Anti-hyperlipidemic Effects of Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng

Kwak, Yi-Seong,Kyung, Jong-Soo,Kim, Jong Soo,Cho, Jae Youl,Rhee, Man-Hee Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2010 Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Vol.33 No.3

<P>It has been reported that red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP), isolated from Korean red ginseng, displays immunostimulatory and anti-tumor activities. In a follow-up study, we have carried out a study on the anti-hyperlipidemic effects of RGAP using hyperlipidemic rats acutely induced by Triton WR1339 or corn oil intravenously injected. Oral administration of RGAP (100 to 1000 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced the serum levels of triglyceride (TG) up-regulated by Triton WR1339, an inducer of endogenous model hyperlipidemia. Moreover, RGAP treatment was shown to significantly decrease the levels of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concomitant with TG reduction. However, such reduction effects were not observed in cases of total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipid levels increased under the same conditions, although there was an inhibitory tendency. Similar suppressive patterns were also seen in hepatic parameters (total lipids and TG) under the same conditions. The exogenous hyperlipidemic rat condition triggered by corn oil also supported the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of RGAP in serum and hepatic parameters of TG and NEFA. Interestingly, RGAP significantly enhanced the serum activity of lipoprotein lipase, a key hydrolytic enzyme of lipid molecules in lipoprotein, in a dose-dependent manner up to 80%, implying potential involvement of this enzyme in lowering TG and NEFA by RGAP. Therefore, our data suggest that RGAP may play an additional role in reducing hyperlipidemic conditions, which can be used as a valuable neutraceutical application for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.</P>

Effect of Alcohol on Growth of Microorganisms Contaminated in Ginseng Powder

( Yi Seong Kwak,Jin Kyu Chang,Jong Jae Choo ) 대한보건협회 1997 대한보건협회 보건종합학술대회 Vol.- No.-

Isolation and Characterization of an Extremely Thermophilic Sulfur-metabolizing Bacterium from a Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent System

KWAK, YI-SEONG,KOBAYASHI, TETSUO,AKIBA, TERUHIKO 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 1994 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.4 No.1

A water sample was taken from a black smoker chimney of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent by using an unmanned submersible "Dolphin 3K". The temperature of the hydrothermal fluid from the black smoker was 276℃. After isolation by repeated serial dilutions, An extremely thermophilic bacterial strain was selected. The strain designated as DT1331, was an anaerobic, non-motile, coccoid shaped bacterium with about 0.5 to 1.0 ㎛ in diameter. The strain DT1331 could grow up to 93℃, but the optimum temperature of this strain was 80℃. The growth occurred in the pH range of 4.5 to 8.5 and the optimum pH was 6.0. The strain DT1331 required 1% to 5% NaCl for growth and cell lysis was observed below 1% NaCl concentration. The bacterium could grow on polypeptides such as tryptone, peptone, soytone and on proteins such as casein or gelatin. However, no growth was observed on single amino acids, sugar and organic acids. Hydrogen gas was detected slightly during growth. This bacterium obligately required elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide gas was produced during growth.

Effect of Saponin Fraction from Platycodon grandiflorum on Clinical Chemical Changes in TCDD (2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-ρ-dioxin)-induced Rat Toxicity

Kwak, Yi-Seong,Moon, You-Jin,Kyung, Jong-Soo,Kim, Tae-Hwan,Rhee, Man Hee 대한의생명과학회 2020 Biomedical Science Letters Vol.26 No.2

