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다니엘 디포우의 『몰 플랜더즈』와 18세기 여성의 모성적 태도
송은영 ( Song¸ Eun Young ),정정호 ( Chung¸ Chung Ho ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2012 영어권문화연구 Vol.5 No.2
This thesis discusses eighteenth-century’s maternal attitude from social perspective through the Daniel Defoe’s Moll Flanders. The crimes caused by a side effect for growth of economy occurred in the eighteenth-century Britain. Daniel Defoe’s Moll Flanders well reflects a phase of social life at that time. The novel is the story of female protagonist, Moll Flanders, who as a low class woman has a sense of value of middle class. She committed crimes for money too; swindle, prostitute, robbery, thief etc. As well as those crimes, however, infanticide and child abandonment often happened in the eighteenth-century. Those crimes are related to each other because women who committed infanticide or abandonment were low class women, and most abandoned children(or killed children) were bastards or foundlings. Defoe, in Moll Flanders, shows with indirect expression that infanticide and abandonment had happened in the part of the society. Most women in eighteenth-century did not bring up a child with her care but hired a wet nurse instead. Unlike rich women, poor women sent their children to a distant country because they had to hire wet nurses more cheaply. In that process, many children were sick or died due to poor condition. Also, some parents did not bring back their children and often give fostering expenses. Moll also sent her children to a wet nurse, and she did not bring her children back. In this novel, she hardly shows maternal sense and act. For that reason, Moll's maternal attitude has been criticised as immoral and unnatural by critics. However, Defoe’s intention shows that widely spread wet nurse custom in eighteenth-century society was used as a method of infanticide and abandonment. Moll's maternal attitude represents many low class women’s attitude. Moll seemed to give priority to economic aspect rather than maternal instinct and we thus have to discuss Moll Flanders with historical and social context in order to get a full picture of maternal attitude in the novel.
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전쟁과 사회: 드포의 몰 플랜더즈와 예이츠의 「내전기의 사색」
최윤주,최유진 한국예이츠학회 2019 한국예이츠 저널 Vol.59 No.-
The paper compares Daniel Defoe and W. B. Yeats in their attitude to the war. Defoe points out the evils of war from a social point of view while Yeats is so frustrated that he cannot get involved in the historical moment and only tries to find comfort in art. Defoe’s Moll Flanders (1722) is located at the intersection of war, society, and women’s lives. In the absence of a male family head due to the war, the situation in which family support is wholly dependant on women, which has come to be a greater pressure for poor women. Instead of blaming individuals for the origin of crime, Defoe sought to discover its roots in society. Yeats’s “The Meditations in Time of Civil War” (1923) illustrates anti-British sentiment, resistance, and the disillusionment of a helpless self in the face of a violence caused by wars in Ireland. Yeats himself finds solace in writing poetry, feeling skeptical about the limitations of not transcending reality. He, not being able to participate directly in the scene of history, finds solace for a moment while writing poetry. 이 논문은 드포(Daniel Defoe)와 예이츠(W. B. Yeats)의 전쟁과 사회에 대한 태도를 비교한다. 드포가 작품 속 인물들의 모습을 통해 전쟁의 폐해를 제시한다면 예이츠는 내전이 발생할 정도로 격렬한 갈등에 휘말린 사회 상황에 적극 참여하지 못하는 자신의 한계를 느끼며 결국 예술에서 위안을 찾는다. 18세기 초 영국, 특히 런던을 중심으로 급상승하였던 범죄는 장기간 지속되었던 전쟁에서 그 원인을 발견할 수 있다. 당대 급증했던 범죄율과 함께 여성의 범죄 또한 빠른 속도로 증가하였다. 여성범죄는 런던 빈민층에서 높은 빈도수를 보였으며, 많은 수의 남성이 참전한 시기에 더욱 급등하는 경향을 보였다. 18세기 영국의 이와 같은 시대적 상황을 담아내는 드포의 몰 플랜더스 (Moll Flanders, 1722)는 전쟁, 사회, 여성의 삶의 교차점에 위치해 있다. 「내전기의 사색」(“Meditations in Time of Civil War”)은 19세기 중반에서 20세기 초반에 걸쳐 아일랜드와 영국의 전쟁과정을 경험한 시인이 느끼는 내적 감정, 특히 반 영국 정서와 저항성의 모습을 보여준다. 시인으로서 예이츠 자신은 예술의 위대함으로 현실을 초월하지도 못하고, 역사의 현장에 직접 참여하지도 못하는 한계에 대해 회의감을 느끼며, 시를 쓰는 작업 속의 명상으로 한순간 위안을 구할 뿐이다.
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