Economy Considerations and the Derivation of DP in Old English

Hee-Cheol Yoon 한국영어학학회 2002 영어학연구 Vol.- No.13

Yoon, Hee-Cheol. 2002.Economy Considerations and the Derivation of DP in Old English, the History of English, 13.This paper suggests that the definiteness or referentiality of Old English noun phrases depend on the presence of the uninterpretable [+R(cferential)]fcature in the functional head D. In Old English, the [+R(cferential)] fcature is associated with the EPP fearures, which forces the syntactic operation to delete both types of uninterpretable features in D for the proper interpretation at the interface. In consideration of the tact that Old English has no definite article possible candidates for deletion of those features in D include adnominal demonstratives, possessives and genitives of proper narnes all of which are characterized as inherently definite or referential. As far as thematic relations and empirical evidence are concemed, adnominal demonstratives are introduced into the speeifier of 예 through merge while possessives and genitives of proper names undergo movement to reach the same structural position. Although movement is a costly option, the operation is forced to delete not only uninterpretable features in D but also uninterpretable Case features in possessives and genitives of proper names. In case both demonstratives and possessive/genitives of proper names are available from the numeration, economy considerations determine the order of application between syntactic operations. A economic option of merge always precedes move, which results in the linear precedence of possessives/genitives of proper names over demonstratives in Old English noun phrases. Key words: DP hypothesis, adnominal demonstratives and possessives in Old English, definiteness, economy considerations

연구논문 : 담양 의암서원(義巖書院)의 설립, 사액 그리고 철폐

윤희면 ( Hee Myeon Yoon ) 호남사학회(구 전남사학회) 2015 역사학연구 Vol.57 No.-

유희춘을 모시는 三川祠는 담양의 양반사림 58명이 앞장서고, 전라도 양반사림의 호응과 지방관들의 도움을 얻어 1610년경에 완성되었다. 삼천사는 1630년경에 향교 근처로 옮기고 白川祠라 이름을 바꾸었다. 옮긴 이유는 유희춘이 文節이라는 시호를 받은 것과 관련 있어 보인다. 1668년에 담양 양반사림들이 사액을 받고자 상소문을 제출하여, 1669년에 「義巖」이라는 사액 이름을 받았다. 의암서원은 사액을 받은 뒤 나라로부터 여러 가지 혜택을 받았다. 제례에 쓸 祭需와 각종 잡물을 관아로부터 지급 받았다. 토지 3결을 면세받았고, 노비도 한때 100여명 이상을 소유하였다. 액외원생(정액 이외의 원생)을 수령으로부터 허락을 받기도 하였다. 특히 관에서 보태준 식리전은 재정의 큰 비중을 차지하였다. 19세기에 들어와서는 서원이 문중서원화되는 경향을 보이는데, 유희춘 후손들이 원임을 담당하고 의암서원 운영에 깊이 간여하였다. 의암서원에서는 경제적 어려움을 타개하기 위하여 관에 적극적으로 밀착하였다. 수령에게 원장을 맡기고, 19세기에 들어서면 경원장제를 채택하였다. 그리고 이들의 후원을 얻어 많은 건물들을 수리하고 건립할 수 있었다. 19세기에 이르면 대부분의 서원은 교육기능은 제대로 발휘되지 못하고 있었다. 의암서원도 마찬가지였다. 대원군의 서원 철폐로 의암서원도 1871년에 철폐되었다. 호남의 유생들은 1884년에 유희춘의 문묘 배향을 요청하는 상소를 하였으나 뜻을 이루지는 못하였다. Samchonsa enshrined Yu Hee-chun was established by 58 Confucian scholars of Damyang who initiated the idea, being responded by Yangban Sarim of Jeolla Province. It moved next to Hyanggyo by the year of 1630 and named it Paekchonsa. Its movement resulted from Yu Hee-chun`s receiving his posthumous epithet(Munjeol)Yangban Sarim submitted public appeals to receive charter and as a result, they acquired EuAhm in 1669. Since then EuAhm Seowon got several kinds of benefits. The economic foundations of EuAhm Seowon were fields, serfs, extra students, wonbo and duty free village. Especially Shickrigeon that was added by public office formed a great part. Since the opening of 19th century, the descendants of Yu Hee-chun took the role of wonim and were deeply involved with its management. EuAhm Seowon tried to be close to a local authority to resolve financial difficulty. They entrusted the position of Wonchang to a chief magistrate and chose implementing Gyeongwonjang system. With their support, they could build and maintain more buildings. By the turn of 19th century, most of seowon could not perform its educational fundction. EuAhm Seowon was in the same situation. In line with Daewongun ordered the close of seowon EuAhm Seowon was closed down in 1871. Yangban yusaeng of honam Province filed an appeal to ask a Confucian shrine of Yu, Hee-chun, but could not fulfill their will.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

