영어 설명문 독해에 있어서 구조책략 이용에 관한 연구

강재선,안장윤 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1997 현대영미어문학 Vol.15 No.1

국어에도 부가의문문이 있는가?

장경기 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1985 현대영미어문학 Vol.3 No.-

We assume that tag question is a language-universal phenomenon. So, in order to investigate tag question in Korean we first turn to the tag question in English which has been rather explicitly described in many respects. However, according to Ray Cattell (1973) and many other arguments, English tag question theory so far is not so satisfactory yet and also has a couple of thorny problems to be solved. In this paper we propose a new hypothesis for the task in terms of the notion of 'speaker's presupposition' and then provide several evidence seemingly to support our arguments. Next, we examine 성광수 (1980) and 전병쾌 (1984) respectively, two arguments on tag question in Korean. We argue that their theories both are in general much too English-oriented and these two grammarians almost directly relate terms and ideas of English tag question theory to the description of Korean tag question. Consequently, language- universality and language-particularity seem to be confused in their arguments. Alternatively, we show that tag question in Korean, like tag question in English, can be better described and more adequately explained by means of our hypothesis. We clarify to some extent language-universal characteristics and Korean-particular ones which are represented in Korean tag questions. Detailed empirical inquiry and concrete evidence are included in the paper.

언어의 보편성에 관하여 : 영어와 한국어의 공소화를 중심으로

임상봉 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1995 현대영미어문학 Vol.12 No.-

This paper aims to critically study the deletion of a verb, a so-called gapping phenomena, right node raising and to reveal the language universals in two types of languages; Korean and English on the basis of Heavy NP Shift and VP deletion. Elliptical constructions are both challenging and fascinating, for among the many aspects of language that provide insights into its formal structures and properties, those which involve missing elements play a central role. It may seem rather surprising that the several analyses of gapping within generative grammar in the last decade have not succeedded in formulating a coherent rule of deletion for this apparently simple phenomena. Gapping is the name given to the process of deleting internal constituents in one conjunction of a conjoined sentence under identity with constituents in the other conjunct. A number of attempts have been made to analyse the gapping phenomena. What all these accounts of gapping have in common is that they are demonstrably inadequate and fail to provide a principled solution for the problems posed by gapped sentences. It is interesting to find that a similar phenomena in Korean, with a minimal difference in the position where verb deletion occurs. Unlike in English, the verb is deleted in the first conjunct of gapping structures in Korean. Still, Korean gapping constructions are similar to English gapping in that the remnants and their correspondents carry a heavy focus. But this phenomenon has bean treated either gapping (Ross(1967) ) or right node raising (Mailing(1972)). This paper tries to argue for an analysis which views them as one phenomenon and give an analysis for gapping in English and Korean, based on Jayaseelan (1990). What I would like to do is to develop Jayaseelan(1990). He argues that sapping is a heavy HP shift of the focused NP followed by VP deletion. In the course of discussion, I have found parallelism between English and Korean sapping phenomena, right node raising. I have adopted a HNPS+VP deletion analysis for the English gapping constructions. As there is no procedure like HNPS in Korean, I propose s-structure focus movement analysis followed by PF deletion for the Korean gapping constructions. To conclude, despite many differences between English and Korean gapping constructions, I have argued that they are basically the same phenomena in that focused phrases are required to move out of VP using the mechanism available in each type of language. And I also found that the differences between them have been caused by the other parametric differences. As a result, this paper reaffirmed there is language universals in the two languages: Korean and English.

