『국어』 3 「보고 또 보고」 단원의 문법 내용에 대한 검토

김봉국(Kim, Bong-Gook) 한국어문교육학회 2013 어문학교육 Vol.47 No.-

이 논문은 2009 개정 국어과 교육과정이 적용된 초등학교 『국어』 교과서 중에서도 국어 1∼2학년군에 포함된 『국어』 3의 8단원인 「보고 또 보고」에 기술된 문법 내용에 대해 검토하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 특히 문법 내용과 관련해서는 학습 활동에 필요한 예시 자료를 중심으로 검토하여 보았는데, 예시 자료들의 분류에 있어서 문제가 있음을 논의하였다. 예시 자료들은 크게 ‘헷갈리기 쉬운 낱말’과 ‘글자는 다르지만 발음이 같은 낱말’로 나누어지는데, 교과서 및 지도서에서는 이에 대한 분류가 정밀하지도 체계적이지도 않음을 지적하였다. 이뿐만 아니라 문법론적인 대등성의 관점에서 성격이 이질적인 자료가 들어가 있어서 오히려 학습자나 교사에게 혼란을 초래할 수 있는 예시 자료가 제시되기도 하였다. 이런 점을 고려하여 8단원 「보고 또 보고」의 학습 활동을 위해 예시 자료를 새롭게 분류하고자 하였다. The purpose of this study is to investigate some problems on the grammatical Study was descripted Chapter 8 in elementary school Korean textbook. For reach the goal of this study, it should be put forth, thoroughly about two types on word classification in elementary school Korean textbook. On the basis of foregoing facts, it is investigated problems as follows ; (1) confused words (2) homonym.

문법표지를 활용한 다시쓰기 교수법

김남미 한국 리터러시 학회 2016 리터러시 연구 Vol.- No.15

This article aims at suggesting grammar education methodology in order to enhance students’ writing ability. The lesson objectives this article suggests leads learners to metacognitively notice the linguistic reality regarding grammar words. In addition, it contributes to reflect generated writing strategy on components for their writing organization. In this lesson, primary attention falls on grammar words which show juxtaposition of components such as ‘-wa/gwa’ ‘-go, myeo, meoynseo,’ ‘-boda.’ That is, while being involved in the lesson, students are able to make use of how to extend the grammatical hierarchy decided by these words including structure control of writing content components. All the writing data this article uses comes from real class room setting. The professor selected students’ writing with the grammar words suggested above, which was written in the previous lesson. Then, he/she leads the instruction on what kind of role these grammar words play for the learners and how they make a relationship with the unit of writing components. 이 글의 목적은 학습자 글쓰기 능력 신장을 위한 문법 교육 교수법을 제안하는 데 있다. 여기서 제안하는 수업의 목표는 학습자들이 문법표지와 관련된 언어적 현실을 메타적으로 인지하며 생성한 전략을 자기글의 구성요소를 확장하거나 체계화하는 데 활용할 수 있도록 하는 것이다. 이 수업에서 문법교육의 대상으로 삼은 문법표지는 선,후행 요소의 대등성을 나타내는 ‘-와/과’, ‘-고, 며, 면서’, ‘-보다’ 등이다. 이들 표지들이 결정하는 문법적 위계를 글의 내용적 구성단위의 위계 조절에까지 확대하는 방법을 활용하는 것이다. 이 논문에서 사용하는 모든 자료들은 글쓰기의 과정 중에 산출된 학습자들의 실제 글이다. 교수는 학습자들이 이전 차시에 작성한 글에서 해당 문법표지를 가진 자료를 선정하여 수정하게 하면서 학습자들이 활용하는 수정의 방식을 확인하였다. 이후 학습자들에게 문법표지가 어떤 역할을 하는가와 그것이 글의 구성단위와 어떤 관계를 갖는가에 대한 강의를 진행하였다. 여기서 대상으로 삼은 글의 구성단위는 문장이었지만 전체 글, 단락, 문장 등의 단위를 살피는 과정이 함께 이루어졌다. 다시쓰기에서 해당 문법표지를 활용하여 글을 수정하고 확장하는 방법을 제시하였다.