수사적 절제의 시학: 현대 미국시에 대한 한 관점

윤희수 새한영어영문학회 2000 새한영어영문학 Vol.42 No.2

This paper aims to look into a common denominator, that is, a longing to get close to the thing as it is by subduing rhetorical excess, between Ezra Pound and Wallace Stevens who have been widely accepted as two antithetical poets of modernism. Furthermore, in order to prove that the longing represents a salient feature of modernist poetics, some of contemporary American poets who seem to succeed to the rhetorical abstinence, such as Adrienne Rich, Charles Wright and Gary Snyder, will also be explored based on their limited pieces of work. In spite of Marjorie Perloff's daring critical assessment that "no inclusive definition of Modernism can quite close" the gap between Pound and Stevens, the two poets are shown to share the longing to reveal the thing as it is. Pound's image is a way of presenting, not representing, the poetic object in a concise and concrete way which requires the control of linguistic impulse. In addition, his ideogram, deriving from his deep concern with the Chinese character and poetry , attempts to bind the abstract concept to its constituent particulars by presenting a picture of the elements it relates. In this regard, both image and ideogram arc the methods of recovering the natural bond between words and things themselves. Stevens who has been largely labelled as the poet of fiction also shows the poetics of realism tantamount to that of Pound. In one of his most well-known poems, "The Snow Man," he attempts to experience the "otherness" of the world by subduing the desire to impose meanings on it. This linguistic abstinence is also carried out in his later short poems such as "The Course of a Particular" and "Not Ideas about the Thing but the Thing Itself." The common impulse of Pound and Stevens to get close to or grasp the thing itself is bequeathed to Rich, Wright and Snyder. Rich's "Rural Reflections" recommends the rhetorical abstinence or "Inhuman patience" which enables us to see the poetic object as it is. Wright's "Reading Loa Tzu Again in the New Year" develops from rhetorical excess through linguistic skepticism to tight visual images which parallels those of Pound. Presenting the elusiveness of nature which is not trapped in the prison house of language in "Ripples on the Surface," Snyder, more radically in "Finding the Space in the Heart," attempts to see the world without language and bring "that seeing" into language, which is also the theme of Stevens's "The Snow Man."

초등영어교실의 효율적 상호작용과 수업 준비의 현실화

윤희백,한문수 부산교육대학교 교육대학원 1999 논문집 Vol.1 No.-

The game and activities discussed here based on some of the skills and instincts a young child brings to learning a foreign at school are all intended to encourage real language use and to develope confidence and willingness to have a go. In Korea where each of elementary school has usually large size of class, the considerations of stir/settle, the concepts of mental engagement and actual occupation will help us to evaluate the game and activities offered in textbooks of elementary English classroom, and to improve the general atmosphere of the classroom. Preparation load by teachers can be lessened through the variety of work, reuse of materials, reuse of a core of ideas, and new verses of chant and song, helping children feel their competence being built up. The follow up study, it is hoped, will be concerned with analyzing the games and activities in the English textbook of Elementary school.

탈희동결건조골과 이종골이 사람태아 골모세포의 골형성에 관한 효과

윤호상,최희인,유형근 원광대학교 치의학연구소 2003 圓光齒醫學 Vol.12 No.1

The ultimate goal of periodontal disease therapy is to promote the regeneration of lost periodontal tissue, there have been many attempts to develop a method to achieve this goal. The purpose of this study was to evaluation the effects of BBP, DLB on bone formation in human fetal osteoblasts. We examined the effect of BBP, DLB on collagen synthesis of human fetal osteoblasts. Collagen synthesis level of 5mg of BBP(5.80±0.18㎍/mg/ml), DLB(5.51±0.57㎍/mg/ml) showed significant difference compare with control group(3.58±0.35㎍/mg/ml). We also examined expression of BMP-2 by Western blot analysis. BMP-2 was expressed in both of BBP and DLB. These results suggest that BBP, DLB have an inductive effect on bone formation in vitro increasing with collagen synthesis and expression of BMP-2.

