국내 생태계에서 주요 GM작물과 근연종 간의 자연 교잡 가능성

육민정,김도순 한국잔디학회 2022 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.11 No.4

Natural hybridization between genetically modified (GM) crops and their relatives is the first gateway for introgression to the ecosystem and consequent environmental risk. Therefore, we review the related information on transgene flow from GM crops to their relatives in the Korean ecosystem, such as introduced traits, reproductive characteristics, endemic relatives, and the gene flow occurrence of major GM crops. Besides non-GM cultivars, wild soybean, seven Brassicaceae species, and weedy rice are distributed nationwide in Korea. The maximum gene flow rate from GM to wild soybean was reported at 0.292%. The maximum gene flow rates from GM oilseed rape to Brassica juncea and Brassica rapa were 0.076% and 1.2%, respectively. The hybridization rate from GM to weedy rice was generally less than 0.05% but ranged up to 4.2%. Because there are no wild or weedy relatives of GM maize and cotton in Korea, the gene flow to their relatives is expected to be relatively low. Our review suggests that the transgenes of GM soybean, oilseed rape, and rice can be introgressed into their cultivated, wild or weedy relatives by pollen-mediated gene flow, and may persist in the ecosystem depending on the fitness of the hybrid progenies. 본 연구는 주요 GM작물의 유전자이동에 의한 환경위해성에 대한 이해와 관리 전략 수립을 위한 정보를 제공하고자수행되었으며, 세계 4대 GM작물인 콩, 유채, 옥수수, 면화 및 국내 주곡 작물인 벼의 도입형질, 생식 특성, 교잡가능 근연종 및 국내 분포하는 근연종과의 교잡율 등에 관한 자료를 수집·분석하여 고찰하였다. 콩은 국내 원산인 작물로서 일년생 야생종인 돌콩이 전국적으로 자생하고 있으며, 국내 포장조건에서 GM콩과 돌콩 간 교잡은 최대 0.292%이었다. GM 유채는 종간 교잡이 가능한 갓, 양배추 및 배추와 속간 교잡이 가능한 모래냉이, 소래풀, 서양무아재비 및 무 등 7종의근연종이 국내에서 재배 또는 자생한다. 국내 농업환경 조건에서 수행한 실험에서 GM유채와 근연종 간 최대 교잡율은 갓, 배추에서 각각 0.076% 및 1.2%에 달하였다. GM벼는 교잡이 가능한 재배벼가 광범위하게 재배되고 있으며, 잡초성벼가 자생한다. 야외 포장에서 GM벼로부터 잡초성 벼(앵미)로의 유전자 이동율은 대체로 0.05% 미만이었으나, 최대4.2%의 교잡율이 보고되기도 하였다. GM옥수수 및 면화는 국내에 교잡 가능한 야생 근연종이 분포하지 않으므로 상대적으로 유전자이동에 의한 생태계 침투 가능성이 낮을 것으로 예상된다. 종합적으로 GM콩, GM유채, GM벼의 경우 도입유전자가 국내 생태계에 분포하는 근연 재배종, 야생종 또는 잡초종으로 이동 가능하며, 교잡후대종의 적응성에 따라 국내 생태계에 지속할 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

한국고유종 북방종개(어류강, 미꾸리과)의 집단유전학적 구조

장숙진,고명훈,권예슬,원용진 한국환경생태학회 2017 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.31 No.5

