Converting Panax ginseng DNA and chemical fingerprints into two-dimensional barcode

Cai, Yong,Li, Peng,Li, Xi-Wen,Zhao, Jing,Chen, Hai,Yang, Qing,Hu, Hao The Korean Society of Ginseng 2017 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.41 No.3

Background: In this study, we investigated how to convert the Panax ginseng DNA sequence code and chemical fingerprints into a two-dimensional code. In order to improve the compression efficiency, GATC2Bytes and digital merger compression algorithms are proposed. Methods: HPLC chemical fingerprint data of 10 groups of P. ginseng from Northeast China and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence code as the DNA sequence code were ready for conversion. In order to convert such data into a two-dimensional code, the following six steps were performed: First, the chemical fingerprint characteristic data sets were obtained through the inflection filtering algorithm. Second, precompression processing of such data sets is undertaken. Third, precompression processing was undertaken with the P. ginseng DNA (ITS2) sequence codes. Fourth, the precompressed chemical fingerprint data and the DNA (ITS2) sequence code were combined in accordance with the set data format. Such combined data can be compressed by Zlib, an open source data compression algorithm. Finally, the compressed data generated a two-dimensional code called a quick response code (QR code). Results: Through the abovementioned converting process, it can be found that the number of bytes needed for storing P. ginseng chemical fingerprints and its DNA (ITS2) sequence code can be greatly reduced. After GTCA2Bytes algorithm processing, the ITS2 compression rate reaches 75% and the chemical fingerprint compression rate exceeds 99.65% via filtration and digital merger compression algorithm processing. Therefore, the overall compression ratio even exceeds 99.36%. The capacity of the formed QR code is around 0.5k, which can easily and successfully be read and identified by any smartphone. Conclusion: P. ginseng chemical fingerprints and its DNA (ITS2) sequence code can form a QR code after data processing, and therefore the QR code can be a perfect carrier of the authenticity and quality of P. ginseng information. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of a quality traceability system of traditional Chinese medicine based on a two-dimensional code.

Reduction of Brain Infarct Size and Extracellular Glutamate Accumulation by Dihydrokinate in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat after Transient Forebrain Ischemia

Yong Hua Zhang,Yong Cai Li,Zheng Hua Cai,Yang Chen 대한신경외과학회 2004 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.36 No.4

Objective : Using bilateral carotid artery occlusion, controlled hypotension and in vivo microdialysis, we evaluate the changes in extracellular concentrations of the excitatory amino acids(EAA) glutamate and aspartate in the striatum of ischemic Wistar-Kyoto rats(WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), as well as the resulting changes of infarct volume and neurological deficit scores. Methods : During 30 minutes of ischemia, microdialysate concentrations of glutamate and aspartate were measured in the presence of infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid(aCSF) or the dihydrokinate (DHK, the GLT-1 selective nontransportable inhibitor)-containing aCSF respectively. And infarct volume of neurological deficit were measured for each groups using triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC) staining and neurological deficit function tests. Results : In control aCSF infusing WKY group, glutamate and aspartate concentrations increased 36-fold and 14- fold increase to baseline, respectively, and returned to baseline values on reperfusion; while in control aCSF infusing SHR group, glutamate and aspartate increased 51-fold and 25-fold increase respectively. DHK (10nM) significantly attenuated EAA increases in both experimental WKY group and SHR group compared with control (glutamate peak for WKY, 7.09±1.04 versus control, 18.48±1.87 pmol/ul; for SHR, 18.90±1.54 versus control, 40.64±2.38 pmol/ul). There is a significant improving with neurological deficit score in DHK application groups both in WKY and SHR, which was also convinced by comparison of infarct volume between experimental DHK infusing group and control. Conclusion : Our results suggest that the astrocytic glutamate transporter contributes significantly to EAA release in the early phase of ischemia and inhibition of excessive glutamate release by DHK may contribute to effective treatment in ischemia-induced brain damage.

