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Review : V2 Receptor Antagonist; Tolvaptan
( Joo Hark Yi ),( Hyun Jong Shin ),( Ho Jung Kim ) 대한전해질학회 2011 Electrolytes & Blood Pressure Vol.9 No.2
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients. Many studies documented that it was related to increased morbidity and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and neurologic diseases. Although knowledge of hyponatremia has been cumulated, the optimal management of hyponatremia remains incompletely established in clinical practice because of the diversity of underlying disease states, and its multiple causes with differing pathophysiologic mechanisms. Since vasopressin receptor antagonists have unique aquaretic effect to selectively increase electrolytesfree water excretion, clinicians could apply a more effective method to treat hyponatremia. Tolvaptan has significant evidence that it improves serum sodium levels in patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia related with heart failure, cirrhosis or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tolvaptan has acceptable safety and tolerability for longterm usage in chronic hyponatremia, and the beneficial effects on serum Na+ occurred in patients with both mild and marked hyponatremia.
( Joo-hark Yi ),( Sang-woong Han ),( Wan-young Kim ),( Jin Kim ),( Moon-hyang Park ) 대한내과학회 2018 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.33 No.4
Background/Aims: This study was designed to investigate the roles of aristolochic acid I (AA-I) and hypokalemia in acute aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). Methods: After an adaptation period (1 week), a total of 40 C57BL/6 mice (male, 8 weeks old) were divided into four groups: I (control group), II (low potassium [K] diet), III (normal K diet with administration of AA-I [10 mg/kg weight]), and IV (low K diet with AA-I). After collecting 24 hours of urine at 2 weeks, the mice were sacrificed, and their blood and kidneys were obtained to perform immunochemical staining and/or Western blot analysis. Results: Proteinuria, glycosuria, and increased fractional excretion of sodium and K were prominent in groups III and IV (p < 0.05). Diffuse swelling and poor staining of collecting duct epithelial cells were evident in the medullas of group II. Typical lesions of toxic acute tubular injury were prominent in the cortices of groups III and IV. Α-Smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was higher in the cortices of the mice in groups III and IV versus group II (p < 0.05), and higher in the medullas of group IV than groups I and III (p < 0.05). E-cadherin was higher in the cortices of groups III and IV compared to group I (p < 0.05). The F4/80 value was higher in the cortices and medullas of groups II, III, and IV compared to group I (p < 0.05), particularly in the case of group II. Conclusions: AA-I can induce acquired Fanconi syndrome in the acute stage of AAN. Macrophages appear to play a key role in the pathogenesis of AAN and hypokalemic nephropathy. It remains uncertain whether hypokalemia plays any role in AAN and hypokalemia.
Joo Hark Yi,Jae Il Park,Hoon Young Choi,Ho Yung Lee,Sang Woong Han,Ho Jung Kim 대한전해질·혈압학회 2009 Electrolytes & Blood Pressure Vol.7 No.2
The impact of glucose-free icodextrin (ID) for overnight dwell as compared to conventional glucose-containing dialysate (GD) on potassium (K+) metabolism in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients has not yet been investigated. Serum K+ in a total of 255 stable patients (116 on GD and 139 on ID) on CAPD for more than 6 months and in 139 patients on ID before and after ID use (Pre-ID and Post-ID) were observed along with nutritional markers in a 2-year study period (Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2007). The prevalence of hypokalemia was similar between patients on GD and ID (16.7% vs 17.3%), but was lower on Post-ID than Pre-ID (17.3% vs 20.5%) without statistic significance. The mean serum K+ level was higher on ID than on GD (P<0.05) as well as Post-ID than Pre-ID (P<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, serum K+ levels were positively correlated with serum albumin, and creatinine in all patients (P<0.05), and ID-use in younger patients (age≤56, P<0.001). Serum albumin, creatinine, total CO2, and body mass index were significantly higher on Post-ID than Pre-ID. Icodextrin dialysate for chronic overnight dwell could increase serum K+ levels and lower the prevalence of hypokalemia compared to conventional glucose-containing dialysate. The improved chronic K+ balance in CAPD patients on icodextrin could be related to enhanced nutritional status rather than its impact on acute intracellular K+ redistribution.
Joo Hark Yi,Yeo Wook Yun,Sang Woong Han,Ho Jung Kim 대한전해질·혈압학회 2009 Electrolytes & Blood Pressure Vol.7 No.1
This study aimed to compare the increment in plasma potassium concentration ([K+]) as well as the role of internal K+ balance for its changes following acute K+ supplementation between conventional 2.5% glucose (GD) and non-glucose containing dialysate (icodextrin, ID) in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. A total of 9 stable CAPD patients (5 men and 4 women; age, 56±13 years; 7 type-2 diabetics and 2 non-diabetics) on daily 4 exchanges of 2 L of glucose dialysate underwent the 6-hr dwell on fasting in the morning with 2 L of 2.5% glucose mixed with 20 mEq/L of KCl, and then the same regimen was repeated with icodextrin after 1-wk interval. The degree of intraperitoneal absorption was comparable, 65±2% in GD and 68±2% in ID, respectively (p=NS). However, despite the similar plasma K+ levels at the baseline of both regimens, its increment was significantly less in GD than ID, which was accompanied by more marked increase in the calculated intracellular K+ redistribution (68±3% vs. 52±3%, p<0.05). The basal levels of insulin were similar between the GD and ID groups. However, the change, checked up after 2 hours` dwell, from the basal insulin levels was much lower on ID. ID with a lesser degree of transcelluar K+ shift by the decreased secretion of insulin is more effective than the conventional glucose solution for acute K+ repletion via dialysate during CAPD. Furthermore, these results suggested that the role of insulin for the internal K+ balance was intact even in type-2 diabetic patients on CAPD.