支配層 編制에 나타난 新羅의 國家形成 構圖

徐毅植(Seo Euisik) 역사교육연구회 2018 역사교육 Vol.146 No.-

This article is written to reveal that there are some serious problems with the conventional understanding that the state formation of Silla was completed through conquest, by looking at the constitution principle of Silla’s class system and political rank system. Silla’s class system which is called ‘Golpum’ was established based on the concept of discrimination between the ‘Bone(骨)’ class and the ‘Head quality (頭品)’ class. The former is the organization for the kings and royal families and the latter is for the bureaucrats. The constitution principle of this system was to guarantee the equality of ‘Bone’ class people and to ensure the promotion of ‘head quality’ class people by his ability or distinguished service. And above this principle, it was stipulated politically that only the ‘Bone’ class can occupy the higher part of official ranks named ‘-Khan’, and the ‘Head quality’ class should be able to get the lower ranks. The Multiple Official Rank System(重位制) was a special device for the ‘Head quality’ class to be promoted over the permitted official rank by sideway. The Multiple Official Rank system was first applied to Nama(奈麻) and then to Akhan(阿干). This means that the ‘Sixth Head quality(六頭品)’ class were newly created later. The fact that the status of “bones” were basically equal regardless of their official ranks means that the small countries that made up Silla were joined together in an equal position to establish Silla. In addition, the fact that the grade of ‘Head quality’ was a signifier of not a fixed status but a political position means that the bureaucracy originated from small countries that formed Silla was treated simply by their abilities. And this is a political phenomenon that cannot be seen in a nation formed through conquest. When we compare the structure of the bureaucracy of the small country that remained in the Regional Rank System(外位制) with the composition of the Capital Rank System(京位制) leads us to the same conclusion. Therefore, the existing understanding that Silla was completed by conquering the neighboring small states must be fully reviewed.