This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of crude saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum on Clinical chemical parameters in male rats acutely exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-ρ-dioxin (TCDD). Crude saponin was prepared from Korean Platycodon grandiflorum with Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography after extraction of 80% ethanol at 75℃. The crude saponin was confirmed by thin layer chrmatography. When compared with ginseng saponins, the crude saponin had both a few number of saponins and a broad distribution. Forty male rats (200±20 g) were divided into 4 groups. Normal control (NC) group received vehicle and saline; TCDD-treated (TT) group received TCDD (40 ㎍/kg, single dose) intraperitoneally; Platycodon grandiflorum saponin (PG5 and PG10) groups received crude saponin 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg (p.o), respectively, for 2 weeks before 1 week of TCDD-exposure. Increase of body weight was retarded greatly by TCDD-exposure. Body weight of animals in TT group was significantly decrease after 2 days of TCDD-exposure. However, body weights of animals in PG groups increased through the experimental perimental period, although the increasing rate was slower than that of NC group. Increases in contents of blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) and activities of amylase, lipase, AST, ALT and LDH by toxic action of TCDD were significantly attenuated by crude saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum (P<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that crude saponin prepared from Korean Platycodon grandiflorum might be a member of useful protective agents against TCDD, which is one of the environmental hormones.

Anti-hyperlipidemic Effects of Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng

Yi-Seong Kwak(곽이성),Jong-Soo Kyung,Jong Soo Kim,Jae Youl Cho,Man-Hee Rhee,Jong-Dae Park,In-Ho Baeg 고려인삼학회 2010 고려인삼학회 학술대회 Vol.2010 No.5

Effect of Alcohol on Growth of Microorganisms Contaminated in Ginseng Powder

Yi-Seong Kwak,Jin-Kyu Chang,Jong-Jae Choo 한국보건교육건강증진학회 1997 한국보건교육·건강증진학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.- No.-

홍삼추출잔사로부터 항암면역조절 활성을 보여주는 홍삼산성다당체(RGAP)의 분리 및 이화학적 특성

곽이성(Yi-Seong Kwak),신한재(Han-Jae Shin),송용범(Yong-Bum Song),박종대(Jong-Dae Park) 한국식품영양과학회 2003 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.32 No.5

홍삼으로부터 홍삼알콜 추출물을 제조하고 부산물로 생성된 홍삼추출잔사로부터 한외여과를 이용하여 홍삼산성다당체(RGAP, red ginseng acidic polysaccharide)를 대량으로 분리할 수 있는 방법을 개발하였다. 본 방법으로 홍삼추출잔사로부터 분리된 RGAP의 수율은 20.9%이었고, RGAP로부터 지표성분인 활성성분(GFP)의 분리수율은 39.4%이었다. 분리된 RGAP는 macrophage에 의한 NO(nitric oxide)를 생성하여 암세포를 사멸시키는 것으로 나타났다. RGAP를 BALB/c 마우스에 복강투여한 후 분리된 복강 macrophage를 P815암세포(mastocytoma)와 함께 배양하였을 때 배지내의 NO 농도는 대조군에서 4.3 μM이었으나, RGAP 100, 300 mg/kg 투여군에서는 각각 9.8 및 25.3 μM로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 아울러 암세포인 P815 세포의 사멸율도 정상대조군일 경우 7.3%이었으나 RGAP 100, 300 mg/kg 투여군에서는 각각 22.7 및 31.8%로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. RGAP을 2M의 TFA로 100℃에서 1시간 가수분해한 후 당 표준품과 TLC로 비교한 결과 당 표준품과 Rf치 및 발색 색깔이 일치하는 4개의 spot, 즉 rhamnose(Rf 0.78, 노란색), glucose(Rf 0.61, 녹색), galactose(Rf 0.56, 녹색), glucuronic acid(Rf 0.36, 황갈색)를 관찰할 수 있었다. 가수분해된 RGAP 분해산물을 G1(glucose)부터 G7(maltoheptaose)까지의 당류와 함께 TLC를 행한 결과 진한 색상을 나타내는 spot은 R_f 0.56~0.61로 G2(maltose, Rf 0.46) 이상의 단당류(monosaccharide)인 것으로 나타났다. RGAP의 일부 이화학적 특성을 조사한 결과 pH는 4.74, 건조감량은 4.72%, 조단백질 함량은 3.30%, 회분은 4.74%이었고 중금속인 Pb는 2.30 ppm이었다. This study was carried out in order to develop the method for isolation of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) having immunomodulating antitumor activity from red ginseng by-product. The red ginseng by-product was obtained from red ginseng residues produced in processing of red ginseng ethanol extract. The yield of RGAP isolated by ultrafiltration was 20.9%. The active substance (GFP) was purified by DEAE-sepharose column chromatography. RGAP induced nitric oxide (NO) exhibited tumoricidal activities against P815 (mastocytoma) tumor cells. Acid-hydrolyzed RGAP fragments were shown four to five spots. These sopts showed the same R_f values with sugars designated as rhamnose, glucose, glactose and glucuronic acid. Some physico-chemical properties of RGAP were investigated. pH and dry reduction content at 105℃ were 4.74 and 4.72%, respectively. Crude protein, ash and Pb contents were 3.30%, 4.74% and 2.30 ppm. These results suggest that we will be able to produce RGAP from red ginseng by-product by ultrafiltration in a large scale.