육상 단거리 차렷 자세 동작에서 팔 넓이가 운동학적 요인에 미치는 영향

윤희중,장영섭 한국운동역학회 2000 한국운동역학회지 Vol.10 No.1

본 연구는 육상 단거리 차렷 자세 동작에서 팔넓이와 출발 동작의 운동학적 요인과의 관계를 규명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 2000년 현재 선수등록이 되어 있는 대학 · 실업 선수 5명을 선정하였으며, 평상시 취하는 팔넓이에 ±2.5㎝를 계산하여 실험을 실시하였다. 이를 두 대의 비디오카메라로 녹화하여 DLT 기법을 통하여 3차원영상분석을 실시한 후 각 요인들을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론에 도달하였다. 1. 인체 중심의 이동 변위는 저자세(-2.5m), 중자세 그리고 고자세(+2.5m) 순으로 가장 많은 이동 변위를 나타냈으며, 국면별로는 3국면, 1국면 그리고 2국면 순으로 많은 이동 변위를 나타냈다. 2. 보폭은 저자세(-2.5m), 고자세(+2.5m) 그리고 중자세 순으로 긴 보폭을 나타냈으며, 구면별로는 3국면,1국면 그리고 2국면의 순으로 많은 이동 변위를 보이고 있었다. 3. 인체 중심 이동 소요 시간은 중자세, 저자세(-2.5m) 그리고 고자세(+2.5m)순으로 빠르게 나타났다. 4. 인체 중심과 몸통의 순간 속도는 중자세와 저자세에서 빠르게 나타났다. 5. 발분절의 순간 속도는 고자세(+2.5m), 저자세(-2.5m) 그리고 중자세 순으로 빠르게 나타났다. 6. 몸통의 각도는 고자세(+2.5m)에서 몸통을 가장 많이 숙이는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the width of the arm joint at attention and displacement, time, angle and velocity factors of starting motion for male sprinters. 2 S-VHS video cameras were used for the data collection. The following conclusions were drawn : 1. In the displacement of CG according to width of the arm joint was shown longest displacement in low position(-2.5㎝) medium position and high position(+2.5㎝), By the phase, it was shown longest diplacement in 3 phase, 1 phase and 2 phase. And in the height of CG was alike form of change. But medium position was shown faster form of change than other position. 2. In the length of stride was shown longer in low position(-2.5㎝), high position(+2.5㎝) and medium position. By the phase, it was shown longest displacement in 3 phase, 1 phase and 2 phase. 3. In the time of CG was shown shorter in medium position, low position(-2.5㎝) and high position(+2.5㎝). 4. In the velocity of CG and trunk was shown faster in low position(-2.5㎝) and medium position. 5. In the velocity of the foot segment was shown faster in high position(+2.5㎝), low position(-2.5㎝) and medium position. 6. In the angle of trunk was shown smallest angle in high position(+2.5㎝).

인지모형

윤희수 金烏工科大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

The purpose of this thesis is to study on the relationship between contexts and cognitive models, and the relationship between semantic fields and cognitive models, and three prominent cognitive model theories, and meaning cognition through cognitive models. It is true that a cognitive model works in the process of meaning cognition in our mind in one way or another. This study is summed up as follows : First, a context is a cognitive representation of the interaction among concepts, and a cognitive model is all the stored cognitive representations belonging to a field. The difference between a semantic field and a cognitive model is as follows : The meaning of each word is determined by the relationship of individual words according to the semantic theories, the meaning of each word depends on a packet of knowledge according to the cognitive model theories. Second, a cognitive model is a mental model which man has shared. organized and idealized in his mind, and through which hs gains the meanings of words. Third congnitive model threories encompass both the linguistic knowledg and the knowledge of the world. Fourth, there are several cognitive model theorie worth exploring, among which are the fram theory by langacker and the ICM theory by Lakoff. Finally, it is very hard for a man to live a strange and heterogeneous culture. He is like a fish out of water. Language and cultute are inseparable. We must understand cultural cognitive models to correctly get the connotative meaning of a word.

플랫서브와 스핀서브의 운동학적 분석

윤희중,정남주 한국운동역학회 1997 한국운동역학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine the kinematic variables during tennis flat and spin serving, and that analysis of contribution patterns of the human body segments to the racket velocity through three demensional cinematography technique. To accomplish the objective of this study, five male tennis players were used as subjects. The two cameras(Locam Ⅱ, Photosonic Biiomechanics 500) were used used to filming. The serve motions were filmed with the camera operating at 200 frames/s. The direct linear transformation(DLT) method is used in the computation of three-dimensional coordinates of the digitized body points. Coordinated raw position data through digitizing are filterd at a cutoff frequency of 6Hz using a fourth order low-pass Butterworth filter. Based on the results of this study, the following conclusions are drawn. 1) In the swing phase(toss∼impact), the flat serve is shorter execution time than spin serve. 2) At the point of impact, the flat serve is faster in the linear velocity of racket head than in the spin serve. 3) The maximum velocity of the hand is earlier to the maximum velocity of the racket head prior to impact. 4) From the angle change of each joint, shoulder angle in the flat serve and the racket angle in the spin serve are larger than any other angle. 5) The elbow joint dominate at the initial swing patterns, and the shoulder and trunk joints dominate at the final swing patterns during flat and spin serving.

여자 배구 스파이크시 목적타의 거리가 운동학적 요인에 미치는 영향

윤희중,금명숙 한국운동역학회 1997 한국운동역학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The study are to examine the effects of the target distance of the body segments' kinematical variables through a use of 3-D analysis technique. The selected kinematical variables were the angle of the ankle, the knee and the hip joint at touch-down, the joint height, the center of the mass the stride length and touch down time. Four female volleyball players who engaged in the commercial team were participated in this study. Two video cameras were used for the data collection. In this study, the spiking movements were divided into two target distance (A quick, back attack) for the data analysis. From those, the selected kinematical variables were calculated, and the following conclusions were drawn ; 1. Back attack was the smaller the ankle, the knee and the hip angle at touch-down phase than A qiuck. 2. Back attack was the higher the jump height than A qiuck. 3. Back attack was the higher the center of mass than A quick. 4. Back attack was the longer stride length during approach and touch-down phase than A quick. 5. Back attack was the slower the touch-down time than A quick.