Converting Panax ginseng DNA and chemical fingerprints into two-dimensional barcode

Yong Cai,Peng Li,Xi-Wen Li,Jing Zhao,Hai Chen,Qing Yang,Hao Hu 고려인삼학회 2017 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.41 No.3

Background: In this study, we investigated how to convert the Panax ginseng DNA sequence code and chemical fingerprints into a two-dimensional code. In order to improve the compression efficiency, GATC2Bytes and digital merger compression algorithms are proposed. Methods: HPLC chemical fingerprint data of 10 groups of P. ginseng from Northeast China and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence code as the DNA sequence code were ready for conversion. In order to convert such data into a two-dimensional code, the following six steps were performed: First, the chemical fingerprint characteristic data sets were obtained through the inflection filtering algorithm. Second, precompression processing of such data sets is undertaken. Third, precompression processing was undertaken with the P. ginseng DNA (ITS2) sequence codes. Fourth, the precompressed chemical fingerprint data and the DNA (ITS2) sequence code were combined in accordance with the set data format. Such combined data can be compressed by Zlib, an open source data compression algorithm. Finally, the compressed data generated a two-dimensional code called a quick response code (QR code). Results: Through the abovementioned converting process, it can be found that the number of bytes needed for storing P. ginseng chemical fingerprints and its DNA (ITS2) sequence code can be greatly reduced. After GTCA2Bytes algorithm processing, the ITS2 compression rate reaches 75% and the chemical fingerprint compression rate exceeds 99.65% via filtration and digital merger compression algorithm processing. Therefore, the overall compression ratio even exceeds 99.36%. The capacity of the formed QR code is around 0.5k, which can easily and successfully be read and identified by any smartphone. Conclusion: P. ginseng chemical fingerprints and its DNA (ITS2) sequence code can form a QR code after data processing, and therefore the QR code can be a perfect carrier of the authenticity and quality of P. ginseng information. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of a quality traceability system of traditional Chinese medicine based on a two-dimensional code.

Knockout of the EgriBLOS2 gene results in the transparent integuments of Ectropis grisescens larvae

Li Jia-Li,Zhuang Xiang-Lin,Yuan Ting-Ting,Cai Xiao-Ming,Luo Zong-Xiu,Bian Lei,Chen Zong-Mao,Li Zhao-Qun,Liu Nai-Yong 한국응용곤충학회 2022 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.25 No.1

The body colors of insects have evolved specialized roles in body protection, signaling and physiology. In some case, the larvae can camouflage their body colors to adapt the habitants and protect themselves. However, the genetic and molecular basis on larval body colors of the tea geometrid, Ectropis grisescens, remains poorly known. Here, we reported an effect of the lysosome-related organelles complex-1, subunit 2 (EgriBLOS2) gene knockout on larval integuments of E. grisescens, by using a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system. Combining transcriptomic data and PCR approaches, we first identified the EgriBLOS2 gene from E. grisescens, which encoded 137 amino acids and comprised 3 introns. In the phylogenetic analysis, EgriBLOS2 clustered in the Lepidoptera clade with high conservation to members in other lepidopteran species. Developmental expression profiles revealed that EgriBLOS2 was constantly tran scribed at each stage, in which its expression was significantly lower in 2nd instar larvae than that of other instars. After injecting EgriBLOS2-specific guide RNA and Cas9 messenger RNA into eggs, 70% of larvae showed the translucent integuments in G0 generation, with an emphasis on black splayed patterns in the 2nd and 8th segments of abdomens. However, some typical characteristics of larvae were not obviously changed in mutant instars, such as ocelli, mouthparts and other appendants. This study has unraveled the roles of EgriBLOS2 in the formation of larval integument colors, and provides an alternative strategy for pest management based on the colors in this species.

Identification of yield-related genes through genome-wide association: case study of weeping forsythia, an emerging medicinal crop

Li Yong,Wu Qiong,Liu Hong-Li,Pei Nan-Cai,He Yan-Xia,Quan Jine 한국유전학회 2022 Genes & Genomics Vol.44 No.2

Background: The genetic basis of crop yield is an agricultural research hotspot. Identifying the genes related to yield traits is the key to increase the yield. Weeping forsythia is an emerging medicinal crop that currently lacks excellent varieties. The genes related to fruit yield in weeping forsythia have not been identified. Objective: Thus, we aimed to screen the candidate genes related to fruit yield of weeping forsythia by using genome-wide association analysis. Methods: Here, 60 samples from the same field and source of weeping forsythia were collected to identify its yield-related candidate genes. Association analysis was performed on the variant loci and the traits related to yield, i.e., fruit length, width, thickness, and weight. Results: Results from admixture, neighbor-joining, and kinship matrix analyses supported the non-significant genetic differentiation of these samples. Significant association was found between 2 variant loci and fruit length, 8 loci and fruit width, 24 loci and fruit thickness, and 13 loci and fruit weight. Further search on the 20 kb up/downstream of these variant loci revealed 1 gene related to fruit length, 16 genes related to fruit width, 12 genes related to fruit thickness, and 13 genes related to fruit weight. Among which, 4 genes, namely, WRKY transcription factor 35, salicylic acid-binding protein, auxin response factor 6, and alpha-mannosidase were highly related to the fruit development of weeping forsythia. Conclusion: This study identify four candidate genes related to fruit development, which will provide useful information for the subsequent molecular-assisted and genetic breeding of weeping forsythia.

