Comparison of antibody responses after the 1st and 2nd doses of COVID-19 vaccine with those of patients with mild or severe COVID-19

( Hye Hee Cha ),( So Yun Lim ),( Ji-soo Kwon ),( Ji Yeun Kim ),( Seongman Bae ),( Jiwon Jung ),( Sung-han Kim ) 대한내과학회 2022 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.37 No.2

Background/Aims: Data comparing the antibody responses of different coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine platforms according to dose with natural severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-induced antibody responses are limited. Methods: Blood samples from adult patients with mild and severe COVID-19 and healthcare workers who received ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (2nd dose at 12-week intervals) and BNT162b2 vaccine (2nd dose at 3-week intervals) were collected and compared by immunoglobulin G immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 specific spike protein using an in-house-developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: A total of 53 patients, including 12 and 41 with mild and severe COVID-19, respectively, were analyzed. In addition, a total of 73 healthcare workers, including 37 who received ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and 36 who received BNT162b2, were enrolled. Antibody responses after the first and second doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine were similar to those in convalescent patients with mild COVID-19, but lower than those in convalescent patients with severe COVID-19, respectively. However, after the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine, the antibody response was comparable to that in convalescent patients with severe COVID-19. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the second dose of mRNA vaccination may be more beneficial in terms of long-term immunity and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 variant infection than a single dose of COVID-19 vaccination or homologous second challenge ChAdOx1 nCoV-19.

미술치료에서의 심리평가 : 미술치료평가와 투사적 그림검사를 중심으로

강차연 서울여자대학교 특수치료전문대학원 2006 심리치료: 다학제적 접근 Vol.6 No.2

본 고찰에서는 인간을 이해하는데 사용되는 심리평가법들 중 그림이나 미술을 매체로 사용 하는 다양한 평가도구들을 살펴보았다. 미술치료에서는 심리학자나 미술치료자들이 개발하고 고안한 여러 평가법들을 사용하여,내담자 이해를 위한 정보들을 얻고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미술치료 장면에서 사용되는 평가법들에 대한 역사적 고찰을 한 뒤,투사적 그림검사와 미술치료평가도구들에 대해 개관하고,이들 간의 차이점과 유사점을 살펴보았다. 또한 미술치료평가와 투사적 그림검사에 대한 비판점들을 살펴본 뒤,미술치료에서 사용되는 여러 평가도구들을 간략히 살펴보았다 아직까지 신뢰도나 타당도에 있어 논란의 여지가 많긴 하지만,미술을 통해 내담자와 그 가족들을 평가하는 것은 감별진단,가족의 정신역동이해,약물치료결과 평가,또는 위험행동의 예측과 같은 다양한 영역에서 많은 기여를 하며,나아가 사람들의 숨겨진 갈등과 잠재적 능력을 드러낼 수 있게 한다는 점에서 그 의미하는 바가 크다 단순하고 획일적인 공식을 사용하여 내담자를 이해하고 진단평가하기보다는 내담자를 총제적인 인간으로 보고 그가 처한 상황이나 환경적인 특성을 고려한다면 미술치료에서의 평가도구들의 사용은 내담자들을 돕기 위한 진단,치료계획,예후를 확립하는데 필수적인 도구로서의 역할을 할 것이다. In art therapy clinical pychologists or art therapists have developed and designed many assessment tools since 1990s,and,by using these tools in evaluation of clients,they have obtained informations for understanding clients. In this study the author reviewed various assessment tools using arts or drawings among psychological assessment tools with which we use for understanding human. First, the historical review of assessment tools used in the field of art therapy was considered. Second,a overview of projective drawing tests and art-based assessment tools and the difference and similarity between them were examined. Third,the author reviewed the critics of projective drawing tests and art-based assessment tools. Fourth, a general survey about diverse assessment tools used in art therapy was made. Although there have been many debates for using art therapy assessment tools in terms of reliability and validity,assessing and evaluating clients and their families through arts make a contributions to many domains such as differential diagnosis,understanding of families psychody-namic,evaluation of effect of medical treatment,or prediction of risky behaviors and,by extension,make hidden conflicts and potential abilities of clients are revealed. In this respect,assessment techniques using arts have many important suggestions for art therapy. Art based assessment tools and projective drawing tests in art therapy will play an primary role in making diagnosis,treatment plan,and prognosis for helping clients if art therapists and clinical psychologists understand them as whole human in context of their situations rather than use simple and monolithic formula.

