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張波(Zhang Bo) 동북아시아문화학회 2016 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.47
After Tokugawa Leyasu established the Edo bakufu, in order to ensure society development with an orderly state, let people in all levels of society can do everything to complete their field of things, avoid the situation of tagrag capture the topper, inherited the system of soldier separate farmer that was created by Zhifeng regime, take advantage of the conventional hierarchies in relation in Zhuzi’s philosophy,divide the people into different grades from the system and spiritual idea level as literary man,farmer,worker and businessman. Each class has its own characteristics, there are a long gap between each class.They try their best to afford their responsibility and handed down from generation to generation on their area.Four civilian system become the important requirement to establish and steady the bakuha system. But inherent contradiction in the bakuha system case the damage of four people identity order become the inherent root which lead the bakuha system to disruption. Japanese Four Civilian System was established on the basis of soldiers and farmers separation. Under this system,warriors must leave the land, become a standing army which are aim to wushu practice only,they living rely on receiving salary and tax rice, they are the ruling class of society who are authoritative and reputable,they can not be converted to farmers and has the power of a gun,have the privilege to kill the farmers without ratify. However it has a strict hierarchy among warrior class, hereditary and unchanged. Farmers must live on the land from generation to generation, can not have arms, can not move their living place arbitrarily, can not change their identity. But commodity economy is the etchant of natural economy, developed commercial threat to the Tokugawa regime directly, the worker and the bussinessmen is in the bottom of Four Civilian System, they service for the warrior class, they are assigned to live in jokamachi, forming a fixed and hereditary status. But compared with the social situation that their political status is extremely humble, they are an economic giant who grasp the enormous social wealth, so the samurai have to rely on them. Four Civilian System become an important factor in the development and establishment of the Tokugawa regime. But with the intensifying of internal contradictions in the Tokugawa regime, eroding and destroying the hierarchical order, the destruction of the hierarchical order threatens the survival of the Tokugawa regime directly. Therefore, Four Civilian System become an important social causes of the Tokugawa regime’s collapse in turn.
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허지은(Her, Jieun) 동양사학회 2016 東洋史學硏究 Vol.134 No.-
This paper introduces archival materials regarding the administrative inspector from Tokugawa shogunate to the Tsushima domain and examines the kinds of information the shogunate collected and how the domain responded. During the Edo period (1603-1867), the Shogun, upon his inauguration, dispatched administrative inspectors to each domain to tighten his control over the domains by collecting information concerning political stability and financial resources of each domain. Administrative inspectors were sent by the Tokugawa shogunate nine times from 1633 to 1837. The archival materials produced by the administrative inspectors dispatched to Tsushima domain reveal that the shogunate paid special attention to the domain’s position as a mediator between the governments of Korea and Japan. The inspectors prepared a list of questions to find out if the domain represented the shogunate’s position and opinion accurately to the government of Korea. In addition, the shogunate intended to collect information on Korea from the domain officials during its inspection. Tsushima domain, in response, emphasized its unique role in the diplomatic relationship to be acknowledged by the shogunate.
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