Analysis of the particulate matters in the vertical-flow woodchip wetland treating stormwater from paved road

원경과,김영철,Yuan, Qingke,Kim, Youngchul Korean Wetlands Society 2018 한국습지학회지 Vol.20 No.2

본 연구에서는 포장도로에서 발생되는 강우유출수 처리를 위하여 파일럿 규모의 우드칩 충진 수직흐름형 습지를 이용하여 처리시험을 수행하였다. 각 습지는 전처리 목적의 침강지와 우드칩이 전체용적의 25%, 50%, 75%가 충진된 습지로 구성되어 있다. 입도분석 결과 강우유출수에 함유된 입자의 크기는 0.52-30um 크기가 주종을 이루고 있으며 24시간 침강 후에 20um 이상의 입자는 대부분 제거되었다. 또한 20um 보다 작은 크기의 입자는 건기시 수행되는 내부순환에 의해 여과 및 부착 등의 기작에 의해 상당부분 제거되었으나 전체적인 입자의 양은 우드칩의 연화과정에서 탈리되는 입자들에 의해 증가하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 우드칩으로 부터 입자탈리는 초기 75일 동안에 걸쳐 발생하였으며 발생된 우드칩 입자의 농도(밀도)는 충진율이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 본 논문에서는 우드칩 탈리과정을 설명할 수 있는 1차 반응속도 모델을 제안하였으며 우드칩 탈리에 영향을 미치는 주요 수질인자 및 운전조건과의 관계를 분석한 결과 수질인자 중에는 수온, 용존산소, pH 등이 주요 영향인자로 파악되었으며 운전조건으로는 습지내부 운전수위 및 선행건기일수도 탈리속도를 결정하는 주요 변수로 분석되었다. In this study, three pilot-scale wetland systems were built for treating stormwater runoff from asphalt road. Each of the system consists of a settling tank and a vertical flow wetland packed with 25%, 50%, and 75% woodchip as treatment media. According to the analysis of the distributions of particle size, it was found that solids ranging in size $0.52-30{\mu}m$ were predominant in the stormwater runoff. After 24-hours settling, those coarser than $20{\mu}m$ were significantly detained. Further retention, especially for the finer-sized fraction, occurred in the wetland through internal recirculation during the dry day periods. As a primary media of the wetland, woodchip showed a high filtration and attachment capacity for the particulates in pre-settled stormwater, whereas overall amount of solids in the wetland effluent increased due to the detachment of woody elements from the media. This was observed mainly during the initial 75 days of operation, and the size and detachment rate were found to be strongly related with the woodchip packing ratio. The mechanism involving woody particle detachment was modeled as a first-order form. In addition, water quality factors and operational parameters affecting the detachment were analyzed and discussed.

Wetland Function Evaluation and Expert Assessment of Organic Rice-Fish Mixed Farming System

남홍식,박광래,안난희,이상민,조정래,김봉래,임종악,이창원,최선우,김창현,공민재,손진관,Nam, Hongsik,Park, Kwanglai,An, Nanhee,Lee, Sangmin,Cho, Junglai,Kim, Bongrae,Lim, Jongahk,Lee, Changwon,Choi, Seonu,Kim, Changhyun,Kong, Minjae,Son, Ji Korean Wetlands Society 2018 한국습지학회지 Vol.20 No.2