확정성과 영어한정사의 결합제약

김두식 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1988 현대영미어문학 Vol.5 No.-

The purpose of the present study is to define English determiners in terms of definiteness, to divide them into three classes, and to propose three combinational restrictions on them between the three classes. It is here claimed that English determiners should be classified in terms of (in) definiteness as well as their distribution in pronominal modification. The basic meaning of definiteness, proper to the definite determiners, consists of LOCATION and INCLUSIVENESS, as is claimed in Hawkins (1978). It means that the definite determiners are used to "locate" the referent of the definite NP within one (set) of the objects properly pragmatically defined and refer "inclusively" to the totality of the objects. On the other hand, the core meaning of indefiniteness is in contrast with definiteness in having EXCLUSIVENESS property. It means that the indefinite determiners are used to refer "exclusively" to not-all, i.e. there are claimed to exist other objects excluded from the reference of an indefinite NP. According to (in)definiteness and their modificational distribution, the determiners are classified into Class Ⅰ, Class Ⅱ, and Class Ⅲ. On the basis of their ability to precede or follow Class Ⅱ, the most central of the determiners, Class Ⅰ is termed Predeterminer Class, such as all, both, half and the like and Class Ⅲ is termed postdeterminer Class, such as two, first, many, (a) few, such, (an)other, etc. Class Ⅱ is divided into Class Ⅱ-1, such as the, my, this and so forth, Class Ⅱ-2, such as some, most, every, each, (n)either, which and so on. The three combinational restrictions proposed in this study are as follows: Restriction Ⅰ: The combinational order of English determiners should be the one like (Class Ⅰ-Class Ⅱ-Class Ⅲ) but the determiners in Class Ⅰ should be combined with those in Class Ⅱ-1. Restriction Ⅱ: The determiners in the same class, except for Class Ⅲ, should not be combined one another. Restriction Ⅲ: The combination in the order like (Class Ⅱ-2 or Ⅲ-Class Ⅱ-1) is impossible by violating Restriction Ⅰ & Ⅱ, but is possible by inserting of between the former class and the latter one.

영어와 한국어의 '요청'화행에 나타나는 사회언어학적 공손성

고인수 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1995 현대영미어문학 Vol.12 No.-

The present study aims to investigate the sociolinguistic realization patterns of requests in American English and Korean through the empirical data collection procedures. Especially, the study explores the sociolinguistic aspects of politeness in request realization patterns of English and Korean. On the sociolinguistic dimension of requests, Koreans are shown to be oriented towards the discernment aspect of linguistic politeness, while Americans reveal a relative prominence of volitional aspect over discernment in their request realization. Thus, Koreans are more prone to differentiate requestive expressions according to person than Americans. In cross-cultural pragmatics, the findings of this study can provide answers to the theory-finding gap in several current studies and also rive baseline data for interlanguage pragmatics between American English and Korean.

Acceptability를 통한 비문법문의 요인 분석

이현철 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1989 현대영미어문학 Vol.6 No.-

It has been demonstrated in this paper that the grammatical or the ungrammatical sentences could be viewed in various ways of acceptability : 1.Syntactically, English allows a very limited number of acceptable permutation as grammatical sentence, thus we have only one from among as many as 24 ways of permutation with the four words in the first case. 2.Semantically, a sentence is acceptable when the meaning of the sentence is relevant to our mental ability such as imagination or memory. 3.The acceptability of English sentence is more or less related to the morpho-phonological factor. For the initial cluster, we have a rule that enables us to have the well-formed cluster like /st/ but not to have the ill-formed cluster like */t1/. The unacceptability of */stl/ results from * /tl/. 4.The unacceptability of the fifth case is hard to explain without the helpful theory of FSP of the Prague School linguists. The careful investigation of the 'existential there construction' in the LEARN LOB corpus supports thematic acceptability in that new information of the indefinite NP goes with the rheme postion. 5.In communication, sentences are used not only to convey thoughts but to reveal the speaker's attitude to the thought expressed. The case (6) is thought to consist of two acceptable sentences in terms of syntax or semantics, but pragmatically, or in the context of communication it is unacceptable. The pragmatical unacceptability of (6) is due to the breach of Leech's principle of politeness.