임산부-태아 간 상호작용과 애착발달

강차연;윤지영 서울여자대학교 2004 아동연구 Vol.10 No.-

[초록없음]

어머니-영아 관계에 대한 고찰 : 대상관계이론과 애착이론을 중심으로

강차연;김융희;장연집 서울여자대학교 2004 아동연구 Vol.10 No.-

[초록없음]

한국인 성인의 교근 두께에 관한 초음파검사적 연구

이연희,차봉근,박인우 대한치과교정학회 2001 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.31 No.2

일반적으로 골의 형태와 구조는 부착 근육의 활성과 밀접한 관련이 있다고 알려져 있으며,특히 악안면 형태와 저작근 기능과의 관계는 많은 임상 및 동물 실험을 통해 연구되어 왔다. 초음파검사는 임상적 적용이 용이하고 비용이 저렴할 뿐만 아니라 환자에 대한 유해성이 적어 의학분야의 여러 영역에서 널리 이용되고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 교근의 두께와 악안면 골격 형태와의 상관성을 평가하는 것으로, 강릉대학교 치과대학 남학생 35명과 여학생 15명을 대상으로 하였다. 교근의 두께 측정에는 7.57MHz의 고해상도 직선 탐촉자에 의한 초음파진단장치가 사용되었고, 악안면 골격 형태의 결정은 측방 두부계측방사선사진 분석을 통해 이루어졌다. 이상의 계측치로부터 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 1.남자에서 교근의 평균 두께는 안정 상태에서는 13.8±1.71mm,최대 교합 상태에서 14.8±1.77mm였으며 여자에서는 안정 상태에서 11.6±1.58mm, 최대 교합 상태에서 12.4±1.47mm로 나타났다. 2.교근의 두께는 남녀모두 안정 상태보다 최대 교합 상태에서 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 3.교근의 두께는 안정 상태와 최대 교합 상태 모두에서 남자가 여자보다 유의하게 두꺼웠다(P<0.05). 4.교근의 두께는 남자에서 안정 상태와 최대 교합 상태 모두 하악평면각과는 음의 상관 관계가 있고 하악지 고경, 전두개저 길이와는 양의 상관 관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다(P<0.05). 5.여자에서는 교근 두께와 유의한 상관 관계가 있는 두부계측방사선사진 분석 항목을 찾을 수 없었다(P<0.05), 이로써 초음파검사는 악골 근육의 기능을 평가하는 전통적인 방법에 대해 추가적인 정보를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. It is widely accepted that the shape and structure of bone are closely related to the activity of attached muscle. Numerous clinical and animal experimental studies indicated the significant effects of masticatory muscle function on maxillofacial mofhology. Recently, the development of ultrasonography has spread throughout different fields of medicine. In the clinical examinations, ultrasonography is a convenient, inexpensive technique to apply with accurate and reliable results. The aim of this study is to assess the thickness of the masseter muscle and its correlation to maxillofacial skeleton by examining 35 male and 15 female dental students at Kangnung National University. The masseter muscle thickness of the subjects were measured by ultrasonographic scanning with a 7.5MHz linear probe, and their maxillofacial morphology were investigated by lateral cephalometric radiographs. The relationship between the masseter muscle thickness and maxillofacial morphology of normal adult was statistically analyzed, and the following results were obtained. 1.The average thickness of male masseter muscle was 13.8± 1.71mm in the relaxed state and 14.8 ± 1.77mm at maximal clenching state, while that of female was 11.6±1.58mm and 12.4±1.47mm, respectively. Ethnic difference in thickness of the masseter muscle and maxillofacial skeleton was found when the results of many researchers were compared with those of this study. 2.The thickness of the masseter muscle in both sexes increased significantly at maximal clenching state than in relaxed state(P<0.05). 3.The masseter muscle thickness of male was greater than that of female both in the relaxed state and maximal clenching states(P<0.05). 4.In males, the thickness of the masseter muscle was negatively correlated with the mandibular plane angle and positively correlated wish the mandibular ramus height and antenor cranial base length(P<0.05). It may suggest that the male with thicker masseter muscle has smaller facial divergence. 5.No significant correlation was found between the masseter muscle thickness and maxillofacial morphology in females(P<0.05). Therefore, these data suggest that ultrasonography can add valuable information to the conventional examinations of masseter muscle function.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Phsphoryl Derivatives by Phospholipase D

Cha, Joo-Yeun,Lee, Ji-Eun,Koh, Eun-Hie,Choi, Myung-Un Korean Chemical Society 1994 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.15 No.11

A series of phosphodiesters of p-nitrophenyl phosphoryl derivatives were synthesized and used as a model substrate for phospholipase D (PLD). The phosphodiester substrates were synthesized from p-nitrophenyl phosphorodichloridate and corresponding alcohols with different chain lengths and polar groups. To measure the activity of PLD, either spectroscopic method for p-nitrophenol or pH-stat titration method was employed. For each substrate, effects of substrate concentration, pH, and $Ca^{2+}$ ion were examined. The kinetic parameters $V_{max}$ for the different substrates were varied depending on the chain lengths or charge of the alcohols. No calcium effect was observed in the hydrolysis of neutral and negatively charged alcohol derivatives, while positively charged choline derivative showed a strong $Ca^{2+}$ ion dependence.