지방분권형 헌법개정의 후속 법률로서의 지방자치기본법의 구상

최우용(CHOI Woo Yong),정순관(CHUNG Soon Gwan) 유럽헌법학회 2017 유럽헌법연구 Vol.25 No.-

본고는 지방자치기본법에 관한 논문이다. 지방자치기본법은 지방자치에 관한 헌법적 이념 아래 지방자치와 지방분권에 관한 기본적인 내용을 담고 있는 법률이다. 따라서 이 법안은 헌법과 법률의 중간적인 위상을 가진 법이다. 또한, 지방자치관련 법제의 기본법 내지는 지방자치 관련 법령의 해석 기준을 제시하기 위한 것이다. 본고는 이러한 목적을 위하여 다음과 같은 점에 유의하였다. 첫째, 기본적으로 입법수요자중심, 주민중심의 법률을 상정하였다. 이 법안은 주민자치를 기본으로 하고 있으며, 이러한 주민자치의 기본위에 행정과 제도가 존재한다는 전제하에서 출발하였다. 예를 들어, 안 제2조 제2항의 ‘지방정부의 모든 권한은 주민의 의사에 기초한다.’는 조항을 들 수 있다. 둘째, 지방정부의 자율성을 담보하기 위한 실질적 제도적 장치를 명문화 하고자 하였다. 즉, 사부배분기준의 명확화, 즉 보충성의 원칙의 천명과 자치입법권의 확충과 같은 원칙들을 지방자치의 기본이념으로서 명시하고자 하였다. 자치조직을 자기의 판단과 책임으로 편성할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 셋째, 주민자치의 핵심인 지방의회의 기능 강화를 꾀하였다. 이를 위해 자치의회를 입법기관으로 명기하고 지방정부에 주민총회를 두도록 함으로써 자치의회의 보충적 역할을 주민총회가 할 수 있는 길을 열어두었다. 넷째, 국가와 지방정부는 대등한 관계임을 원칙으로 하고 이에 관한 제 규정들을 정비하고자 하였다. 즉, 국가와 지방정부간의 쟁송관계에 관한 안 제38조, 국가에 대한 관여의 원칙(안 제39조) 등을 조문화 하였다. 법안의 주요 내용은 다음과 같다[참조자료 참조]. 제3조(지방정부 우선의 원칙), 제6조(자치기본조례), 제10조(주민참여권), 제16조(자치입법권), 제17조(자치행정권), 제18조(자치조직권), 제19조(자치재정권), 20조(자치인사권), 제21조(자치의회), 제27조(감사제도), 제28조(지방정부의 경비부담의 원칙), 제29조(지방세조례주의), 제30조(지방정부 간의 재정조정), 제37조(지방정부와 국가의 대등성의 원칙), 제39조(지방정부의 국가에 대한 관여의 원칙) 등이다. This thesis concerns the Framework Act on Local Autonomy. The Framework Act on Local Autonomy will stipulate the basic requirements for local autonomy and decentralization conforming to the constitutional concepts of local autonomy. For this reason, this Bill (for the Framework Act) will have the intermediate status between the constitution and the law. In addition, the proposed Bill was intended to provide a basis for interpreting not only the framework acts under local autonomy legislation and but also the laws and ordinances of local autonomy. To accomplish the objective as stated above, this thesis discussed it with special attention given to the following points: First, it was basically assumed to establish the user-based and resident-centered law. This Bill was based on citizen autonomy and formulated with the administration and systems in mind, which should exist on the basis of such citizen autonomy. For example, the Bill s Paragraph 2 of Article 2 states that the competence of the local entity is based on the citizen s wills. Second, it was intended to expressly stipulate in the text a substantial institutional device for securing local entity s autonomy. In other words, division of administrative affairs was clarified i.e. by stating the principle of subsidiarity and the principle of expanding the self-legislative power as a basic ideology of local autonomy, ensuring the local entity s self-organizing rights. Third, an attempt was made to reinforce the function of local councils, the core of citizen autonomy. To accomplish this, local councils were clearly stated as a legislative body, and the town meeting was installed at the local entity complementing the function of the local council. Fourth, based on the notion that the relationship between the state and the local entity should be established on equal terms, various regulations were improved. In other words, controversies aroused between the state and the local entity and the principle of intervention in the state affairs were specified in the text. Major points of the Bill are summarized as follows: Principles of Giving Priority to Local Entity, Self-Government Framework Ordinance, Right of Participation of Residents, Self-Legislative Power, Self-Government Power, Self-Organizing Rights, Self-Finance Rights, Self-Personnel Administration Rights, Local Council, Audit System, Principle of Public Expenditure, Taxation by Local Tax Ordinance, Intergovernmental Grants on Local Expenditure, Principle of Equality in the Relation between the State and the Local Entity, Principle of the Local Entity s Intervention in the State Affairs.

국어 최소대립쌍의 설정에 대하여

이진호(Lee Jin-Ho) 한국어문학회 2010 語文學 Vol.0 No.107

It needs many factors for a good selection of minimal pair, but has not been paid sufficient attention to this problem. Rigidly, two words composing the minimal pair must have equal conditions except for the sound compared. That is, the number of phoneme should be same and the major class of the compared phonemes cannot be different. In addition, the number and the kinds of morpheme have to be equal. If there is some unequality in these conditions, the meaning distinction between two words composing the minimal pair cannot be considered as due to sound itself, so it doesn’t satisfy the definition of minimal pair.