A biodegradable drug‐controlled delivery system based on mesoporous manganese dioxide and poly(dopamine)

Li Miaomiao,Cai Wenrong,Jiang Lihua,Li Junyao,Li Shan,Tang Tongtong,Kong Yong 대한화학회 2023 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.44 No.12

Mesoporous manganese dioxide (mMnO 2 ) was first synthesized for the loading of methotrexate (MTX), and then dopamine was in situ polymerized on the surface of the MTX‐loaded mMnO 2 (mMnO 2 ‐MTX) in an alkaline solution to encapsulate the drug in the mesopores of mMnO 2 . Both low pH and glutathione (GSH) can result in the degradation of mMnO 2 and poly(dopamine) (PDA), and thus the delivery of MTX from the mMnO 2 ‐MTX‐PDA can be triggered by low pH and GSH. Near‐infrared (NIR) light‐responsive delivery of MTX can be achieved owing to the outstanding photothermal conversion capability of PDA; on the other hand, the mMnO 2 ‐MTX‐PDA can be utilized for photothermal therapy under the irradiation of NIR light due to the elevated temperature. The results of cytotoxicity test demonstrate that the pH, GSH, and NIR light tri‐responsive drug‐controlled delivery system has excellent biocompatibility, while exhibits pronounced growth inhibition against murine breast tumor cell line 4T1. Mesoporous manganese dioxide (mMnO2) was first synthesized for the loading of methotrexate (MTX), and then dopamine was in situ polymerized on the surface of the MTX-loaded mMnO2 (mMnO2-MTX) in an alkaline solution to encapsulate the drug in the mesopores of mMnO2. Both low pH and glutathione (GSH) can result in the degradation of mMnO2 and poly(dopamine) (PDA), and thus the delivery of MTX from the mMnO2-MTX-PDA can be triggered by low pH and GSH. Near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive delivery of MTX can be achieved owing to the outstanding photothermal conversion capability of PDA; on the other hand, the mMnO2-MTX-PDA can be utilized for photothermal therapy under the irradiation of NIR light due to the elevated temperature. The results of cytotoxicity test demonstrate that the pH, GSH, and NIR light triresponsive drug-controlled delivery system has excellent biocompatibility, while exhibits pronounced growth inhibition against murine breast tumor cell line 4T1.

Risk assessment of water inrush in karst tunnels based on a modified grey evaluation model: Sample as Shangjiawan Tunnel

Yuan, Yong-cai,Li, Shu-cai,Zhang, Qian-qing,Li, Li-ping,Shi, Shao-shuai,Zhou, Zong-qing Techno-Press 2016 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.11 No.4

A modified grey clustering method is presented to systematically evaluate the risk of water inrush in karst tunnels. Based on the center triangle whitenization weight function and upper and lower limit measure whitenization weight function, the modified grey evaluation model doesn't have the crossing properties of grey cluster and meets the standard well. By adsorbing and integrating the previous research results, seven influence factors are selected as evaluation indexes. A couple of evaluation indexes are modified and quantitatively graded according to four risk grades through expert evaluation method. The weights of evaluation indexes are rationally distributed by the comprehensive assignment method. It is integrated by the subjective factors and the objective factors. Subjective weight is given based on analytical hierarchy process, and objective weight obtained from simple dependent function. The modified grey evaluation model is validated by Jigongling Tunnel. Finally, the water inrush risk of Shangjiawan Tunnel is evaluated by using the established model, and the evaluation result obtained from the proposed method is agrees well with practical situation. This risk assessment methodology provides a powerful tool with which planners and engineers can systematically assess the risk of water inrush in karst tunnels.