홍삼유출액으로부터 분리한 조사포닌이 TCDD (2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-ρ-dioxin)로 급성독성을 유도한 흰쥐의 혈액 생화학지수에 미치는 영향

곽이성(Yi-Seong Kwak),경종수(Jong-Soo Kyung),송용범(Young-Bum Song),위재준(Jae-Joon Wee),박종대(Jong-Dae Park) 고려인삼학회 2006 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.30 No.1

본 연구는 랫드에서 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo--dioxin (TCDD)로 유도된 급성독성에 대한 홍삼유출액으로부터 분리한 조사포닌의 방어효과를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 40 마리의 웅성 랫드를 4 군으로 나누어 정상군에 대해서는 TCDD의 운반체를, TCDD 단독투여군 (TT)에게는 TCDD (5 ㎛/㎖)와 생리식염수를 1 회 복강주사하였다. 한편, 조사포닌 투여군 (RGE-CS20, RGE-CS40)은 조사포닌을 각각 20 및 40 ㎎/㎏,b.w./day의 용량으로 TCDD 투여 1 주 전부터 총 4 주간 복강주사하였다. TCDD 단독투여군의 체중은 TCDD 투여 1 주째부터 유의하게 감소한 반면, 조사포닌 투여군은 TCDD 단독투여군에 비해 완만하기는 하지만 유의하게 증가하여 체중감소가 억제되었다. 조사포닌 투여군은 TCDD 독성에 의해 증가한 TG, TC, LDL, AST, ALT, Fe²? 함량은 감소시켰고, TCDD 독성에 의해 감소된 glucose, amylase, LDH, CK 활성을 증가시켜 혈액 임상화학지수를 유의하게 개선시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터 홍삼유출액으로부터 분리한 조사포닌은 TCDD에 의해 유도된 체중감소와 장기 기능저하에 대해서 현저한 방어효과를 나타낸다는 사실을 알 수 있었다.

홍삼사포닌의 일부 병원성미생물에대한 생육억제 효과

곽이성(Yi-Seong Kwak),황미선(Mi-Sun Hwang),김석창(Seok-Chang Kim),김천석(Cheon-Suk Kim),도재호(Jae-Ho Do),박채규(Chae-Kyu Park) 고려인삼학회 2006 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.30 No.3