북방종개(Iksookimia pacifica)의 유전적 다양성과 구조적 특징을 밝히기 위해 동해 독립하천들에 서식하는 10개의 집단들을 대상으로 핵유전자와 미토콘드리아 유전자에 기반한 집단유전학적 분석을 실시하였다. 일부 예외적인 경우를 제외하고, 미토콘드리아와 핵유전자 모두 통계적으로 유의미한 집단 간 유전적 분화가 관찰되었다. 핵유전자들의 DNA 서열자료에서 추출한 유전자형 자료를 Bayesian 방법으로 분석한 결과 북방종개는 천진천과 양양남대천을 기준으로 북쪽과 남쪽의 두 개의 그룹으로 나뉘는 구조를 보였다. 현재 동해 하천들이 지리적으로 단절되어 온 독립 수계라는 것을 감안했을 때, 남북으로 구별되는 집단유전적 구조는 북방종개가 한반도에 정착했던 초기 조상 집단이 남북으로 갈라지는 지리적인 분리 사건과 관련되었을 것으로 해석되며, 이러한 초기 조상집단의 지리적 분리 이후, 두 조상 그룹들은 남북의 지리적인 범위 내에서 하천 별 고립에 따른 추가적인 분화 과정을 거쳤을 것으로 추정된다. 주목할 점으론, 자산천 집단의 많은 개체들이 지리적 거리가 먼 양양남대천 및 강릉남대천 집단과 하나의 유전적 cluster를 형성하고 있는 것이다. 이와 함께 미토콘드리아 유전자의 경우 몇몇 이웃하는 집단들 사이에 현저히 낮은 유전적 분화도 그리고 일부 집단들에서 매우 낮은 유전적 다양성이 관찰되었다. 본 집단유전학적 결과는 향후 북방종개의 보존 및 관리를 위한 기초자료로 제시될 것이다. Population genetic studies of 10 groups of Iksookimia pacifica were conducted to investigate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure across its known range in South Korea. Population DNA sequences of one mitochondrial gene (mtCOI) and three nuclear genes (IRBP, EGR2B, RAG1) were examined in samples collected from ten streams that flow into the East Sea. Both mitochondrial and nuclear sequences exhibited significant differentiation among populations except a few cases. The Bayesian analysis of the multi-locus genotypes inferred from the DNA sequences of nuclear genes clustered the individual fish largely into two geographical groups: a northern group (from Baebong stream to Cheonjin stream) and a southern group (Yangyangnamdae stream to Gangneungnamdae stream). Given that the streams flowing into the East Sea are geographically isolated water systems, such separation of genotypes can be interpreted by the geographical separation of common ancestors into north and south that had colonized South Korea. Since the initial geographical separation of the ancestral population by north and south, the ancestral groups seem to have experienced further differentiation into the current genetic clusters through the physical isolation of streams by the East Sea in each region. It is notable that many individuals in the Jasan stream formed a genetic cluster with those of Yangyangnamdae and Gangneungnamdae streams which are distant from each other. In addition, mitochondrial gene showed low genetic differentiation between some neighboring populations and very low level of genetic diversity in several populations. The present population genetic study will provide valuable information for the conservation and management of the Korean endemic fish species, I. paicifica.

Phenylethylisothiocyanate 함량이 증진된 형질전환 배추에서의 도입유전자의 후대 유전 및 발현 안정성 검정

박지현(Ji-Hyun Park),김형석(Hyoung-Seok Kim),이기호(Gi-Ho Lee),유재경(Jae-Gyung Yu),박영두(Young-Doo Park) 한국원예학회 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.1

Development of genetically-modified (GM) crops enables the introduction of new traits to the plant to confer characteristics such as disease resistance, herbicide resistance and human healthpromoting bioactivity. Successful commercialization of newly developed GM crops requires stable inheritance of integrated T-DNA and newly introduced traits through the multiple generations. This study was carried out to confirm the stable inheritance of the integrated T-DNA in T1 and T2 transgenic Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) that was genetically modified to increase concentrations of phenylethylisothiocyanate (PEITC), which is a potential anti-carcinogenic phytochemical. For this purpose, the IGA 1-3 (T1 generation) and IGA 1-3-5 (T2 generation) lines were selected by PCR and a IGA 1-3 transgenic plant (T1 generation) was analyzed to confirm the T-DNA insertion site in the Chinese cabbage genome by VA-TAIL PCR. The results of this study showed that the introduced T-DNA in IGA 1 line was stably inherited to the next generations without any variations in terms of the structure of the transgenes, and this line also showed the expected transgene function that resulted in increased concentration of PEITC through the multiple generations. Finally, we confirmed the increased QR activity in IGA 1 T1 and T2 transgenic lines, which indicates an enhanced potential anti-carcinogenic bioactivity and its stable inheritance in IGA1 T1 and T2 transgenic lines.

The Synergistic Cell Killing Effects by the Transduction of the w-p53 Gene and 5-FU Administration in Colon Cancer Cell Lines

Hyung Jin Kim(김형진),Sang Chul Lee(이상철),In Kyu Lee(이인규),Won Kyung Kang(강원겸),Seong Taek Oh(오승택),Suk Kyun Chang(장석균) 대한외과학회 2007 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.73 No.6

Purpose: It is known that the wild-type p53 (w-p53) gene has several functions such as suppression of tumor cell growth, control of the cell cycle, stabilization of the genes and cellular differentiation. Recombinant w-p53 adenovirus was transfected and 5-FU was administered into the LoVo (w-p53 gene positive) and SW-837 (mutant-p53 gene positive) colon cancer cell lines to determine the cell death effects according to the presence or absence of the w-p53 gene. Methods: The transduction of the p53 gene was done using recombinant adenovirus and liposomes, and the cell death effect was determined by performing MTT assay. Results: The cell death effect by 5-FU was higher in the LoVo cell line than that in the SW-837 cell line. The rate of w-p53 gene transduction was about 90%. The cell death effect by w-p53 gene transduction was shown by the administration of 10μM of 5-FU. The cell death effect according to the administration of 5-FU after w-p53 gene transduction was 10 fold of that with 5-FU administration in the both cell lines, and there was a more significant effect in the LoVo cell line. Conclusion: The cell killing effect by 5-FU administration after w-p53 gene transduction showed a synergistically higher effect than those of w-p53 transduction only or 5-FU administration only in the colon cancer cell lines. Gene therapy using w-p53 gene transduction requires more extensive clinical trials.