여 작성된 세 유형 중 하나의 유형에 할당되고, 각 유형에 해당하는 정당방위 관련 기사와 시나리오를 제공받은 후 정당방위 판단을 하였다. 또한, 개인적 요소인 법에 대해 가지는 태도, 폭력 허용도가 측정된 후 정당방위 판단에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 자신을 위한 정당방위 유형에서는 정당방위를 인정하는 비율이 가장 높았으나, 국가기관에 대항하는 정당방위 유형에서는 정당방위를 불인정하는 비율이 훨씬 높은 반대 양상을 나타내었다. 또한, 정당방위에 대한 기사 중 정당방위가 잘 인정되지 않는다는 부정적인 기사가 정당방위 판단에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 더불어 참가자 개인의 폭력 허용도, 법적 태도가 정당방위 판단에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 확인한 일반인들의 정당방위 판단 과정과 정당방위 판단에 영향을 줄 수 있는 제반 요소들은 실제 배심 재판에서의 편향적인 판단을 방지하기 위한 고려 요소가 될 수 있을 것이다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 한계점, 후속 연구를 제언하였다.

성장기 폭력피해경험, 가부장적 태도, 법 태도가 자녀폭력허용도에 미치는 영향 : 혼인여부의 조절효과를 중심으로

정요한(Jung Yo Han),정혜원(Jung Hye Won) 연세대학교 사회복지연구소 2016 한국사회복지조사연구 Vol.51 No.-

이 연구는 최근 지속적으로 증가하고 있고, 이슈가 되고 있는 자녀폭력사건들에 주목하여 성장기 폭력 피해경험, 전통적인 가부장적 태도, 법 태도가 자녀폭력허용도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 또한 그 경로에서 혼인여부의 조절효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2015년 6월~7월까지 (재)경기도가족여성연구원에서 경기도민을 대상으로 실시한 경기도민의 폭력 허용태도 조사 데이터를 사용하였으며, 그 중에서 만19세 이상부터 만 70세 미만의 1,500명을 대상으로 구조방정식 모형 검증 등 통계분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과에 따르면 첫째, 전통적인 가부장적 태도를 가지고 있을수록 자녀폭력허용도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 법 준수에 대한 태도가 좋지 않을수록 자녀폭력허용도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 자녀폭력허용도에 대한 성장기 폭력피해경험은 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다. 넷째, 기혼집단의 경우 연령이 많을수록 자녀폭력허용도가 유의미하게 높아졌으나 미혼집단은 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다. 다섯째, 가부장적 태도가 자녀폭력허용도에 미치는 영향력은 혼인여부에 따라 집단 간에 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 다시 말해서, 기혼집단이 미혼집단보다 자녀폭력허용도의 평균값은 유의미하게 높았으나, 가부장적 태도에 따른 자녀폭력허용도에 미치는 영향력은 미혼집단이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 바탕으로 결혼 전 예비부부를 포함한 부모의 자녀폭력에 대한 예방과 개입에 기여할 수 있는 정책적·실천적 함의를 논의하였다. This thesis is designed to study the effect of violence experience during the growth period, traditional patriarchal attitudes and legal attitudes on acceptance of child violence in consideration of child violence that continues to increase in recent days and to verify the control effect according marital status. For this study were used data obtained after the survey on violence acceptance attitudes of Gyeonggi-do residents conducted by Gyeonggido Family & Women Research Institute from June to July 2015 and the structural equation model for 1,500 residents aged from 19 to 70 among them was verified and statistically analyzed. The analytical findings have revealed: First, the more traditional patriarchal attitudes they had, the higher acceptance of child violence. Second, the worse law-abiding attitudes they had, the higher acceptance of child violence. Third, premarital violence experience had no statistically significant effect on acceptance of child violence. Fourth, in case of the married group, the older they were, the acceptance of child violence was significantly high but that of unmarried group was statistically insignificant. Fifth, the effect of patriarchal attitudes on acceptance of child violence varied significantly according to marital status. In other words, the average acceptance of child violence in the married group was significantly higher than that in the unmarried group but the effect of gender roles on acceptance of child violence was greater in the unmarried group. Policy and practical implications, which might contribute to preventing and intervening in the child violence of parents including soon-to-be married couples, were discussed based upon these analytical findings.