The Development of Exhaust Gas Storage and Recombustion System for Reducing Total Hydrocarbon Emissions in SI Engine at Cold Start (Ⅱ)

Jeong-yeun Cha,Jeong-bae Son,Jong-il Kim 한국자동차공학회 2001 한국자동차공학회 Symposium Vol.- No.-

It is well known that unburned hydrocarbons are abundantly emitted into the atmosphere at cold start in SI engine. Many nations tend to enforce regulations of emission much more strictly. This study was conducted to develop a system which reduces HC emissions at cold start using the device of temporary storage and recombustion. It is focused upon the first 30 seconds of operation after starting, with the engine and coolant initially at ambient temperature because this period has a major effect on HC emissions, over the FTP cycle. Engine signal simulator is made to simulate the real vehicle's signals and the solenoid valve is used to duty control the supply rate of stored gas with not fall off of engine torque access the map of supply rate of stored gas from 64 K memory chip. The important factors of recombustion mode are engine speed, throttle opening rate and rapid and accurate decision of rich mixture in fuel injection. Also the accurate response of hardware should be carefully considered.<br/> <br/>

어머니 애착유형과 결혼갈등 , 자녀양육행동 및 아동행동문제와의 관계

강차연(Cha Yeun Kang),장연집(Yeon Zip Chang) 한국아동학회 1999 아동학회지 Vol.20 No.3

This study examined how the attachment styles of married mothers influence their marital conflicts and caring behavior and the behavior problems of their children. Subjects were 60 mothers and their 60 elementary school children. Data were analyzed with correlation, multiple analysis of variance and path analysis. Mothers with unstable attachment styles had more children with behavior problems and they had more serious marital conflicts. Mother`s with preoccupied attachment styles experienced more marital conflict than all other styles. Seriousness of marital conflict was related to negative caring behavior and negative caring behavior was related to behavior problems in children. There were direct paths between the attachment style of mothers and both externalized and internalized behavior problems of children in the clinical group.

아동용 Luria - Nebraska 신경심리검사의 한국 표준화를 위한 예비연구

강차연(Cha Yeun Kang) 한국아동학회 1992 兒童學會誌 Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of the Luria-Nebraska Battery-Children`s Revision (LNNB-CR) in the clinical situation in Korea: LNNB-CR was applied clinically in order to examine how well it differentiates brain damaged children from normals. Subjects were 30 children with the average age of 10 years. Among them 15 were diagnosed as the `brain damaged` group, and the remaining 15 were normal. All subjects of the two groups were tested on all items in accordance with LNNB-CR manual. Data were analyzed by percentage, correlation coefficient, and t-test. The results were (1) the degree of consistency between testers averaged 97.2% which confirmed the stability of the scoring system. (2) Split-half reliability was ranged from .75 on the Tactile Scale (C3) to .95 on the Memory Scale (C10). Thus, consistency of items within the scales appeared high. (3) Internal consistency reliability ranged from .74 on the Visual Scale (C4) to .98 on the Reading Scale (C9). Thus, the homogenity of items within the scales appeared high. (4) In the diagnostic discriminative power test between the two groups, both individual scales and total scores showed significant differences at the level of p<.001. (5) The discriminative power test between two groups on all items showed significant differences at the level of p<.05 or better in 126(85%) out of 149 items. These results are supportive of the diagnostic utility of the application of LNNB-CR to the clinical situation in Korea. However, extensive additional research is needed in order to prove its worth.

Effects of various combinations of cryoprotectants and cooling speed on the survival and further development of mouse oocytes after vitrification

Cha, Soo-Kyung,Kim, Bo-Yeun,Kim, Mi-Kyung,Kim, You-Shin,Lee, Woo-Sik,Yoon, Tae-Ki,Lee, Dong-Ryul The Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine 2011 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.38 No.1

Objective: The objectives of this study were to analyze efficacy of immature and mature mouse oocytes after vitrification and warming by applying various combinations of cryoprotectants (CPAs) and/or super-rapid cooling using slush nitrogen ($SN_2$). Methods: Four-week old ICR female mice were superovulated for GV- and MII-stage oocytes. Experimental groups were divided into two groups. Ethylene glycol (EG) only group: pre-equilibrated with 1.5 M EG for 2.5 minutes and then equilibrated with 5.5 M EG and 1.0 M sucrose for 20 seconds. EG+dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) group: pre-equilibrated with 1.3 M EG+1.1 M DMSO for 2.5 minutes and equilibrated with 2.7 M EG+2.1 M DMSO+0.5 M sucrose for 20 seconds. The oocytes were loaded onto grids and plunged into $SN_2$or liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$). Stored oocytes were warmed by a five-step method, and then their survival, maturation, cleavage, and developmental rates were observed. Results: The EG only and EG+DMSO groups showed no significant difference in survival of immature oocytes vitrified after warming. However, maturation and cleavage rates after conventional insemination were greater in the EG only group than in the EG+DMSO group. In mature oocytes, survival, cleavage, and blastocyst formation rates after warming showed no significant difference when EG only or EG+DMSO was applied. Furthermore, cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of MII oocytes vitrified using $SN_2$ were increased in both the EG only and EG+DMSO groups. Conclusion: A combination of CPAs in oocyte cryopreservation could be formulated according to the oocyte stage. In addition, $SN_2$ may improve the efficiency of vitrification by reducing cryoinjury.