본 연구는 홍삼엑스로부터 분리된 홍삼사포닌이 일부 병원성 미생물 Staphylococcus aureus 및 Candida albicans의 성장에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 사포닌의 농도를 달리하여 첨가하고 5 일 동안 배양한 후 측정된 S. aureus의 pH는 사포닌 무첨가군 pH 8.55에 비해 0.013, 0.125, 0.5, 1.0% 첨가군에서 각각 8.35, 7.80, 6.87, 6.34로 사포닌 농도가 증가할수록 pH는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. S. aureus의 성장에 미치는 사포닌의 영향을 조사한 결과 사포닌 무첨가군의 성장률을 100%로 놓았을 때 상대적으로 계산된 균의 성장률은 0.013, 0.125, 0.5, 1.0% 첨가군에서는 각각 55.56, 52.22, 0.001, 0%로 나타나서 사포닌 농도가 증가할수록 농도 의존적으로 균의 성장이 강하게 억제되는 경향을 나타내었다. 특히 조사포닌 0.5% 이상의 농도에서는 균의 생육은 완전히 억제되었다. 한편 병원성 효모인 C. albicans의 pH도 사포닌 무첨가군 pH 5.97에서 사포닌 첨가시 pH 5.83-5.60으로 약간씩 감소하는 경향이었다. 각 첨가군과 성장률을 비교하였을 경우 사포닌 0.013, 0.125, 0.5, 1.0% 첨가군은 각각 50.0, 50.0, 37.5, 25.0%의 성장율을 나타내어 S. aureus와 마찬가지로 사포닌 첨가농도가 증가할수록 성장률이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 C. albicnas의 생균수는 무첨가군 8.0×10? CFU/㎖에 비해 사포닌 첨가군 모두에서 2.0-4.0×10? CFU/㎖ 으로 무첨가군에 비해서는 낮은 수준이었지만 유의적인 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 따라서 사포닌은 0.013% 이상의 농도에서 병원성효모 C. albicans 보다는 세균인 S. aureus의 성장을 크게 억제하였으며, 이러한 결과로부터 홍삼사포닌은 진균류인 효모보다는 세균에 대해 더욱 큰 생육저해효과를 나타낸다는 사실을 알수 있었다. Saponin isolated from red ginseng was added to cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in order to investigate saponin's influence on the growth of some pathogenic bacteria and yeasts. S. aureus and C. albicans were incubated at 38℃ and 28℃ for 5 days with 100 rpm after addition of 0.013, 0.125, 0.500 and 1.000% (w/v, final concentration) of saponin, respectively. After incubated for 1 day, 2 days or 5 days, pH and viable cell counts of the cultures were investigated. The both of pH of S. aureus and C. albicans were decreased in concentration-dependent manner. Viable cell counts after incubation of 5 days were 1.0×10?, 9.4×10?, 1.0×10³ and 0 CFU/㎖, respectively, when compared with 1.8x10? CFU/㎖ of saponin non-treated group. Especially, 1.0% concentration of saponin inhibited completely the growth of S. aureus. While, viable cell count in C. albicans somewhat lower values than that of saponin non-treated group, but the values not significant. These results suggest that ginseng saponin inhibit the growth of S. aureus in a concentration-dependent manner, but not the growth of C. albicans.

홍삼산성다당체 (RGAP)와 항암제의 병용투여에 의한 항암시너지 효과

곽이성(Yi-Seong Kwak),김영숙(Young-Sook Kim),신한재(Han-Jae Shin),송용범(Yong-Bum Song),박종대(Jong-Dae Park) 고려인삼학회 2003 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.27 No.2

Synergistic anticancer activities of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) showing immunomodulatory activity were evaluated by combined treatment with anticancer agents such as Cyclophosphamide (CY) or 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in experimental tumor models. The combined treatment of RGAP (100 mg/kg) and CY (3 mg/kg) exhibited 71% of survival rate in life span of sarcoma 180-bearing mice, while single treatment of RGAP (100 mg/kg) and CY (3 or 10 mg/kg) exhibited 43, 14 and 43% of survival rates, respectively. In addition, when RGAP (100 mg/kg) was administered<br/> in combination with 5-FU (2.5 mg/kg) to sarcoma 180 tumor-bearing mice, higher survival rate was found when compared with RGAP or 5-FU treatment alone. Moreover, tumor weights in LL/2 lung carcinoma-bearing mice treated combined with RGAP (100 mg/kg) and 5-FU (5 or 10mg/kg) was obviously decreased when compared with 5-FU alone.<br/> These results suggest that clinical trials of RGAP as an adjuvant in cancer chemotheraphy can be higly feasible.