도심 트랙킹 코스 조성의 경제적 편익 추정과 비용의 공간적 재정대등성 분석 : 울산광역시 솔마루길 사례

김재홍,김승남 한국지방정부학회 2013 지방정부연구 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구는 울산광역시 남구에서 조성한 도심 트랙킹 코스인 솔마루길에 대한 시민의 만족도를 분석하고, 1.5경계양분선택형 스파이크모형을 적용한 조건부가치측정법을 이용하여 경제적 편익추정과 사업의 사후 경제적 타당성을 평가한다. 솔마루길에 대한 울산시민의 전반적인 만족도는 5점 만점에 평균 3.83점, 주요 시설물에 대한 만족도는 평균 3.55~3.94점으로 양호한 수준인 것으로 조사되었다. 솔마루길에 대한 가구당 월평균 WTP는 모형에 따라 남구 2,092~2,337원, 울산시 전체 1,506~1,640원으로 추정되었으며, B/C 비율은 편익기간을 5년으로 제한하는 보수적인 경우에도 모형에 따라 남구 1.78~1.99, 울산시 전체 2.45~2.67로 경제적 타당성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 편익과 비용의 공간적 배분 측면에서 남구와 울산시 간의 공간적 재정대등성은 달성되지 않은 것으로 나타났다. This study analyzes citizens' satisfaction and estimates economic valuation of an urban tracking course(Solmarugil) composition in Nam-Gu, Ulsan, using an spike model based on the 1.5 bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method. This study also investigates an ex post economic feasibility of the project in terms of the B/C ratio. The survey results show that Ulsan citizens' satisfaction level to the tracking course and its main facilities are pretty good as 3.83 points and 3.55 to 3.94 points respectively out of 5 on average. The mean WTPs per household are estimated KRW 2,092~2,377 in Nam-Gu and KRW 1,506~1,640 in Ulsan respectively according to models. It is also estimated that the project has a high feasibility, based on the B/C ratios of 1.78~1.99 in Nam-Gu and 2.45~2.67 in Ulsan even under the conservative estimation fixing only five year benefit duration. In terms of spatial distribution of benefits and costs, however, fiscal equivalence between Nam-Gu and Ulsan may not be perfectly correspondent.

격조사 ‘와’와 관련된 논항 교체 현상에 대하여

이의종(Lee Eui jong)(李義鍾) 형태론 2017 형태론 Vol.19 No.2

한국어에는 특정 논항이 격조사 ‘와’로 표시될 수도 있고 ‘에’로 표시될 수도 있는 구문이 존재한다. 또 특정 논항이 격조사 ‘와’로 표시될 수도 있고 ‘로’로 표시될 수도 있는 구문도 있다. 이 글에서는 이러한 교체 현상을 일으키는 용언의 목록을 검토하였고, 논항이 교체되어 서로 짝이 되는 구문 사이의 의미 차이를 알아내었다. 그 다음 이 교체 현상에 어떤 의미적, 화용적 제약이 개입해 있는지 추적하였으며, 교체 현상과 그 제약의 구체적인 측면들이 상호성, 대등성, 유추, 은유라는 개념을 이용하면 설명될 수 있음을 밝혔다. In Korean language, some constructions exist in which a certain argument can be marked with either case marker -wa (“와”) or -ey (“에”). In addition to that, there are other constructions with similar phenomena associated with -wa and -lo (“로”). In this paper, we examined the list of verbs which permits the alternations in question and discovered the semantic differences between the paired constructions. These discoveries showed that there are semantic and pragmatic constraints on these alternations. Considering the observed data, we discussed how the alternation phenomena and their constraints are affected by the four key mechanisms: the reciprocality, symmetry, analogy and metaphor.

『실락원』 에 나타난 밀턴의 공화주의

송홍한 한국밀턴학회 2001 중세근세영문학 Vol.11 No.2

Despite its epic magnificence and religious spirituality, Paradise Lost still retains Milton's political thoughts. In the epic the poet's republicanism is expressed mainly as a form of anti-monarchism. One problem is that God's idealized Heaven cannot be a republican world, since the Creator is essentially an absolute monarch, while His creatures are governed by His absolute will. If the poet accepts God, he should accept His absolute monarchism, arguably even its earthly counterpart. Another problem is, Satan's republican (though disguised) discourse against God's monarchism seems to reflect the poet's republican resistance against earthly monarchism. This spurious parallelism leads many readers, including most of 19th-century romantic poets and critics, to sympathize with Satan or to pass judgment with Blake that the poet was "of the devil's party without knowing it." In Paradise Lost, though God's Heaven shows much of what happens on the human world, the poet provides a basic difference between the two worlds. Only God in Heaven rules absolutely as monarch, whereas in the human world kings, themselves creatures, are given no right to absolute monarchy. The poet therefore neither supports human kingship nor resists God's monarchy. As for Satan's republican discourse, we need take into account the historical context in which the epic was written. The earlier books of the epic, at least, would have been written before the Restoration, as many of the poet's early biographers agree. The poet can then be seen to attack both the autocratic tendency of Cromwellian rule and the Royalists' challenge to the Protectorate. This interpretation can be achieved only when we consider the historical context of the epic and the superficiality of Satan's republican discourse. Milton's republicanism can be extended to the relationship between Adam and Eve, which is based upon what is called an ontological republicanism. For Milton, his loss of the English republic is a repetitive tragedy of history, the incipiency of which goes back to the loss of Eden.