우리나라 농업 농촌은 경영 개선을 위해 유기농 쌀 생산과 더불어 담수어를 생산하는 복합영농이 시작되었다. 본 연구는 복합영농이 환경, 생태적 기능에 얼마나 가치가 있는지 알아보았다. 연구방법은 전문가 평가와 습지평가체계(RAM)를 분석하였다. 전문가 조사 결과 양서파충류 서식처(2.39), 수서곤충 서식처(2.36), 어류 서식처(2.34), 식생다양성(2.13), 조류 서식처(2.05) 등 생물다양성 분야와 체험/생태교육(2.29) 기능이 1순위로 구분되었다. Modified RAM를 통해 관행논과 복합논의 습지기능평가를 실시한 결과 복합논이 대부분의 평가기능 항목에서 기능이 향상 되는 것으로 평가되었다. 보전가치 판단기준은 관행논 향상에서 복합논 보전으로 가치가 향상 되었다. 연구결과 복합영농은 관행논에 비해 습지 기능이 탁월하게 개선되는 것을 평가를 통해 알 수 있었다. 논은 국가 생물다양성 유지에 지대한 역할을 수행하며, 기후조절, 탄소저감 등 다양한 생태계서비스를 제공하는 공간으로 평가받는다. 복합영농 실현은 논의 다양한 생태계서비스 기능을 증진시켜 줄 뿐 아니라 물고기 생산이라는 부가가치를 통한 농가의 소득증대와 그로 인한 체험, 전통계승 등의 사회적 기능 증진에도 유용 할 수 있다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 습지기능평가가 높게 개선된 항목과 전문가들로부터 높은 개선이 예상된 항목을 실재 운영 시 정량 평가 및 조사하여 생산되는 물고기과 쌀의 친환경 이미지를 제고시키고 브랜드, 음식, 체험, 논농업 직불제 등 다양한 분야로 활용하도록 연구를 추가적으로 추진해야 할 것으로 판단된다. A mixed farming system that includes organic rice production and freshwater fish farming is being called into attention in Korean agricultural industry and rural areas in order to improve farm management and environmental conservation. This study was conducted to evaluate the environmental and ecological value of such mixed farming practices. Expert assessment and rapid assessment method (RAM) of wetland evaluation were employed for this study. Experts have responded that biodiversity conservation including amphibian and reptile habitat (2.39), aquatic insect habitat (2.36), Fishery habitat (2.34), vegetation diversity (2.13), avian habitat (2.05), and experience and education were the most important function of mixed farming. The wetland function evaluation conducted using modified RAM indicated that rice-fish mixed system showed improvements in most of the evaluated functions, compared to the conventional rice paddies. The overall wetland function of rice paddies in rice-fish mixed system was greatly improved as compared with the conventional rice paddies. Rice paddies are known to play an important role in biodiversity maintenance, and provide ecosystem services such as climate modulation and carbon reduction. Rice-fish mixed system of farming may not only improve various ecosystem services of rice paddies, but may increase farm income through value added fish farming, as well as promotion of social services such as education and maintenance of tradition. Additional research is needed for quantitative analysis of the values gained from the most improved wetland function when mixed farming system is actually put into practice, and to utilize the results in advertising of the organic rice, and in various sectors such as food, education and direct payment policy.

A Study on Degradation of Nonylphenol Polyethoxylate Metabolites Using Uv / Photocatalytic Silicagel Treatment

Asano, Masahiro,Kishimoto, Naoyuki,Jiku, Fumihiko,Somiya, Isao Korean Wetlands Society 2007 한국습지학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Nonylphenol polyetoxylates (NPnEOs) metabolites; nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), nonylphenoxyacetic acid (NPEC) (collectively referred to "NPE-c") were examined for their degradations by using of lab-scale UV/photocatalytic silicagel (ultraviolet photocatalytic degradation in the presence of silicagel coated with titanium dioxide as a catalyst) reactor. NPE-c degradations by UV/photocatalytic silicagel treatment reached approximately 85-93 % after 40 min irradiation independently of its initial concentration (between ca. 0.5 and 2.0mg/l). Any intermediates under the NPE-c degradation were not identified by GC/MS sample analysis. Degradations of NPE-c were followed pseudo first-order kinetics. Then, the effectiveness of UV/photocatalytic silicagel treatment for degradation of NPE-c was in the order of NPEC > NP > NP1EO.

Prospects of Activated Sludge Process in Japan - Its Past, Present, and Future -

Fujita, Masanori Korean Wetlands Society 2007 한국습지학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Our life totally depends on activated sludgeprocess for treatment of wastewater: sewage and industrial wastewater. Activated sludge process was the epoch-making technology in Environmental field. One century has been almost passed since the process was developed in England, and the process is still on the development of improvement. Here, history of activated sludge process, its mechanismsof treating the wastewater, expectations that we had on the process in the past, and future image and possibility on the process were presented. By reviewing the events related to the process, we can foresee potentials for new possibility of activated sludge process.