排出權의 法的 性質

최경진(Kyoung-Jin Choi) 한국비교사법학회 2010 比較私法 Vol.17 No.1

Global effort has been devoted to respond against global warming after adoption of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. Specially, three mechanisms from the Kyoto Protocol became a threshold of discussion of Emission Trading System. Korea is also trying to make new legal system for emission trading. The very recent legislation of “Green Development Framework Act” gives the legal basis for emission trading, even though it provides just one article. Now we first have to discuss about the legal nature of emission or emission right for the purpose of design the concrete legal system suitable to our country. Because ruling of emission trading can be varied according to its legal nature. So, this paper deals with the problem of how the legal term has to be defined, comparative analysis of the legal nature, and legal construction under the Korean applicable laws. After all those studies, it concldes as followings. Foreign cases are variable, but “emission right” is proper from Korean perspective. The legal nature in foreign countries is very relevant to their own law system, specially civil law or property law. Finally, allowance to emit can be construed as Res or Thing under Article 98 of Korean Civil Law from my own view, and emission right can be special property right. But it must be based on new legislation for registry system

사행 행위 법적 허용의 인식론 (Ⅰ): 폐광지역 카지노 허가 논의를 중심으로

조광익(Cho, Kwang-Eik) 한국관광레저학회 2019 관광레저연구 Vol.31 No.10

유책배우자 이혼청구의 제한과 파탄주의 지향 : 청구인용의 법리와 관련한 판례의 동향을 중심으로

김혜숙(Kim Hye Sook),이희배(Lee Hee Bae) 한국가족법학회 2015 가족법연구 Vol.29 No.2

1. "Filing divorce by a marriage partner at fault" refers to the situation when one who is mainly or wholly at fault of breakdown of marriage files a divorce to the counterpart on the basis of the fault. Under the Korean divorce law, the court is troubled to allow a divorce filed by the partner who is at fault. While the original verdict allowed the filing, to be studied verdict remanded after quashing the files motion. The following are points need to be discussed in the study: 1) The verdict that remanded after quashing the original verdict, which allowed the filing of divorce by a marriage partner at fault, should be examined whether it reversed the precedent position of "limited breakdown theory" in principle dismisses all filings by the partner at fault, with only few exceptions. 2) The original verdict that allowed the filing by a partner at fault should be examined whether the court misinterpreted existing legal principles. 3) The symbolic meaning and the nature of the verdict that remanded after quashing the original verdict should be discussed further. 2. The precedent case in principle does not allow filing of divorce by a partner at fault but allows exceptions. The to be studied verdict remanded after quashing did not reverse the precedent position. 3. The original verdict that allowed filing of motion by a marriage partner at fault did misinterpret precedent case's legal principles. However, the ruling that dismissed the original verdict and remanded after quashing should be understood as a message to reexamine the breakdown of marriage but not as a dismissal of divorce motion itself. 4. Since 1995, the discussion on "suspended breakdown theory" emerged to the surface. The theory allows filing of divorce motion by marriage partner at fault but postpones exceptional cases. Early 2005 marked the revolutionary turning point for institutional environment of Korean family law. With this change in tide, divorce law is also making an attempt to change its path significantly toward breakdown theory when marriage partner at fault files motion. 5. The ruling suggested the necessity of marital counseling program and child counseling as a means of prevention and reconciliation of marriage disputes.

청탁금지법의 허용된 금품수수의 규정체계와 이에 대한 형법해석학적 방향

최호진 한국형사판례연구회 2020 刑事判例硏究 Vol.28 No.-

It is advisable to understand the regulations on the prohibition of solicitation in the improper solicitation and graft act for reasons that exclude the applicability of the constituent requirements. The content and system of the punishment regulations have placed the prohibited list and the allowance in equal positions, expressing that the law does not punish, and expressing it in a form that does not correspond to the prohibited action. Considering that it can be regarded as belonging to the free domain of the act without substantial substance of prohibition under the criminal law, it is reasonable to consider that it is a reason for exclusion of compositional requirements, not a reason for illegality fragmentation. Extensive interpretation is possible in interpretation. This is because it narrows the scope of punishment of actors. However, the reason for exclusion of constructive requirements can be more actively analyzed in terms of ‘the principle allowed behavior type’, and the reason for the fragmentation of illegality is that the prerequisite constituent requirement is ‘the principle prohibited behavior type’. Relatively expanded analysis is limited.