David Copperfield에 나타난 시간과 기억

김소식 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1990 현대영미어문학 Vol.7 No.-

Jerome H. Buckley가 "The Four Faces of Victorian Time"에서 "The Victorians…were preoccupied almost obsessively with time and all the devices that measure time's flight1)"라고 말하듯이 time obsession은 비단 현대작가들에게서 뿐만 아니라 빅토리아시대의 작가들에게서도 널리 볼 수 있는 현상이었다. 급변하는 당시 산업사회 속에서 한때 그 희생자로 전락하여 쓰라린 경험을 맛 본 당대의 대표적 작가 가운데 한 사람인 Charles Dickens 역시 그 예외는 아니었다. Robin Gilmour는 Dickens를 당시의 Tennyson와 비교하면서 "time was a subject in which Dickens had become increasingly interested throughout the eighteen-forties2)"라고 말했다. 물론 Dickens의 시간 문제는 1840년대에만 국한된 것이 아니고, 그의 전 작품을 통해 꾸준히 다루어진 테마이다. 본고는 David Copperfield를 중심으로 주요 등장인물들의 시간에 대한 태도와 특히 주인공 David의 시간의식의 발전과정을 추적해 봄으로써 시간과 self의 관계를 검토해 보고 아울러 이 소설의 형식자체를 이루고 있는 기억의 역할도 살펴 볼 것이다. 그렇게 할 때 Dickens는 시간의 어느 한 국면, 즉 과거, 현재, 미래 중 어느 하나에만 고착되어 살 때의 위험을 보여준다. Great Expectations의 Miss Havisham이 Satis House에서 자연시간의 흐름을 거부한채 과거에만 고착되어 살아가는 것이 자기자신 뿐만 아니라 그 주변의 사람들에게까지 심한 피해를 주었듯이 David Copperfield에 등장하는 거의 모든 인물들도 잊을 수 없는 과거의 기억 때문에 현재와 미래를 직시하지 못하고 불행하게 살아간다. 다소 정도의 차이는 있으나 주인공 David를 비롯하여 Betsey Trotwood, Mr. Wickfield, Mr. Dick, Rosa Dartle, Miss Julia Mills 등이 과거에 대한 억압적인 기억 때문에 시간의 희생자가 된다. 따라서 Dickens에게 중요한 문제는 과거를 현재에 수용하느냐 거부하느냐에 있다. 이같은 과거와 현재의 관계는 당시의 급변하는 세계 속에서 안정감을 찾으려는 절박한 요구에 직면한 빅토리아인들에 게 중요한 관심사였으며3), George Eliot, William Wordsworth, Thomas Carlyle과 같은 당시 작가들의 중심테마이기도 했다. 문학에서 과거의 탐색은 보통 self-discovery의 수단이다4). 자기의 먼 과거는 자기자신을 아는데 중요하고 현재와 미래의 자기 힘을 아는데도 중요하다. 따라서 Dickens의 소설은 self의 탐구를 위해 시간의식이 형성되는 유아기나 어린시절로 돌아간다. 이같은 시간과 self의 관계는 Meyerhoff의 다음 말에서 가장 간결하게 표현되고 있다.

영어 존재문의 FSP

이현철 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1991 현대영미어문학 Vol.8 No.-

In this paper, I have provided a description of some properties of there-existential sentence in terms of FSP. First of all, I have argued that the there in existential sentence can play the role of theme in that it has the properties of week syllable, closed-class lexical item and thematizer. These properties are the devices by which we lead our hearer or reader to recognize the place of information that we see as the high point of our message. Secondly,. I have shown that the properties and restrictions in the more important additional types of existential sentence and the existential sentence with verbs other than be. The verbs other than be denoting 'existence' or 'emergence' are of lower communicative importance than the person, thing, event, whose emergence on the scene is being asserted. Finally, I have analyzed in terms of definitensess the NP of the existential in the LEARN LOB Corpus. The data show that the proportion of the occurrence of indfinite NP at the post-verbal position is very high.

유표어순의 FSP

이현철 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1992 현대영미어문학 Vol.9 No.-

In this paper, I have provided a description of some properties of the markedness of word order in English sentence in terms of FSP. In defining the markedness of word order, I followed Danes, who suggests that the marked word order of English sentence be analysed in terms of three levels : the grammatical, the semantic and the FSP level. Each level has the underlying word order pattern of its own : grammaticlly, SVO, semantically, Ag- Ac-G and in FSP way, theme-rheme. From the sentence that has the agreement in its three different levels, we get a neutral or unmarked word order. The disagreement of the word orders between the different levels is due to the hierarchy of levels : (1) theme-rhyme level. (2) semantic level, (3) grammatical level. The conflict between levels results in the marked word order. The means for solving conflicts are passive and fronting investigated here in this paper. On the other hand FSP is seen to be relevant to the text organization in that we select the utterance theme from the mass of information accumulated up to a certain point. The sequence of T-R in a series of sentences forms 5 different thematic progression types of Danes' : simple linear TP, TP with a continuous theme, TP with derived T's, Split Rheme and thematic jump. The authentic texts used in this paper shows that the marked orders of passive and fronting are useful devices to solve conflicts between the different levels not only in a sentence but also in the text.

현대 미국 사회와 예술가 : John Updike의 소설을 중심으로

이숙희 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1990 현대영미어문학 Vol.7 No.-