Effects of Compost Tea Making from Differently Treated Compost on Plant Disease Control

Tateda, Masafumi,Yoneda, Daisuke,Sato, Yukio Korean Wetlands Society 2007 한국습지학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Antifungal activity of compost teas was evaluated in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro test, fourteen compost teas were produced using five different composts and through six different methods for compost tea production. Eleven pathogenic fungi were used as indicators of antifungal activity of compost teas. In vivo test, one of the compost teas used in vitro test was sprayed to cucumber leaves which were infected with powdery mildew in order to evaluate antifungal activity of compost tea. From the results of the tests, it was found that all compost teas used this study showed antifungal activity and the proper application of compost teas against pathogenic fungi for obtaining optimal effects was important to know.

Nature-based Tourism in Small Islands Adjacent to Jakarta City, Indonesia: A case study from Seribu Islands

Hakim, Luchman,Hong, Sun-Kee,Kim, Jae-Eun,Nakagoshi, Nobukazu Korean Wetlands Society 2007 한국습지학회지 Vol.9 No.1

In this paper, the nature-based tourism is described as one of the tools to achieve sustainable development in small islands. The study was carried out at Ayer, Bidadari and Onrust Islands of Kepulauan Seribu chains at Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. While the historical records show that previous uses of such islands have started at sixteen century, tourism uses was started at the beginning of 1970s. Among nature-based tourism destination in Kepulauan Seribu chains, these islands are the famous destinations and received a lot of tourists. Tourism growth at these islands has stimulated development of numerous tourism facilities and infrastructure to meet visitor satisfaction. It is observed in this study that island's site-plan destination design has contributed to the successful and sustainability of tourism in small island. The key success lies on the successful integration and implementation of three substantial perspectives into practices, namely economic, ecosystem and social perspectives. First, in order to enhance economic benefits, a site-plan design allowing floating cottages establishment to extent room availability, to build strong images as tropical paradise islands, and to enhance tourist satisfaction with the objectives of improving income and sustaining tourist loyalty to the destination. This design is also reducing land risk from tourism impact and it becomes the significant key of second perspective, the ecosystem perspective. Moreover, the ecosystem perspective has been implemented through native vegetation preservation that led island's wildlife conservation and became potential tourism attraction. The design also develops effective mechanism to manage and regulate visitor flows by establishing visitor track corridors. In implementation, such corridor plays an important role to reduce tourist density in single places and therefore become instrument to reduce severe visitor impact to wildlife, vegetation and heritages of islands. Third, the social aspect of development allowing heritages to conserve and furthermore serve numerous benefits for education, socio-political, culture, and historical studies. Through this study, it is clear that the success of these islands to continuous tourism growth lies on the island's vision to integrate economic, ecosystem and social perspectives on tourism development.

Integrated Eco-Engineering Design for Sustainable Management of Fecal Sludge and Domestic Wastewater

Koottatep, Thammarat,Polprasert, Chongrak,Laugesen, Carsten H. Korean Wetlands Society 2007 한국습지학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Constructed wetlands and other aquatic systems have been successfully used for waste and wastewater treatment in either temperate or tropical regions. To treat waste or wastewater in a sustainable manner, the integrated eco-engineering designs are explained in this paper with 2 case studies: (i) a combination of vertical-flow constructed wetland (CW) with plant irrigation systemfor fecal sludge management and (ii) integrated CW units with landscaping at full-scale application for domestic wastewater treatment. The pilot-scale study of fecal sludge management employed 3 vertical-flow CW units, each with a dimension of $5{\times}5{\times}0.65m$ (width ${\times}$ length ${\times}$ media depth) and planted with cattails (Typha augustifolia). At the solid loading rate of 250 kg total solids (TS)/$m^2.yr$ and a 6-day percolate impoundment, the CW system could achieve chemical oxygen demand (COD), TS and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiencies in the range of 80 - 96%. The accumulated sludge layers of about 80 - 90 cm was found at the CW bed surface after operating the CW units for 7 years, but no clogging problem has been observed. The CW percolate was applied to 16 irrigation Sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus) plots, each with a dimension of $4.5{\times}4.5m$ ($width{\times}length$). In the study, the CW percolate were fed to the treatment plots at the application rate of 7.5 mm/day but the percolate was mixed with tap water at different ratio of 20%, 80% and 100%. Based on a 1-year data of 3-crop plantation were experimented, the contents of Zn, Mn and Cu in soil of the experimental plots were found to increase with increasing in CW percolate ratios. The highest plant biomass yield and oil content of 1,000 kg/ha and 35%, respectively, were obtained from the plots fed with 20% or 50% of the CW percolate, whereas no accumulation of heavy metals in the plant tissues (i.e. leaves, stems and flowers) of the sunflower is found. In addition to the pilot-scale and field experiments, a case study of the integrated CW systems for wastewater treatment at Phi Phi Island (a Tsunami-hit area), Krabi province, Thailand is illustrated. The $5,200-m^2$ CW systems on Phi Phi Island are not only for treatment of $400m^3/day$ wastewater from hotels, households or other domestic activities, but also incorporating public consultation in the design processes, resulting in introducing the aesthetic landscaping as well as reusing of the treated effluent for irrigating green areas on the Island.