저나트륨혈증 환자의 진단과 치료에서 연속적인 생리식염수 및 수분 부하검사와 Barsoum-Levine 공식의 유용성
이주학 ( Joo Hark Yi ),김원준 ( Won Jun Kim ),노유석 ( U Seok Noh ),김연재 ( Yeon Jae Kim ),고영선 ( Young Sun Ko ),한상웅 ( Sang Woong Han ),김호중 ( Ho Jung Kim ) 대한신장학회 2008 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.27 No.6
In hyponatremic patients, the assessment of extracellular fluid volume plays an essential step in diagnosing the etiology of hyponatremia and deciding how to manage it. Although various laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures have been developed for differential diagnosis of hyponatremia, there still are limits to the evaluation of the status of extracellular fluid volume due to the data that overlaps each other, leading to the difficulty in diagnosing between euvolemia and hypovolemia. Also, there is no consensus about how to guide the type and amount of fluid therapy despite many formulas including Adrogue-Madias and Barsoum-Levine formulas have been suggested. Hereby, we are reporting two hyponatremic patients (102 and 105 mEq/L) admitted simultaneously with indistinct volume status on initial clinical and laboratory examinations, but were clarified as euvolemic hyponatremia (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion) in one and hypovolemic hyponatremia in the other case after sequential intravenous saline (2 L over 24 hrs) and oral water (20 mL/kg) loading tests. When serum sodium values calculated by the above-mentioned two formulas were compared with actually measured ones during saline loading test in these cases, the Barsoum-Levine formula revealed almost no discrepancy between both the values while the Adrogue-Madias formula underestimated the measured value.
만성 신장병 환자에서 레닌-안지오텐신계 억제제와 칼륨교환수지 동시 사용이 혈청 칼륨에 미치는 영향
이주학 ( Joo Hark Yi ),윤여욱 ( Yeo Wook Yun ),노유석 ( U Seok Noh ),김은영 ( Eun Young Kim ),박재일 ( Jae Il Park ),한상웅 ( Sang Woong Han ),김호중 ( Ho Jung Kim ) 대한신장학회 2007 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.26 No.5
Purpose : This prospective study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of potassium-exchange resin (PER, Kalimateⓡ or Argamateⓡ) for managing hyperkalemia induced by Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) blockers in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients without their discontinuation. Methods : Besides conservative remedies including low-potassium diet, all hyperkalemic CKD patients (n=21, [K] ≥5.6 mEq/L) received PER added on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (Moexipril, n=2) or angiotensin-receptor blocker (Irbesartan, n=19) with, at least, weekly monitoring of serum [K] if its level remains more than 5.5 mEq/L for more than 2 months (mean±SD, 6.8±5.9 mon; range, 2-26 mon). Results : Baseline serum [K] on RAS blocker alone (5.1±0.4 mEq/L; 4.2-6.3 mEq/L) increased to 6.0 ±0.4 mEq/L (p<0.05) before adding PER, and then it was significantly decreased to 5.3±0.6 mEq/L at the first clinic visit (p<0.05) and to 5.0±0.7 mEq/L at the last clinic visit (p<0.05) following the administration of PER added on RAS blocker. During the study period, GFR, serum creatinine and urinary protein excretion didn`t change significantly. Conclusion : The development of hyperkalemia on RAS blockers in CKD patients doesn`t necessarily lead to withdrawal of RAS blockers when the cautious add-on therapy of potassium-exchange resin with other conservative remedies launches, unless severe refractory hyperkalemia persists. II type 1 receptor blockers
( Eun Young Kim ),( Joo Hark Yi ),( Sang Woong Han ),( Jin Ho Shin ),( Jae Ung Lee ),( Soon Gil Kim ),( Ho Jung Kim ) 대한전해질학회 2008 Electrolytes & Blood Pressure Vol.6 No.2
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a main parameter for arterial stiffness. In patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), PWV is known to be associated with increased mortality. But factors related to the increased PWV in ESRD patients are not well defined. In addition, the carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) measurement, which traditionally has been used to evaluate arterial stiffness, has low reproducibility. Recently, brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) measurement, which can be performed more easily than cfPWV measurement, has become available as a means of measuring PWV. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical factors associated with increased baPWV in ESRD patients. BaPWV was examined for 65 ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis during the period between the 7th to the 11th of February in 2005 using VP-1000. The clinical factors included age, sex, smoking history, blood pressure, diabetes, body mass index, interdialytic weight gain, duration of dialysis, lipid profile, uric acid, albumin, creatinine, C-reactive protein, calcium, phosphate, intact parathyroid hormone, and hematocrit were analyzed regarding associations (or to determine associations) with baPWV. The median age was 53.8±12.0, 31 males and 34 females. BaPWV was 18.9±5.2 m/s and there was no significant difference between gender (18.1±4.4 m/s vs 19.4±5.9 m/s, p=NS). In multiple regression models, age, predialysis systolic blood pressure, and diabetes were independent variables. In conclusion, age, systolic blood pressure, and diabetes were correlated with baPWV in ESRD patients. Thus baPWV measured by simple, noninvasive methods may become available for screening high risk groups in ESRD patients, although further longitudinal studies are necessary.