동음어의 유형에 대한 종합적 고찰

김봉국 국어학회 2018 국어학 Vol.0 No.88

이 글에서는 동음어의 유형을 확인한 후 논자에 따라 동음어의 유형으로 제시한 예들이 동음어에 속하는지를 검토하는 것이 목적이다. 동음어 여부를 판별하기 위한 기준으로 곡용/활용 패러다임과 대등성 조건을 제시하였으며, 논자들에 따라 다양하게 분류된 유형을 검토하고, 그에 따른 예를 구체적으로 살폈다. 그 결과 기존에 동음어의 유형에 속하는 예들 중 상당수는 동음어가 아니라 동음 현상으로 봐야 함을 주장하였고, 동음어로 제시된 예 중에서 진정한 의미에서 동음어는 동철동음어만 해당하며 이철동음어, 동철이음어 등은 동음어로 볼 수 없음을 확인하였다.

중-홍콩 CEPA와 중-대만 ECFA의 비교 연구 - FTA 법적성격을 중심으로-

강효백 한중법학회 2011 中國法硏究 Vol.15 No.-

China-Hong Kong CEPA and the China-Taiwan ECFA are preferential trade systems of bilateralism and regionalism which are different from the WTO’s Most Favored Nation Treatment (MFN) and multiateralism. CEPA and ECFA both are types of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) legally based on Article 24 of GATT 1994, understanding of interpretation of Article 24 of GATT 1994, Article 2 and Article 5, Paragraph 2 of GATS of the WTO. The greatest difference between the two is the question of the title of sovereignty. The former is an unequal FTA signed by the legal entity of “One Country, Two Systems” of exclusive tariff territory (Hong Kong) within the same country (China). Meanwhile, the latter is an equal FTA concluded by the legal entity of ‘a special national relationship’ between a country (China) and the other (Taiwan). CEPA is composed of 6 chapters, 23 articles and 6 attached documents including the introduction, general provisions, commodity trade, country of origin, simplification of trade investments, and others. ECFA is organized with 5 chapters, 16 articles, and 5 attached documents starting with the introduction and general provisions, followed by trade and investment, economic cooperation, early liberalization of tariff (early harvest), and others. The purpose of CEPA is to reduce and abolish tariffs and non-tariff barriers of all practical commodity trades between China and Hongkong, promote liberalization of service trades as well as the facilitation of trade investments. On the other hand, ECFA aims to gradually strengthen economy, trade, and investment cooperations between China and Taiwan, and establish liberalization of commodity and service trades, equal, clear and convenient investment, and an economical cooperation mechanism in stages. These include commodity trades, service traces, and investment. However, while CEPA emphasizes regulations on place-of-origin to prevent preferential treatment including tariff removal from leaking out to offshore countries, ECFA recognizes them both as urgent issues and lays stress on the early harvest program, which is to first remove custom tariff from mutually agreed commodity trades and some service trade items. ECFA is closer to the general FTA than CEPA from the viewpoint of equality.’ Still, as a transitional agreement for developing into a higher-level FTA through future negotiations in a ‘perfection of negotiations’ perspective, ECFA keeps a further distance than CEPA which is a package settlement of negotiations. CEPA and ECFA are meaningful not only as singular economic integrations of four independent customs areas of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, but also as a national integration process aiming for constructing a Greater China. CEPA provides reference data on establishing position of the Gaesung Industrial Complex by international and domestic laws, while ECFA presents the possibility of national unification through economic integration. This is very suggestive to the Republic of Korea, as the North and South continues to stand in hostility.