Stable Fermentative Hydrogen Production by Polyvinyl Alcohol (Pva) Gel Beads Fluidized Bed Reactor

Nakao, Masaharu,Kawagoshi, Yasunori,Hino, Naoe,Iwasa, Tomonori,Furukawa, Kenji Korean Wetlands Society 2007 한국습지학회지 Vol.9 No.1

A novel hydrogen fermentation technique by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel beads as a biomass carrier was investigated. The hydrogen gas was stably produced throughout the experimental period in a continuous reactor. Even though the hydrogen productivity was suddenly decrease by experimental troubles, the bacteria attached to the PVA gel beads played as an inoculum, it was promptly recovered. The hydrogen yield per glucose was not very high ($1.0-1.2mol-H_2/mol-glucose$), thus the optimization of the experimental conditions such as ORP and HRT should be considered to improve the hydrogen productivity. Bacterial community was stable during experimental period after the PVA gel beads applying, which indicated that applying of biomass carrier was specific to keep not only the biomass but also the bacteria commonly. Clostridium species were phylogenetically detected, which suggested that these bacteria contributed to the hydrogen production in the biofilm attached to the PVA gel beads.

Error Forecasting Using Linear Regression Model

Ler, Lian Guey,Kim, Byung-Sik,Choi, Gye-Woon,Kang, Byung-Hwa,Kwang, Jung-Jae Korean Wetlands Society 2011 한국습지학회지 Vol.13 No.1

In this study, Mike11 will be used as the numerical model where a data assimilation method will be applied to it. This paper aims to gain an insight and understanding of data assimilation in flood forecasting models. It will start with a general discussion of data assimilation, followed by a description of the methodology and discussion of the statistical error forecast model used, which in this case is the linear regression. This error forecast model is applied to the water level forecast simulated by MIKE11 to produced improved forecast and validated against real measurements. It is found that there exists a phase error in the improved forecasts. Hence, 2 general formula are used to account for this phase error and they have shown improvement to the accuracy of the forecasts, where one improved the immediate forecast of up to 5 hours while the other improved the estimation of the peak discharge.

Mechanism for Bank Erosion and Local Scouring in Estuary of the Hangang River

Lee, Samhee,Han, Hyeongjun,Choo, Jeongho Korean Wetlands Society 2014 한국습지학회지 Vol.16 No.4

The levee and bridge pier in estuary of the Hangang River are exposed in a dangerous condition due to bank erosion and local scouring occurred since the summer season in 2011. At first, it is presumed that the high sandbar formed in river channel of the study area was an important element in the occurrence of bank erosion and local scouring. It can be presumed that the record-breaking depth of freezing due to cold wave for the long term during the winter season between 2010 and 2011 as well as the heavy intensive rainfall of 2011 had a decisive effect on the first damage of A section. The second damage of B section mainly occurred around the bridge pier constructed on the high water channel before it was washed away during the winter season between 2011 and 2012. It is considered that the second damage was caused by ice formation and ice floes.