Hypoxia Induced High Expression of Thioredoxin Interacting Protein (TXNIP) in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and its Prognostic Effect

Li, Yan,Miao, Li-Yun,Xiao, Yong-Long,Huang, Mei,Yu, Min,Meng, Kui,Cai, Hou-Rong Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.7

Although associations between thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) and cancers have been recognized, the effects of TXNIP on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) prognosis remained to be determined in detail. In addition, while hypoxia is a key characteristic of tumor cell growth microenvironment, the effect of hypoxia on TXNIP expression is controversial. In this study, formaldehyde fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples of 70 NSCLC patients who underwent resection between January 2010 and December 2011 were obtained. Evaluation of TXNIP and hypoxia inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$ ($HIF-1{\alpha}$) protein expression in FFPE samples was made by immunohistochemistry. By Kaplan-Meier method, patients with high TXNIP expression demonstrated a significantly shorter progression free survival (PFS) compared with those with low TXNIP expression (18.0 months, 95%CI: 11.7, 24.3 versus 23.0 months, 95%CI: 17.6, 28.4, P=0.02). High TXNIP expression level was also identified as an independent prognostic factor by Cox regression analysis (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.46; 95%CI: 1.08, 5.56; P=0.03). Furthermore, TXNIP expression was found to be significantly correlated with $HIF-1{\alpha}$ expression (Spearman correlation=0.67, P=0.000). To further confirm correlations, we established a tumor cell hypoxic culture model. Expression of TXNIP was up-regulated in all three NSCLC cell lines (A549, SPC-A1, and H1299) under hypoxic conditions. This study suggests that hypoxia induces increased TXNIP expression in NSCLC and high TXNIP expression could be a poor prognostic marker.

An Efficient Initialization Approach of Q-learning for Mobile Robots

Yong Song,Yi-bin Li,Cai-hong Li,Gui-fang Zhang 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2012 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.10 No.1

This article demonstrates that Q-learning can be accelerated by appropriately specifying initial Q-values using dynamic wave expansion neural network. In our method, the neural network has the same topography as robot work space. Each neuron corresponds to a certain discrete state. Every neuron of the network will reach an equilibrium state according to the initial environment information. The activity of the special neuron denotes the maximum cumulative reward by following the optimal policy from the corresponding state when the network is stable. Then the initial Q-values are defined as the immediate reward plus the maximum cumulative reward by following the optimal policy beginning at the succeeding state. In this way, we create a mapping between the known environment information and the initial values of Q-table based on neural network. The prior knowledge can be incorporated into the learning system, and give robots a better learning foundation. Results of experiments in a grid world problem show that neural network-based Q-learning enables a robot to acquire an optimal policy with better learning performance compared to conventional Q-learning and potential field-based Q-learning.

Elevated Platelets Enhance Cancer Cell Migration, Promote Hematogenous Metastasis and Associate with a Poor Prognosis in Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cases

Li, Yan,Miao, Li-Yun,Xiao, Yong-Long,Cai, Hou-Rong,Zhang, De-Ping Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.1

Although correlations between platelets and lung cancer has been recognized, effects on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) metastasis remain to be determined in detail. In the present study, wound healing assays revealed a role of platelets in NSCLC cell migration. Thus the mean migration rate of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells was significantly elevated after co-culture with platelets ($81.7{\pm}0.45%$ vs $41.0{\pm}3.50%$, P<0.01). Expression of GAPDH was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to study the effect of platelets on NSCLC cell proliferation. The result showed that the proliferation of A549 and SPC-A1 cells was not affected. Mouse models were established by transfusing A549 cells and SPC-A1 cells into mice lateral tail veins. We found tumor metastasis nodules in lungs to be increased significantly after co-transfusion with platelets (in A549, $4.33{\pm}0.33$ vs $0.33{\pm}0.33$, P=0.01; in SPC-A1, $2.67{\pm}0.33$ vs $0.00{\pm}0.00$, P=0.01). In addition, consecutive inoperable patients with newly diagnosed NSCLC (TNM stage III or IV) between January 2009 and December 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Using the Kaplan-Meier method, NSCLC patients with a high platelet counts demonstrated a significantly shorter progression free survival compared with those with a low platelet count (> $200{\times}10^9/L$, 3 months versus ${\leq}200{\times}10^9/L$, 5 months, P=0.001). An elevated platelet count was also identified as an independent prognostic factor by Cox regression analysis for prgression free survival (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.46; P=0.006). This study suggested that platelets might contribute to the hematogenous metastatic process by promoting cancer cell migration, which eventually affects the prognosis of NSCLC.