Die Auslegung des Art. 72 Abs. 2 und Art. 125a GG in Hinsicht auf die der Rechtsprechungen des BVerfG

신정규 경북대학교 법학연구원 2016 법학논고 Vol.0 No.55

The fact features of the Article 72 paragraph 2 of the Basic Law of Germany can be understood as an indefinite legal terms and even not enough a mere acceptability review. This means which only represents not just a mere admissibility review of the law target. This means that the constitutional court control aligns not only on the laws target that is naturally determined and tracked by the federal legislature, but on the content of the relevant regulations. In this regard, sets such control in the way of the two-stage review steps, the admissibility of the laws of the target federal legislature and the extent of the power to intervene in order. Consequently, this control acts even on an erroneous finding of fact of law legislature prognostic decisions or assessment that the question is inevitable in the assessment of laws effects and in response, as the actual conditions without intervention of the federal legislature or by engaging the state legislators will develop in the future. Only the authorization granted by federal law the states can indeed enforce the fundamental revision of the still applicable federal law within the meaning of Article 125a paragraph 2 sentence 1 of the Basic Law of Germany and that in certain instances but change competence cannot be assigned to them. Besides authorizing the reorganization of the country is not a mandatory obligation of the Federal. Only then, under certain conditions, the federal government is obliged. Thus the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany has included the legal nature of Article 125a paragraph 2 of the Basic Law of Germany as a derogation of Article 72 paragraph 2 of the Basic Law of Germany in the changing power of the Federation. Requirements of Article 72, paragraph 2 of the Basic Law of Germany prove vertical standard setting limit in the central government, because the statute empowered the local administrative unit in the context of the existence of the requirements of Article 72, paragraph 2 of the Basic Law of Germany can only be retained and otherwise it in respect of the guarantee of selfgovernment autonomy of local government principle must be guaranteed. Die Tatsachmerkmale des Art. 72 Abs. 2 GG a. F. können als unbestimmte Gesetzesbegriffe verstanden werden und selbst reicht eine bloße Vertretbarkeitskontrolle nicht aus, d. h. die stellt nur keine bloße Zulässigkeitsprüfung des Gesetzesziels dar; dies bedeutet, dass sich die verfassungsgerichtliche Kontrolle nicht allein auf den Gesetzesziel, das naturgemäß vom Bundesgesetzgeber bestimmt und verfolgt wird, sondern auf den Gehalt der entsprechenden Regelungen ausrichtet. Diesbezüglich sich setzt solche Kontrolle in der Weise der zweistufigen Prüfungsschritte, die Zulässigkeit des Gesetzesziels des Bundesgesetzgebers und das Ausmaß der Eingriffsbefugnis, um. Folglich wirkt diese Kontrolle auch dann auf eine fehlerhafte Tatsachenfeststellung des Gesetzesgebers als Grundlage prognostischer Entscheidungen oder Einschätzung, die bei der Beurteilung von Gesetzeswirkungen und bei der Antwort auf die Frage unumgänglich ist, wie sich die tatsächlichen Verhältnisse ohne ein Eingreifen des Bundesgesetzgebers oder durch ein Eingreifen der Landesgesetzgeber künftig entwickeln werden. Nur durch die Ermächtigung durch Bundesrecht können die Bundesländer zwar die grundlegende Neuregelung des weiterhin geltenden Bundesrechts i. S. des Art. 125 a Abs. 2 S. 1 GG durchsetzen und aber dabei die teilweise Änderungskompetenz kann ihnen nicht zugewiesen werden. Daneben ist die Ermächtigung zur Neuregelung der Länder keine obligatorische Verpflichtung des Bundes. Nur dann unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen ist der Bund dazu verpflichtet: die Voraussetzungen sind auf der einen Seite sachlicher Änderungen und auf den anderen Seiten politischer Erwägungen vermittelt. Damit hat das BVerfG den Rechtscharakter des Art. 125 a Abs. 2 GG als Ausnahmeregelung des Art. 72 Abs. 2 GG in die Änderungskompetenz des Bundes einbezogen. Voraussetzungen des Art. 72 Abs. 2 GG erweisen sich als vertikale Normsetzungsgrenze im Zentralstaat, weil die Satzungsbefugnis der lokalen Verwaltungseinheit im Rahmen des Bestehens der Voraussetzungen des Art. 72 Abs. 2 GG nur dann zurückgehalten werden kann und ansonsten sie bezüglich der Garantie der Selbstverwaltungsautonomie der lokalen Regierung im Grundsatz garantiert werden muss.